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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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13 toxins affecting the Nervous system
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- strychnine
- metaldehyde - penitrem A = requefortine - bromethalin - sodium fluoroacetate / - fluroacetamide - 4-methylimidazole - methylxanthine - lead - urea & non protein nitrogen intoxication - organophosphorus - carbamate - pyrethrum, pyrethrin, pyrethroids - chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorides) - blue-green algae |
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strychnine source
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rodenticide - seed baits - often dyed to indicate toxicity
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strychnine spp affected
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all spp affected - dogs most common
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strychnine mech of action
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binds inhibitory glycine receptors causing huge overtransmission of signal so tiniest stimulus creates powerful muscle contraction
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strychnine signs
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powerful & painful convulsions with no cognitive or sensory impairment.
extensor rigidity anoxia, hypoxia, hypercarbia, hyperthermia, rhabodmyolysis, metaboic acidosis |
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metaldyhyde source
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mulluscide - snail / slug bait
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metaldehyde spp affected
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all spp affected - dogs most common
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metaldehyde signs
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"shake & bake syndrome"
msucle tremors & hyperthermia |
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Penitrem A - Roquefortine source
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tremorgenic mycotoxin produced by penicillium in moldy foods (bread / garbage) & decaying organic material (compost)
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Penitrem A - Roquefortine spp affected
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all - dogs most common
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Penitrem A - Roquefortine signs
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rapid onset of muscle tremors & hyperthermia
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Bromethalin source
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rodenticide
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bromethalin mech of action
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uncouples oxidative phosphorylation --> fluid vacuoles b/w myelin sheaths which creates pressure on nerve --> reduced conduction & paralysis
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Bromethalin signs
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paralysis, muscle tremors & seizures
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sodium fluoroacetate & Fluoroacetamide source
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compound 1080 used for coyote & rodent control
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sodium fluoroacetate & fluoroacetamide spp affected
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ALL SPP affected
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sodium fluoroacetate & fluoroacetamide mech of action
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"lethal synthesis" w/in krebs cycle creates fluorocitrate which inhibits acontinase & shuts down the energy generating pathway. Acculation of citric & lactic acid results
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sodium fluoroacetate & fluoroacetamide signs
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multisystemic - dog primarily GI & nervous system.
Cats show vocalization ruminants show mostly cardiac signs |
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4-methylimidazole source
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ammoniated feeds
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4-methylimadazole spp affected
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adult cattle & nursing calves (secreted in milk)
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4-methylimadazole signs
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Bovine Bonkers syndrome
hyperexcitable - circling / wild running blindness |
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methylxanthine source
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theobromine (chocolate)
caffeine (coffee) theophylline (tea) |
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methylxanthine spp affected
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all spp affected
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methylxanthine signs
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v/d
diruesis hyperactivity death from arrhythmias & respiratory failure |
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lead source
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SA - paint
LA - batteries waterfowl - lead shot |
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lead spp affected
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all - young more susceptible
cattle, young dog, waterfowl commonly |
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lead mech of action
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carried by RBC - redistriubtes to tissues / bone.
