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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are ionophores?
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-anticoccial in cattle, poultry and goats
-growth promoter feed additive in cattle -Monensin is approved in improve milk efficiency in dairy cattle in the US -reduction of bloat and reduction of rumen acidosis in ruminants -prevention of tryptophan-induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema |
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What are the sources of ionophores?
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monensin is the most common
eating feeds added with ionophores accidentally, intensionall in horses,sheep and dogs |
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What is the toxicity of ionophores?
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all animals are susceptible
equines are the most sensitive species followed by wild turkeys concurrent administration of drugs increases toxicosis -Tiamulin -chloramphenicol -erythromycin -sulfanamides |
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What are the toxicokinetics of monensin?
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ruminants absorb about 50% but monogastics absorb most of it
horses have 100% absorbtion - no gall bladder monensin does not accumulate in tissues of animals when given in high doses excrete in bile |
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What is the mechanism of action of monensin?
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-disrupt transmembrane electrochemical gradients
- the main targets are the mitochondria of highly energetic tissues -influx of the sodium ionophore complex increasing intracellular sodium accompanied by increasing intracellular calcium cell death due to disrupting homeostatic mechanisms |
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What are the clinical signs of monensin toxicosis?
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horses
-rapid onset -anorexia, profuse sweating, colinc, depression, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, tachyarrythmias, postration and death cattle -anorexia, diarrhea, depression, labored breathing, ataxia, prostration and death poultry -anorextia, diarrhea,ataxia, resting on knees with wings and legs directed outward and decreaed egg production dogs -ataxia, muscle weakness of hindlimbs ,repiratory paralysis, dysuria, constipation and depression |
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What are the lesions associated with monensin?
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mainly cardiac muscle lesions in horses (pale cardiac, white streaks of necrosis in the myocardium)
mainly skeletal muscles in sheep,swine goats and dogs -both skeletal and cardiac muscle lesions in cattle and poultry |
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What are the differential diagnosis of monensin toxicity?
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include other mypathy, neuropathy, cardiotoxic conditions
horses -colic -blister beetle ingestion (cantharidin toxicosis) cattle -Vit E def botulism poulty -nutritional myopathy -Na water depreivation |
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How do you treat monensin toxicosis?
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no specific antidote
remove source decrease absorption -activated charcol -mineral oil -saline cathartics symptomative treatment -fluids -potassium -monitor heart -vit E and selenium may decrease muscle damage in cattle in swine |
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What is the prognossi of monensin?
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horses that survive may suffer myocardial scaring and necrosis
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