Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
302 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What are the 3 primary methylxanthines?
|
1) Theobromine
2) Caffeine 3) Theophylline |
|
|
|
What is hemolytic anemia? What are the 2 types?
|
Premature RBC destruction
-intravascular -extravascular, in macrophage system Increased RBC fragility |
|
|
|
How is carbon monoxide produced?
|
Odorless, colorless, nonirritating gas produced by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
|
|
|
|
What naturally produces Zearalenone?
|
The fungus Fusarium roseum and by some isolates of Fusarium moniliforme
|
|
|
|
What is the source of anticoagulant toxins in cattle?
|
*Very common problem
Improperly cured or moldy sweet clover, sweet vernal grass |
|
|
|
Cardiac glycosides are found in ____ plant families (how many)?
|
11 plant families
|
|
|
|
What is a foxtail?
|
Spikelet cluster of a grass, that serves to disperse its seeds as a unit
-resemble tail of a fox |
|
|
|
What are 2 primary ionophores?
|
Monensin
Lasalocid |
|
|
|
What is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana?
|
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
|
|
|
|
What is the predominate source of theobromine?
|
Coca beans
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 clinical signs of hemolytic anemia?
|
1) Anemia
2) Icterus 3) Hemoglobinurea IF: -intravascular -Hb exceeds amount of haptoglobin to bind it |
|
|
|
What is the lethal dose of carbon monoxide?
|
ten minute exposure at 1000 ppm
|
|
|
|
What are 3 common substrates zearalenone is found in?
|
Corn, wheat, barley, occasionally oats
|
|
|
|
How does moldy sweet clover cause anticoagulant problems?
|
Coumarol--> dicoumarol
|
|
|
|
What are 2 types of cardiac glycosides?
|
1) Cardenolids
-digoxin & digitoxin -used therapeutic 2) Bufadienolides -In hellebores, lily of valley, squill |
|
|
|
What are the grasses called that produce a foxtail?
|
Spear grass
|
|
|
|
What is monensin used for?
|
Increases weight gain 10%, decreases incidence acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
|
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of marijuana?
|
-THC acts to stimulate* receptors in the brain & can trigger CNS effects
-Can react w/ neurotransmitters & neuromodulators and stimulate *dopamine release |
|
|
|
What is the predominant source of theophylline?
|
Predominantly in tea
|
|
|
|
What are 8 clinical signs of hemolytic anemia?
|
1) Hemoglobinurea if intravascular
2) Low RBC count 3) Low PCV 4) Hb varies with time 5) High MCHC early -sine Hb not in RBC 6) Heinz bodies +/- 7) Elevated total biliruben 8) Blood hemolyzed, not iatrogenic |
|
|
|
What animals are most susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning?
|
Dogs and animals that have preexisting heart or lung disease
|
|
|
|
What conditions favor zearalenone production?
|
High humidity and cooler temperatures in both field & storage
|
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of animals with severe moldy sweet clover toxicity?
|
Weak and stuff
-reluctant to move bc of hemorrhages in joints & muscles - bloody milk |
|
|
|
What are the two parts to the cardiac glycoside molecule?
|
Sugar portion
Aglycone portion |
|
|
|
What animals are most affected by foxtails?
|
Long haired dogs
|
|
|
|
What 3 animals is lasolocid used in?
|
Poultry (coccidiostat)
Cattle Sheep |
|
|
|
*What is the primary sign of marijuana intoxication?
|
Excessive drooling & dribbling
|
|
|
|
What is the predominant source of caffeine exposure?
|
Coffee
|
|
|
|
What are 8 toxic causes of hemolytic anemia?
|
1) Copper
2) Onions 3) Rape 4) Kale 5) Other brassica 6) Red maple in horses 7) Cold water in calves 8) Snake bite |
|
|
|
What are the 3 most common sources of carbon monoxide exposure?
|
1) automobile exhaust in a closed garage
2) Non-vented furnace, gas water heater, or gas/ kerosene space heater in basement, farrowing houses or lambing sheds 3) Airplane cargo areas |
|
|
|
What type of plants tend to contain phytoestrogens that can effect the reproductive system (infertility)?
|
Many legumes
|
|
|
|
What is the source of anticoagulant rodenticides in small animals?
|
Rodent baits
-most formulations contains small concentration (<1%) active ingredient |
|
|
|
What are 3 plants that contain alkaloids that are cardiotoxic?
|
1) Yew sp.
-taxine & taxol 2) Death camas -steroidal alkaloid, zygacine & zygadenine 3) False Hellebore (Veratrum californicum) -similar alkaloid, but teratogenic |
|
|
|
Most of the hazardous foxtails are in the genus ______, also called "wild barley".
|
Hordeum
|
|
|
|
What are ionophores?
|
Monovalent polyether antibiotics
|
|
|
|
How long does it take for the signs of marijuana toxicity to appear? How long does it last
|
Appears ~30 to 90 min after ingestion and will show signs for 72 hours
|
|
|
|
What are 2 sources of methylxanthines in general?
|
1) Natural occurring xanthine alkaloids (feed materials- cacao bean mulch)
2) Synthetic pharmaceuticals -NoDoz tabs- 100-200 mg caffeine |
|
|
|
What are some non-toxic causes of hemolytic anemia?
|
Leptospirosis, babesia, equine infectious anemia, neonatal isoerythrolysis, anaplasmosis
|
|
|
|
What source has the highest concentration of carbon monoxide?
|
Undiluted warm car exhaust without a catalytic converter
|
|
|
|
What are 4 legumes that contain phytoestrogens that can cause infertility?
|
1) White clover
2) Subterranean clover 3) Red clover 4) Alfalfa |
|
|
|
*What are 3 short acting anticoagulant rodenticides?
|
1) Warfarin
2) Pindone 3) Valone |
|
|
|
What part of the plant contains cardiac glycosides?