Segmental demyelination of pharyngeal & recurrent laryngeal nerves carcinogenic |
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lead signs
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SA - GI / neuro
LA - NERUO / gi, hyperthermia, depression basophilic stippling, nRBC w/o significant anemia |
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lead tx
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chelators (exchange Ca for Lb & enhance excretion)
Ca EDTA SUCCIMER dimercaprol penicillamine |
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Urea & Nonprotein Nitrogen Intoxication source
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Improper supplement mixing or mismanagement - important to allow slow adaption to NPN sources
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Urea & nonprotein Nitrogen source intoxication spp affected
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cattle & sheep
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urea & nonprotein nitrogen source intoxication mech of action
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excess ammonia released via hydrolysis of urea by rumen microorganism. Ammonia inhibits krebs cycle and leads to lactic acid acidosis. metabolic acidosis --> hyperkalemia --> cardiac failure
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urea & non protein nitrogen source intoxication signs
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colic, abd pain, bloat
tremors, ataxia |
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blue green algae source
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cyanobacteria in stagnant eutrophic ponds
(anaboaena flus aquae, aphanizomenon flos aquae, oscillatonia spp) |
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blue green algae toxins
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anatoxin
(saxitoxin & neosaxitoxin) |
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blue green algae signs
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muscle rigidity, tremors & paralysis
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Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (organochlorines) mech of action
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diffuse nervous stimulation. Biologic magnification (increase effect as you move up food chain) with environmental contamination
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chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide (organochlorines)signs
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muscle tremors & seizures. Diffuse CNS stimulation
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pyrethrum, pyrethrin, pyrethroid source
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insecticides - flea / tick repellants
(pyrethrum / pyrethrin from chrysanthemum flower -- pyrethroid is synthetic) |
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pyrethrum, pyrethrin, pyrethroid signs
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increased salivation, tremors & seizures
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pyrethrum, pyrethrin, pyrethroid treatment
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lack of response to atropine
use muscle relaxant - diazepam, phenobarbital, methocarbamol |
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organophosphorus carbamate insecticides mech of action
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acetylcholinesterase inhibitor --> increased acetylcholine
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organophosphorus carbamate insecticide signs
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muscarinic - SLUD
nicotinic - twitching / paralysis colic, abd ain, diarrhea. Looks like pancreatitis in dogs. Death from respiratory failure delayed neuropathy |
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organophosphorus carbamate insecticide treatment
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atropine (tx SLUD)
oximes (mimics binding site on cholinesterase enzyme & so binds Ach & increases elimination. |
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4 toxins affecting the skin
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- Chronic Selenium Poisoning
- Molybdenum Toxicity / Cu Deficiency - fescue toxicosis - ergot |
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Chronic selenium poisoning source
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forages, feed additives
obligate indicator plants (require Se for growth) - astragalus facultative indicator plants - aster |
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chronic selenium poisoning spp affected
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all spp susceptible
horses appear sensitive |
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chronic selenium poisoning signs
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bobtailed disease - rough hair coat, hair loss
hoof deformities |
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One way to reduce selenium poisoning in cattle
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addition of arsenic salt at 0.00375% to enhance biliary excretion - or use high-protein diet to bind
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Molybdenum toxicity - copper deficiency - source
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dietary imbalance
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Molybdenum toxicity / Cu deficiency spp affected
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cattle most commonly
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molybdenum toxicity / Cu deficiency signs
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calves - depressed growth rate, spontaneous fractures
adults - diarrha, depigmentation, rough hair coat ossification of tendons of insertion |
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fescue toxicosis clinical syndromes
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summer syndrome in cattle - rough hair coat, tachypnea, hyperthermia
reproductive problem in mares, cattle, sheep - prolonged gestation, retained placenta, weak young, abortions fescue foot - lameness, dry gangrene necrosis of tail, ears & digits |
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fescue toxicosis source
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tall fescue containing endophyte
Toxin = ioline alkaloids & ergot-like alkaloids ergovaline |
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fescue toxicosis mechanism of action
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peripheral vasocontriction
suppress prolactin secretion |
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fescue toxicosis treatment
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metoclopramide, doperidone - resolve agalactia & prolonged gestation
perphenazine prevents agalactia in horses (stimulates prolactin release) |
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ergot - source
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fungus in rye, barley, seeds
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ergot mech of action
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ergotamine - peripheral vasocontriction
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ergot signs
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dry gangrene
convulsions gastrointestinal disorders abortions (cattle & sheep) |
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1 toxin affecting the Oropharyngeal Cavity (& GIT)
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slaframine
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slaframine source
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fungus of red clover = mycotoxin
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slaframine mech of action
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mimics Ach action (parasympathomimetic)
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slaframine spp affected
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cattle, horse, sheep, goat
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slaframine signs
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SLUD
profuse salivation uriation, diarrhea, bloat, |
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toxicant affecting reporduction
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zearlenone
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zearlenone source
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fusarium mycotoxin - corn, wheat, barley oats
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zearlenone mech of act
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functions as weak estrogen
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zearlenone clinical signs
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hyperestrogenism
anestrus / pseudopregnancy prolonged estrus males - enlarged prepuce, impaired testicular development |
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zearlenone spp affected
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cattle, swine
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