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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 5 aminoglycosides?
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1) Neomycin
2) Streptomycin 3) Gentamicin 4) Kanamycin 5) Amikacin |
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Are aminoglycosides effective against gram negative or gram positive bacteria?
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Gram negative
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Why can't aminoglycosides be administered orally?
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Hydrophilic compound
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How are aminoglycosides excreted?
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Kidney
-where aminoglycosides are most likely to have toxic effects |
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What happens to aminoglycosides after being filtered by the glomerulus i.e. what is the mechanism of action of aminoglycoside toxicity?
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enter renal proximal tubule cell
-trapped in lysosomes -attach to phospholipids, inhibit enzymes Cell death & sloughing -Metabolism interrupted -lysosomal enzymes released -Ca accumulation =====> renal failure |
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**True or false. Aminoglycosides always cause an overdose.
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False, not always overdose
-one dose at 10x tolerated |
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How does aminoglycoside toxicity occur (dosage)? (4)
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1) Repeated doses, several days
-cumulative effect -constant serum levels 2) Dehydrated patient 3) With other renal toxic drugs (NSAIDs) 4) Neonates |
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What are the 2 primary pathologies caused by aminoglycoside toxicity?
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1) Renal tubular damage
2) Acute tubular necrosis -leading to renal failure |
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What are 3 primary clinical signs of aminoglycoside toxicity?
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1) Renal failure
2) Depression 3) Anorexia |
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How do you diagnose aminoglycoside toxicity?
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-being treated w/ aminoglycosides
- slight increase in creatine (0.3 mg/dL increase= significant) -Protein and/or casts in urine -Increase in GGT: creatinine ratio in urine -Other signs of renal failure= may be too late to stop |
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What is the 3 components of treatment for aminoglycoside toxicity?
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1) stop administering aminoglycosides
2) Fluid therapy -dilutes urine so less chance of trauma 3) peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis (?, $) |
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What are 5 ways to prevent aminoglycoside toxicity?
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1) Don't overdose
2) Don't give over extended periods 3) Make sure animal is hydrated 4) Provide troughs in concentration -less frequent dosing at higher level i.e. single daily dose -more time interval b/w doses -allows time for cells to heal 5) Don't give w/ other renal toxic agents |
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What is amphotericin -B used to treat?
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Certain fungal infections
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What is the mechanism of action of amphotericin B toxicity?
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-Toxic to kidney
-Lytic on distal tubular epithelium -Loss of K+, Mg & bicarbonate -Hypokalemia & metabolic acidosis |
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What is another name for vitamin K3?
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Menadione sodium bisulfite
= a synthetic vitamin |
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Vitamin K3 is used to treat ________.
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Coagulation disorders
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Vitamin K3 is toxic to what animal?
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Horses
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What is the mode of action of vitamin K3 toxicity in horses? What's the lesion?
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Not known
-but lesion is acute tubular necrosis |
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What are the 6 clinical signs of vitamin K3 toxicity?
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1) Anorexia
2) Weak, muscle stiffness 3) Laminitis 4) Colic 5) **renal failure 6) Strangury |
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What are 5 abnormalities seen in blood work of an animal with vitamin K3 toxicity?
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1) Elevated BUN & creatinine
2) Proteinuria 3) Hematuria 4) Low urine specific gravity 5) Hyponatreamia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia |
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What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamide toxicity?
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Precipitate in renal tubules-->
block tubules---> renal failure |
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What are 2 ways to prevent sulfonamide toxicity?
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1) Insure enough water
2) Use combination -toxicity dependent on individual concentration -antimicrobial effect dependent on total conc. -Trimethoprin + sulf. |
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What is the mechanism of renal damage from NSAID toxicity?
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Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
-lose membrane protection -damage to renal tubular epithelium -damage to GI epithelium |