|
In all parts of plants
|
|
|
|
What are 4 grasses known as foxtails?
|
1) Alopecurus (foxtail grasses)
2) Bromus madritensis (foxtail brome) 3) Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) 4) Setaria (foxtail millets) |
|
|
|
What produces ionophores?
|
Fermentation by various Streptomyces fungi
|
|
|
|
What is the lethal dose of THC?
|
Very high lethal doses
3000 mg/kg to 9000 mg/kg not lethal |
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthine toxicity?
|
NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD
- stimulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla |
|
|
|
What are 2 ways that the body can have excess copper?
|
1) Excess copper
2) Deficiency in Molybdenum -binds with copper & necessary for metabolism |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of carbon monoxide toxicity?
|
CO binds very tightly to hemoglobin so oxygen and carbon dioxide can no longer be carried
|
|
|
|
**What are the polyphenolic compounds that are among the most active in estrogenic effects?
|
Coumestans
Isoflavones |
|
|
|
What are 4 long acting anticoagulant rodenticides?
|
1) Chlorpacinone
2) Brodifacoum**** 3) Bradiolone 4) Diphacinone |
|
|
|
Cardiac glycosides usually cause _____ and _____ disturbances.
|
Heart & digestive
|
|
|
|
The spike of Hordeum murinum disarticlates into clusters of ________.
|
Three spikelets
|
|
|
|
Under non-toxic use, what is the mode of action of ionophores?
|
Act by altering microflora population of the rumen
-meant to stay in GI tract, not meant to be absorbed systemically -ionophores transport ions across biological membranes |
|
|
|
How do you diagnose marijuana toxicity?
|
History- but difficult
-Human urine testing not effective in dogs |
|
|
|
What are the 5 primary systems affected by methylxanthines?
|
1) Cardiovascular
2) GI 3) Musculoskeletal 4) Renal 5) Endocrine |
|
|
|
What are 6 sources of copper?
|
1) CuSO4- foot baths
2) Fungicides 3) Algicides 4) Excessive supplementation -poultry or horse minerals to sheep -Injectable supplements 5) Fertilizing pastures w/ poultry manure 6) anti-helmentics |
|
|
|
What are 3 types of diagnostic testing that can be done for carbon monoxide toxicity?
|
1) Vital signs
2) Arterial blood gas analysis indicate acidosis 3) Biochem profile, CBC, urinalysis all generally normal, maybe elevated creatinine |
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of phytoestrogens?
|
Extensively metabolized in rumen and rapidly absorbed--> phytoestrogens then bind w/ high affinity to estrogen receptors and display estradiol-like effects
|
|
|
|
**About 80% of anticoagulant rodenticides used at home are ____ and less than 5% are _____.
|
Brodifacoum= 80%
Warfarin= 5% |
|
|
|
How much of a cardiac glycoside does it take to be toxic (general amount)?
|
Small amount may be fatal
|
|
|
|
What are 3 locations where foxtails often become irreversibly lodged in long haired dogs?
|
1) Toes
2) Nostrils 3) Ear canals |
|
|
|
What are the 3 conditions conducive to ionophore poisoning?
|
1) Exposure of therapeutic doses for food animals (cattle) to susceptible species i.e. horses
2) Feeding poultry litter 3) Concurrent use of some drugs will decrease therapeutic effect 10 fold & increase toxicity 8 fold |
|
|
|
What are the 2 components of treating marijuana toxicity?
|
1) Detoxification: emesis is not rewarding
2) Symptomatic & supportive therapy |
|
|
|
What are 3 of the cardiovascular effects of methylxanthines?
|
Tachycardia, hypertension, VPCs
|
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of copper toxicity?
|
-interaction w/ molybdenum (excess Cu or deficient Mo)
-Copper released into circulation -Copper oxidizes erythrocyte membrane--> increases fragility of RBC, hemolysis, formation of methemoglobin may aggravate the affect |
|
|
|
Why is pulse oximetry not very helpful regarding carbon monoxide poisoning?
|
Can be falsely elevated reading for oxyhemoglobin
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 legumes that contain phytoestrogens that tend to affect cattle most often?
|
Red clover and alfalfa
|
|
|
|
What species are susceptible to anticoagulant rodenticides? Which are most commonly affected?
|
All species susceptible
-dogs frequently affected |
|
|
|
_____ may increase susceptibility to the action of cardiac glycosides.
|
Ionophores
|
|
|
|
What type of damage to foxtails cause to animals?
|
Muscular movements cause foxtails to continue to burrow through *soft tissues & *organs, causing *infection and physical disruption, which in some cases can result in death
|
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of ionophore toxicity?
|
affects excitable membranes: cardiac and skeletal muscle
-forms lipid soluble complexes with mono and divalent cations facilitating transport of them across the membrane along diffusion gradient |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of marijuana toxicity?
|
Fair prognosis
-most recover in 1-3 days -small risk of fatality possible |
|
|
|
What are the endocrine effects of methylxanthines?
|
Hypokalemia
|
|
|
|
Copper is absorbed in the ______ intestine, circulates bound to ____ and is stored in the _____.
|
Small intestine
Albumin Liver |
|
|
|
What is the treatment for CO poisoning?
|
give 100% O2
Possible hyperbaric O2 therapy |
|
|
|
What is the primary effect of phytoestrogens from red clover and alfalfa in cattle?
|
Infertility
|
|
|
|
What is the normal function of Vitamin K pertaining to clotting?
|
Acts as cofactor in post-ribosomal modification of factors- is oxidized to epoxide form
-**Vitamin K epoxide is inactive and requires reduction back to active form |
|
|
|
What are the 5 components of the mode of action of cardiac glycosides?
|
1) Inhibit Na/K ATPase pump
2) Decrease intracellular K 3) Increased intracellular Ca 4) Decrease electric conductivity 5) Irregular heart activity -eventually complete block -small doses=therapeutic |
|
|
|
Foxtails are a problem beginning when the grass _______ begin to disarticulate, and ending when the spikelets or spikelet clusters are mechanically abraded or incorporated into the ____, ____ or _____.
|
Inflorescences
Soil, turf, or leaf litter |
|
|
|
**How long does it take for the onset of clinical signs due to ionophore toxicity?
|
Latency period (and signs) varies depending on species, age, diet, ionophore and most importantly dose
-1-2 hours (death with no signs) -up to 2-3 weeks -overall average 12-72 hours |
|
|
|
What are the 2 sources of methamphetamine?
|
Illegal drug
Ingestion of prescribed drugs (ADHD, weight loss) |
|
|
|
What are the 3 primary clinical signs of methylxanthines?
|
CNS effects, GI & diuretic effects
-vomiting & diarrhea (esp w/ chocolate) -Diuresis or urinary incontinence -Hyperactivity |
|
|
|
What is copper used for in the body?
|
1) Ceruloplasmin
2) Erythrocuprein 3) Cu containing enzymes |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of CO poisoning?
|
Depends upon degree of cellular hypoxia & damage
Monitor cardiac, pulmonary & neurologic function for 2 weeks -behavioral changes may be present after recovery |
|
|
|
What is clover disease?
|
Phytoestrogen toxicity in sheep resulting in INFERTILITY
|
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of anticoagulant rodenticides?
|
-inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase--> concentration of vit K at active site is reduced--> impaired synthesizing clotting factors II, VII, IX and X in liver
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 effects cardiac glycosides have on the heart?
|
1) Increased force of contraction
2) Reduce heart rate 3) Increase excitability 4) Increase automaticity |
|
|
|
How can you prevent foxtails?
|
Restricting dogs at the time the grass inflorescences begin to disarticulate
|
|
|
|
What is the most common clinical manifestation of ionophore toxicity?
|
Partial to complete feed aversion (to that product)
-animals will eat other foods, weakness, ataxia, dyspnea, tachycardia and diarrhea |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of methamphetamine?
|
CNS stimulant effects cerebral cortex, reticular-activating system & medullary respiratory center
-direct action on alpha & beta adrenergic receptors |
|
|
|
What can cause death in animals that ingest methylxanthines?
|
Cardiac arrhythmias &/or respiratory failure- hypoxia
-may see death w/ no premonitory signs |
|
|
|
What 2 compounds are needed to metabolize copper metabolism?
|
1) SO4
2) Molybdenum |
|
|
|
How can you prevent carbon monoxide toxicity?
|
Checking sources of indoor combustion to make sure they are correctly installed and ventilated outdoors
-carbon monoxide detectors |
|
|
|
What are 2 methods to diagnose phytoestrogens?
|
1) Measurement of phytoestrogen levels in forage material
2) Testing for elevated levels of circulating estrogen |
|
|
|
Why is there such a delay in clinical signs following ingestion of anticoagulant rodenticides?
|
The half life of clotting factors:
II: 41 h VII: 6.2 h IX: 13.9 h X: 16.5 h |
|
|
|
What are the 3 toxic effects of cardiac glycosides on the heart?
|
1) Ventricular ectopic beats (VPCs)
2) AV blocks 3) Other ECG changes |
|
|
|
What is the primary clinical sign of a foxtail in the nose?
|
Sneezing
|
|
|
|
What muscles are affected by ionophore toxicity?
|
Cardiac OR skeletal
-may affect one or the other or both depending on species |
|
|
|
How is methamphetamine metabolized?
|
Hepatic metabolism
|
|
|
|
What is the toxic dose of theobromine?
|
Quite variable**
|
|
|
|
What is the pathophysiology of copper toxicity?
|
-Stored copper in liver not a problem until excessive
-sudden release of copper--> accumulation of excess copper (when saturated hepatocyte dies) & other stress or toxicity to liver 3) Copper damages RBC membrane |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of phytoestrogens?
|
Animals rarely die but may have permanent infertility
|
|
|
|
Why isn't decontamination helpful for treating anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
|
3-5 delay in signs so doesn't help unless owner sees ingestion
|
|
|
|
What are the 7 ECG changes seen from cardiac glycosides?
|
1) Increased P-R interval
2) PVCs more common 3) Inverted T wave 4) Biphasic and monophasic ... 5) AV block 6) Bizarre waves 7) Fibrillation (followed by death) |
|
|
|
What can you do for surface lesions caused by foxtails?
|
Antiseptic & bandaged if necessary
|
|
|
|
What muscle is predominantly affected in horses with ionophore toxicity?
|
Cardiac
|
|
|
|
*What are the 2 primary signs of methamphetamine toxicosis?
|
Hyperactivity
Tachycardia, abnormal heart rhythm |
|
|
|
Why do methylxanthines have a half life of 17.5 hours in a dog?
|
Enterohepatic recirculation
|
|
|
|
What animals are most susceptible to copper toxicity? Compare goats, sheep, and calves.
|
Sheep!!! very susceptible
Goats 3-4 x more resistant Cattle even more resistant |
|
|
|
When does red clover become toxic (what time of the year)?
|
Pasture forages containing clover in low-lying fields can become toxic during extended wet conditions followed by hot, sunny days in spring and summer
|
|
|
|
Why is the half life of the anticoagulant rodenticide important to know?
|
Important for treatment duration!!!!!
|
|
|
|
When does death usually occur from cardiac glycoside toxicity?
|
in 24 hours
|
|
|
|
What should you do to treat an animal that has a foxtail passed beneath the skin?
|
Treat w/ systemic antibiotics
|
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in horses?
|
-Single high lethal ingestion- colic, ataxia, recumbency, tachycardia, arrhythmia- death < 48 h
-Non acute single lethal dose- cardiac, pleural edema, ascites, respiraotry dyspnea, arterial hypotension- death 10 d -sudden death- acute cardiac failure |
|
|
|
What is the toxic dose of methamphetamines in dogs and cats?
|
10 mg/kg when administered orally
|
|
|
|
What are 2 ways to clinically diagnose methamphetamine toxicosis?
|
1) Serum chemistry to determine BuN, liver enzymes, CK & electrolyte abnormalities
2) Quick screen pro multi drug screening test for humans is validated for use in animals |
|
|
|
What product has the highest methylxanthine content?
|
Cacao beans
|
|
|
|
What are 4 clinical pathologies associated with copper toxicity?
|
1) whole blood cu > 0.7 - 1.3 ppm
2) Liver cu > 150 ppm wet base 3) Elevated SDH, LDH, AST 4) Elevated serum bilirubin |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of red clover toxicity?
|
(?) toxins are probably fungal in origin. Trifoium pratense- when attacked by Rhizoctonia leguminicola, the muscarinic toxin, slaframine is often present at toxic concentrations
|
|
|
|
***What is the time for onset of anticoagulant rodenticide signs?
|
2-4 days (dependent on compound)
|
|
|
|
What are 2 possible findings of cardiac glycoside toxicity post mortem?
|
1) Pale areas and hemorrhages on myocardium
2) May find plant in stomach -few definitive lesions |
|
|
|
What can happen to foxtails imbedded in the nostrils?
|
Migrate into the nasal turbinates
-in rare cases into the brain |
|
|
|
What muscle is affected by ionophore toxicity in cattle?
|
Cardiac
|
|
|
|
What fluids can methamphetamines be detected in?
|
Blood, urine and saliva
|
|
|
|
What is chocolate comprised of?
|
80-85% theobromine
15-20% caffeine |
|
|
|
What are 3 postmortem findings of animals with copper toxicity?
|
1) Icterus
2) Gun-metal kidney -copper plugs kidney tubules 3) Enlarged spleen |
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of red clover toxicity in cattle & horses?
|
Photosensitization, the white skin typically becomes red & swollen, it may slough leaving unsightly scares
-skin of muzzle and teats especially vulnerable |
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide?
|
Internal or external hemorrhage- various w/ source and site of hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
What are 3 ways to diagnose cardiac glycoside toxicity?
|
1) Dead w/ evidence of eating plant
2) Dysarrhythmias and eating plant 3) Detect cardiac glycosides in serum, urine |
|
|
|
What can happen to foxtails in the ear canal?
|
Can puncture eardrum and enter the middle ear
|
|
|
|
What muscle is affected by ionophore toxicity in poultry?
|
Cardiac & skeletal
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 components to treating methamphetamine toxicosis?
|
1) Detoxification
2) Supportive treatment |
|
|
|
What is the toxic dose of milk chocolate for a 40 lb dog? Semi-sweet chocolate? Theobromine (unsweetened) chocolate?
|
Milk chocolate-20 oz
Semi-sweet- 7 oz Theobromine- 5 oz |
|
|
|
What are 2 treatments for copper toxicity?
|
1) Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
-binds Cu for excretion -not always available 2) D-penicillamine -expensive$$$$ |
|
|
|
What are 2 components of treating red clover toxicity?
|
1) Withdrawl from source
2) Animals suffering from photosensitization need shade and water |
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?***
|
Hemorrhage into lungs & thoracic cavity
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 toxic effects of cardiac glycosides on the heart?
|
1) Ventricular ectopic beats (VPCs)
2) AV blocks 3) Other ECG changes |
|
|
|
What happens when a horse has an administration of an aqueous extract of black walnut?
|
Severe laminitis w/in 8-12 hours
-extract causes ischemia to the dorsal laminia of the foot--> laminitis |
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in poultry?
|
-chicken/turkey knockdown syndrome
-reduced fertility and hatchability rates -feed refusal |
|
|
|
What are the 3 components of methamphetamine detoxification?
|
1) Induce emesis within 2 h
2) Gastric lavage if large doses ingested 3) Activated charcoal w/ a cathartic 1x dose |
|
|
|
**How much caffeine is in a 12 oz cup of starbucks coffee?
|
216 mg
|
|
|
|
What are 2 ways to prevent copper poisoning?
|
Limit copper intake
Provide Molybdenum -add to supplement -Cu: MO < 6:1 |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of red clover toxicity?
|
animals rarely die
|
|
|
|
*How do you diagnose anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
|
*ID of specific compound key to successful management
-Clinical signs**Hemorrhage of unknown cause |
|
|
|
What are the 7 ECG changes seen from cardiac glycosides?
|
1) Increased P-R interval
2) PVCs more common 3) Inverted T wave 4) Biphasic and monophasic ... 5) AV block 6) Bizarre waves 7) Fibrillation (followed by death) |
|
|
|
How are horses usually exposed to black walnut shavings?
|
People use black walnut and butternut shaving for bedding material for horses
|
|
|
|
What muscle is affected by ionophore toxicity in sheep, swine, cats and dogs?
|
Skeletal muscle
|
|
|
|
What are 2 components to supportive treatment for an animal with methamphetamine toxicosis?
|
1) Seizure control and body temperature monitored
2) IV fluids to maintain hydration status & help maintain body temperature |
|
|
|
*What is the lethal dose of caffeine in a dog or cat?
|
140 mg/kg
|
|
|
|
When are onions more toxic to ruminants?
|
When large amount consumed and rumen not accustomed to it bc rumen organisms haven't adjusted
|
|
|
|
What is the source of alsike clover?
|
Perennial legumes commonly grown in pasture or hay and may be found as escapes in fields, roadsides and waste areas
|
|
|
|
*What are the primary clinical tests that will shed light to anticoagulant rodenticide diagnosis?
|
CBC, serum chemistry panel, hemostasis screen, crossmatch, blood gas
|
|
|
|
When does death usually occur from cardiac glycoside toxicity?
|
in 24 hours
|
|
|
|
What is blistering done in horses?
|
Practice of applying an irritating substance to a horse's affected area in order to create an inflammatory reaction
|
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in sheep, swine, dog and cats?
|
Feed refusal, depression, stiffness, ascending muscle weakness, paresis/paralysis and recumbency
Death usually from respiratory failure |
|
|
|
What are the 10 classes of alkaloids?
|
1) Purine
2) Phenethylamine 3) Quinoline 4) Isoquinoline 5) Indole 6) Pyridine 7) Tropane 8) Terpenoid 9) Pyrrolidine 10) Vinca |
|
|
|
What animals are susceptible to methylxanthine toxicity?
|
all animals, even birds
|
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of onion toxicity?
|
Contains N-propyl disulfide (in edible bulb)
-denatures hemoglobin -heinz body formation -acute hemolysis |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of alsike clover toxicity?
|
Contains an unknown agent that causes primary and/or secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitization
|
|
|
|
What will the platelet count, and buccal mucosal bleeding time be with anticoagulant rodenticides?
|
Normal
|
|
|
|
What are 2 possible findings of cardiac glycoside toxicity post mortem?
|
1) Pale areas an dhemorrhages on myocardium
2) May find plant in stomach -few definitive lesions |
|
|
|
What blistering agent caused death in a horse in Alabama?
|
Mercuric chloride blistering agent to the legs
|
|
|
|
What happens when a horse has an administration of an aqueous extract of black walnut?
|
Severe laminitis w/in 8-12 hours
-extract causes ischemia to the dorsal laminia of the foot--> laminitis |
|
|
|
What is the toxic dose of ionophores?
|
Toxicosis may result from a single dose or can occur after daily low level exposures (mixing error)
|
|
|
|
What are 2 tropane alkaloids?
|
Atropine & cocaine
|
|
|
|
What is the most common circumstance of methylxanthine toxicity?
|
In dogs via chocolate, caffeine tablets and cacao bean mulch
|
|
|
|
**What is the main clinical sign of onion toxicity?
|
Hemolytic anemia****
|
|
|
|
Light-skinned animals are particularly affected when allowed to graze on alsike when it is ___________.
|
Dew-covered or wet
|
|
|
|
What will the PTT and PT test of an animal with anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity be?
|
Increased
|
|
|
|
What are 3 ways to diagnose cardiac glycoside toxicity?
|
1) Dead w/ evidence of eating plant
2) Dysrrhythmias and eating plant 3) Detect cardiac glycosides in serum, urine |
|
|
|
How are horses usually exposed to black walnut shavings/
|
People use black walnut and butternut shaving for bedding material for horses
|
|
|
|
What animal is most susceptible to ionophore toxicity?
|
Horses
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 forms of cocaine?
|
1) Hydrochloride salt
-coke, snow 2) Free base form -crack, rock, free-base |
|
|
|
What is the toxic dose of milk chocolate for a 40 lb dog? Semi-sweet chocolate? Theobromine (unsweetened) chocolate?
|
Milk chocolate-20 oz
Semi-sweet- 7 oz Theobromine- 5 oz |
|
|
|
What are 2 treatments for copper toxicity?
|
1) Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
-binds Cu for excretion -not always available 2) D-penicillamine -expensive$$$$ |
|
|
|
What animals are affected by alsike clover?
|
Most often in horses, but all grazing animals may be affected
|
|
|
|
What specimen is best for chemical analysis for anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning antemortem? postmortem?
|
Antemortem: blood
Postmortem: liver |
|
|
|
What are 2 methods used to detect cardiac glycosides in serum or urine?
|
1) HPLC
2) Radioimmunoassay |
|
|
|
What is blistering done in horses?
|
Practice of applying an irritating substance to a horse's affected area in order to create an inflammatory reaction
|
|
|
|
What is the most consistent clinical pathology related to ionophore toxicity?
|
Increased bilirubin
|
|
|
|
What animals are predisposed to cocaine toxicity?
|
Police dogs may be predisposed
|
|
|
|
**How much caffeine is in a 12 oz cup of starbucks coffee?
|
216 mg
|
|
|
|
What are 2 ways to prevent copper poisoning?
|
Limit copper intake
Provide Molybdenum -add to supplement -Cu: MO < 6:1 |
|
|
|
*What is a sign specific in animals poisoned following ingestion of dew-dampened alsike clover?
|
Refuse to eat
|
|
|
|
When treating anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity it is different with ______ VS ____.
|
Bleeding vs non-bleeding
|
|
|
|
What are 6 plants with cardiac glycosides or alkaloids?
|
1) Foxglove
-Digitalis purpurea 2) Oleander -Nerium oleander 3) Lily of the valley 4) Yew 5) Death camas 6) Rhododendron |
|
|
|
What blistering agent caused death in a horse in Alabama?
|
Mercuric chloride blistering agent to the legs
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 primary lesions you will see in horse, cattle or poultry that died from ionophore toxicity?
|
1) Pericardial and peritoneal effusions
2) Pericardial and epicardial hemorrhages |
|
|
|
What are the 2 modes of action of cocaine?
|
Sympathomimetic
Direct myocardial effect |
|
|
|
*What is the lethal dose of caffeine in a dog or cat?
|
140 mg/kg
|
|
|
|
When are onions more toxic to ruminants?
|
When large amount consumed and rumen not accustomed to it bc rumen organisms haven't adjusted
|
|
|
|
What are some clinical signs of alsike clover toxicity (not long term)?
|
May drool, tongues and lips become swollen
-photosensitization (sloughing) |
|
|
|
What should you do first to treat an animal that is bleeding from anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
|
Maintain CV support***
-fresh frozen plasma** |
|
|
|
What are 2 circumstances of rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) grazing wild or decorative plants
-goats, browsers eat bushes -llamas, browsers eat bushes 2) Pruning and throwing leaves to animal pens |
|
|
|
*Why is it so important to take multiple samples when trying to diagnose ionophore toxicity via histopathology?
|
Lesions may have a *focal distribution so multiple sampling is a must
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 sympathomimetic effects of cocaine?
|
1) Blocks Nepi
2) Blocks serotonin 3) Blocks dopamine reuptake 4) Increases catecholamine release |
|
|
|
What animals are susceptible to methylxanthine toxicity?
|
all animals, even birds
|
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of onion toxicity?
|
Contains N-propyl disulfide (in edible bulb)
-denatures hemoglobin -heinz body formation -acute hemolysis |
|
|
|
What are some clinical signs of alsike clover toxicity in sheep?
|
Eyelids, ears, nose and mouth swell, giving rise to the name big head-at first ooze serum then later scabs may form
-intense itching may develop |
|
|
|
What determines the route of Vitamin K1 administration for anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
|
Patient factors
|
|
|
|
What is the rhododendron toxin?
|
Grayanotoxins
|
|
|
|
What are the 5 organs affected by ionophore toxicity?
|
1) Heart
-pale microfibers, loss of fiber striation, multifocal vacuolar degeneration 2) Skeletal muscle -severe degeneration/ necrosis type I muscle fibers 3) Kidney -acute tubular necrosis 4) Liver -Centrilobular necrosis, mild fibrosis, congestion 5) Pancreas -zymogen granule depletion |
|
|
|
*When are peak plasma concentrations of cocaine?
|
15 minutes after exposure
|
|
|
|
What is the most common circumstance of methylxanthine toxicity?
|
In dogs via chocolate, caffeine tablets and cacao bean mulch
|
|
|
|
**What is the main clinical sign of onion toxicity?
|
Hemolytic anemia****
|
|
|
|
The long-term consequence of alsike clover consumption is "___________ syndrome".
|
Big liver syndrome
|
|
|
|
What are the 6 components to treating anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
|
1) Decontamination
2) Maintain CV support 3) Vitamin K1 4) Exercise restriction 5) Monitor clotting parameters 6) Antibiotics? |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of rhododendron?
|
Causes prolonged depolarization
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 primary ways to diagnose ionophore toxicity?
|
1) History of change of feed
2) Feed analysis |
|
|
|
*What is the plasma half-life of cocaine?
|
~3 hours
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 main ways to diagnose methylxanthine toxicity?
|
1) History**
2) Chemical analysis **Frozen plasma, serum, urine |
|
|
|
What are 3 components of treating onion toxicity?
|
1) Stop feeding onions for a while
2) Blood transfusions $$$ 3) Diuresis -iv fluids |
|
|
|
What is big liver syndrome?
|
Long term consequence of alsike clover consumption, appears as a progressive destruction of the liver w/ increased connective tissue (appears as an enlarged liver)
|
|
|
|
Why is exercise restriction part of treating anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
|
Possibly blood in the lungs
|
|
|
|
What animals are susceptible to and like rhododendrons?
|
Goats and llamas
|
|
|
|
How do you treat ionophore toxicity?
|
No specific treatment
Primarily supportive care |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of the cardiac form of ionophore toxicity?
|
Poor
|
|
|
|
How is cocaine eliminated from the body?
|
Rapidly metabolized by liver, parent and metabolites excreted in urine
|
|
|
|
**What are the 4 components to treating methylxanthine toxicity?
|
1) Decontaminate
-emesis, gastric lavage, activated charcoal 2) Seizure/ tremor control 3) Monitor ECG 4) Fluids |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of Brassica (mustard family and Rape & kale (glucosinolates)?
|
Contain glucosinolates such as S-methyl cystine sulfoxide--> reduced to dimethyl disulfide--> denatures hemoglobin--> causes heinz body hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
|
What is the toxic dose of alsike clover?
|
Should not be fed to horses in greater than 5% of the feed
|
|
|
|
The toxin in rhododendron is also present in ____ and ____ plants.
|
Azaleas and laurel
|
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of the skeletal muscle form of ionophore toxicity?
|
Dependent upon use of the animal
|
|
|
|
What are the 5 clinical signs of cocaine toxicity?
|
1) ****CNS stimulation
2) Hyperactivity, muscle tremors, seizures 3) Increased HR, hyperthermia 4) Vomiting 5) Elevated CK |
|
|
|
What are 4 toxins present in kale, rape and brassica?
|
1) Glucosinolates
2) Some contain thiocyanate 3) Some are goitrogens 4) Some contain tryptophan |
|
|
|
How do you diagnose alsike clover toxicity?
|
Liver biopsy may be required to characterize the degree and type of liver damage and provide a prognosis
|
|
|
|
What are 6 signs of rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Depression
2) Anorexia 3) Salivation 4) Regurgitation 5) Bradycardia, irregular pulse 6) Weakness--> coma |
|
|
|
How do you treat ionophore toxicity?
|
No specific treatment
Primarily supportive care |
|
|
|
How do you diagnose cocaine toxicity?
|
1) ***HISTORY
2) Hyperglycemia, elevated ALT & CK levels are characteristic 3) Submit urine, plasma, or stomach contents to lab 4) ECG for cardiac effects -lesions not routinely present or reliable |
|
|
|
What are 4 possible clinical signs seen with kale, rape or brassica?
|
1) Hemolytic anemia (heinz body)
2) Goiter 3) ABPEE 4) Polioencephalomalacia if thiaminase |
|
|
|
What is the treatment for horses with photosensitivity due to alsike clover consumption as the primary clinical finding?
|
May recover after being moved to Alsike-free pasture
|
|
|
|
What are 4 things seen in laboratory work up in an animal with rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Metabolic acidosis
-decreased total CO2 -BE= -5 to -10 2) Stress leukogram 3) Increased glucose (Stress) 4) Sometimes elevated K and Cl |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of the cardiac form of ionophore toxicity?
|
Poor
|
|
|
|
What is the GENERAL TREATMENT for cocaine toxicity?
|
Cocaine will be removed from stomach through induction of vomiting, gastric lavage, endoscopy, or surgery depending on what and how much was ingested
-administer activated charcoal |
|
|
|
How do you diagnose kale, brassica or rape toxicity?
|
History of consuming plants
Lab evidence of heinz body hemolytic anemia |
|
|
|
What should you do for animals that have severe sunscald from alsike clover consumption?
|
Keep out of sun until recovered (turn them out at night)
|
|
|
|
What are 3 ways to diagnose rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Evidence of consuming rhododendron
2) clinical signs w/ salivation, regurgitation and acidosis 3) Identify grayanotoxins in rumen content |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of the skeletal muscle form of ionophore toxicity?
|
Dependent upon use of the animal
|
|
|
|
What are some supportive treatments for cocaine toxicity?
|
IV fluids
Oxygen Sedation Monitor glucose levels -chlorpromazine may reduce some of the symptoms |
|
|
|
What are 3 components of treating kale, rape or brassica toxicity without emphysema present?
|
1) Remove from source
2) avoid respiratory distress 3) Blood transfusion$$$ |
|
|
|
What is the treatment with animals that have severe stomatitis or dermatitis due to alsike clover consumption?
|
Supportive care
Local treatment of stomatitis until heals |
|
|
|
What animals are susceptible to and like rhododendrons?
|
Goats and llamas
|
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of cocaine toxicity?
|
Fair to guarded
|
|
|
|
What 3 additional treatments should you do if an animal with kale, rape or brassica toxicity has emphysema?
|
1) corticosteroids
2) Diuretics 3) Oxygen $$$$ -costs more than sheep |
|
|
|
What are 3 ways to prevent alsike clover toxicity?
|
1) Remove animals from pastures especially early in morning when plants are dew-covered
2) Seed mixes intended for horse pastures and hay should not contain alsike clover 3) Horse owners should be able to recognize the different clovers so that alsike clover poisoning can be prevented |
|
|
|
The toxin in rhododendron is also present in ____ and ____ plants.
|
Azaleas and laurel
|
|
|
|
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the_______ family.
|
Ergoline family
|
|
|
|
What are 3 ways to prevent kale, rape or brassica toxicity?
|
1) introduce to new feed gradually
2) Feed other roughages 3) wait til after freeze to feed |
|
|
|
What are 6 signs of rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Depression
2) Anorexia 3) Salivation 4) Regurgitation 5) Bradycardia, irregular pulse 6) Weakness--> coma |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of LSD?
|
1) similar structure to serotonin & may stimulate CNS serotonin receptors
2) Peak plasma w/ 6 hrs 3) *****vasoconstrictor to brain |
|
|
|
What are 3 circumstances of poisoning from cold water in calves?
|
1) Calves just weaned or taken off milk
2) Aren't accustomed to drinking water 3) When finally decide to drink, consume an excessive amount of cold water |
|
|
|
What are 4 things seen in laboratory work up in an animal with rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Metabolic acidosis
-decreased total CO2 -BE= -5 to -10 2) Stress leukogram 3) Increased glucose (Stress) 4) Sometimes elevated K and Cl |
|
|
|
*What is the primary clinical sign of LSD?
|
CNS- excitement & disorientation
|
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of cold water in calves?
|
-Massive intake of water
-Hypotonicity of body fluids -Decrease in serum osmolality?? -Lysis of erythrocytes -Hemolytic anemia |
|
|
|
What are 3 ways to diagnose rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Evidence of consuming rhododendron
2) clinical signs w/ salivation, regurgitation and acidosis 3) Identify grayanotoxins in rumen content |
|
|
|
How do you diagnose LSD toxicity?
|
History
-no specific serum chemistry abnormalities |
|
|
|
What is the primary clinical sign of cold water in calves?
|
**Hemolytic anemia
-may see hyponatremia |
|
|
|
What are 5 components to treating rhododendron toxicity?
|
1) Remove from plant
2) Osmotic laxatives 3) Correct metabolic acidosis -fluids (but no K or Ca) -HCO3 4) Rumenotomy, remove plant $$$ 5) Atropine if severe bradycardia |
|
|
|
What are 3 components to treating LSD toxicity?
|
1) GI detoxification not usually useful due to rapid onset of clinical signs
2) Keep in darkened, quet area (12 h) 3) Monitor for tachycardia & hyperthermia |
|
|
|
What are 3 components of treating cold water in calves?
|
1) Restrict water
2) Hypertonic saline IV 3) Mannitol -most survive without treatment |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of rhododendron toxicity?
|
Guarded if down or coma
-most have survived when admitted here |
|
|
|
What can cause death in an animal with LSD toxicosis?
|
Not due to direct toxicity, but to behavioral changes
|
|
|
|
What are 6 causes of bone marrow depression?
|
1) Bracken fern in cattle
2) T-2 mycotoxins 3) Aspirin in small animals 4) Chloramphenicol 5) Chemotherapeutic agents 6) Neoplasia or bone marrow -lymphosarcoma |
|
|
|
What is the street name for methylenedioxymethamphetamines (MDMA?
|
Ecstasy
|
|
|
|
What cell lines are affected by bracken fern in cattle?
|
All cell lines
-thrombocytopenia -anemia -neutropenia |
|
|
|
What is the street name for Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)?
|
Roofies
|
|
|
|
What are 2 harmful effects of bracken fern in cattle?
|
Bone marrow depression
Bladder tumors---> hematuria |
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of MDMA?
|
Increases release of serotonin while inhibiting the uptake of the neurotransmitter
|
|
|
|
What are 3 circumstances of bracken fern toxicosis in cattle?
|
1) On poor feed or pasture
2) Fern available & being consumer over a period of time -usually over a month 3) Several animals ill, appear to have other infectious diseases |
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of GBH?
|
Synthetic GABA derivative; modulates dopamine signaling
|
|
|
|
What is the toxin in bracken fern that affects cattle?
|
Ptaquiloside a lactone
-responsible for bone marrow suppression -aplastic anemia -thrombocytopenia -granulocytopenia |
-
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of flunitrazepam?
|
Benzodiazepine drug; acts on Cl channel of GABA receptors in CNS & increases frequency of Cl channel opening
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 primary signs of bracken fern toxicosis in cattle?
|
1) Other Infections, pneumonia
2) Hemorrhage |
|
|
|
How long does it take for clinical signs of MDMA to appear?
|
45 minutes
|
|
|
|
What are 3 laboratory pathologies found in cattle with bracken fern toxicosis?
|
1) Anemia
2) Thrombocytopenia 3) granulocytopenia |
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of MDMA?
|
Hyperactivity, agitation, mydriasis
Hyperthermia, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias |
|
|
|
What is the life span of a RBC?
|
> 100 days
|
|
|
|
*What is the main clinical sign of GBH? When do the clinical signs appear?
|
Hypothermia
15-30 minutes |
|
|
|
What are 2 ways to diagnose bracken fern toxicity in cattle?
|
1) Bone marrow aspirate
-aplastic: decreased megalocytes & other precursors of both RBCs & granulocytes 2) Evidence of consuming bracken fern over long period of time |
|
|
|
How long does it take for signs of flunitrazepam to appear? What are the clinical signs?
|
20-30 minutes
Confusion, sedation |
|
|
|
What are 2 components of treating bracken fern toxicosis in cattle?
|
1) DL Batyl alcohol
-hard to find 2) Whole blood transfusions $$ -don't last: platelets 2 d, neutrophils 1 d |
|
|
|
How do you make a clinical diagnosis of club drugs (MDMA, GHB, flunitrazepam)?
|
Urine sent for toxicology screen
-human lab |
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of bracken fern toxicity in cattle?
|
Going to die
|
|
|
|
Does emesis usually help for club drugs?
|
Emesis is generally ineffective
|
|
|
|
In the next 3 weeks after derby day an increased number of what was found?
|
weak and stillborn foals, "early fetal losses" or abortions
|
|
|
|
In the next 3 weeks after derby day an increased number of what was found?
|
weak and stillborn foals, "early fetal losses" or abortions
|
|
|
|
In the next 3 weeks after derby day an increased number of what was found?
|
weak and stillborn foals, "early fetal losses" or abortions
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 main findings upon necropsy of +60 cases with mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
1) Fibrinous pericarditis
2) Panopthalmitis 3) Actinobacillus encephalitis |
|
|
|
What are the 3 main findings upon necropsy of +60 cases with mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
1) Fibrinous pericarditis
2) Panopthalmitis 3) Actinobacillus encephalitis |
|
|
|
What are the 3 main findings upon necropsy of +60 cases with mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
1) Fibrinous pericarditis
2) Panopthalmitis 3) Actinobacillus encephalitis |
|
|
|
What causes mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
Eastern tent caterpillars
|
|
|
|
What causes mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
Eastern tent caterpillars
|
|
|
|
What causes mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
Eastern tent caterpillars
|
|
|
|
What do you find when graphing percent of abortions VS hours post first dose?
|
Very rapid time course of abortions following dosing of mares w/ 50 and 100 grams of Eastern tent caterpillars per day for 10 days
|
|
|
|
What do you find when graphing percent of abortions VS hours post first dose?
|
Very rapid time course of abortions following dosing of mares w/ 50 and 100 grams of Eastern tent caterpillars per day for 10 days
|
|
|
|
What do you find when graphing percent of abortions VS hours post first dose?
|
Very rapid time course of abortions following dosing of mares w/ 50 and 100 grams of Eastern tent caterpillars per day for 10 days
|
|
|
|
How do they propose that mare reproductive loss syndrome develops?
|
Intestinal penetration by caterpillar followed by blood vessel penetration and hematogenous redistribution of a proportion of these setal fragments, now septic emboli
-Can randomly lodge in distant tissues |
|
|
|
How do they propose that mare reproductive loss syndrome develops?
|
Intestinal penetration by caterpillar followed by blood vessel penetration and hematogenous redistribution of a proportion of these setal fragments, now septic emboli
-Can randomly lodge in distant tissues |
|
|
|
How do they propose that mare reproductive loss syndrome develops?
|
Intestinal penetration by caterpillar followed by blood vessel penetration and hematogenous redistribution of a proportion of these setal fragments, now septic emboli
-Can randomly lodge in distant tissues |
|
|
|
What are 6 unanswered questions regarding mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
1) Minimum level of exposure
2) what makes mares more/less susceptible than the next 3) Dose abortigenic factor/ agent persist in the environment after several weeks in spring 4) Other caterpillars/ insects cause the disease 5) Can mares be treated before exposure 6) treated after exposure |
|
|
|
What are 6 unanswered questions regarding mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
1) Minimum level of exposure
2) what makes mares more/less susceptible than the next 3) Dose abortigenic factor/ agent persist in the environment after several weeks in spring 4) Other caterpillars/ insects cause the disease 5) Can mares be treated before exposure 6) treated after exposure |
|
|
|
What are 6 unanswered questions regarding mare reproductive loss syndrome?
|
1) Minimum level of exposure
2) what makes mares more/less susceptible than the next 3) Dose abortigenic factor/ agent persist in the environment after several weeks in spring 4) Other caterpillars/ insects cause the disease 5) Can mares be treated before exposure 6) treated after exposure |
|
