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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Strychnine
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Inhibits glycine from Renshaw cells
Rapid onset Absorbed in the intestines Apprehension (fear) Sever seizures and stiffness Respiration impaired (cause of death) Very sensitive to external stimuli Decontaminate - No emesis, must do gastric lavage Control seizures Poor prognosis |
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Water Hemlock
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Base of stem is where the toxin is
Inhibits inhibitory neuron Most toxic plant in the US Rapid onset and progression Tremors and violent seizures Ground usually dug up around cow Usually found dead If patient present early enough - vigorous decontamination and seizure control |
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Tetanus
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Prevention of Glycine release
Retroaxonal transport Anaerobic conditions Tremors, sardonic grim Asphyxia Treat with Antitoxin Treat with Muscle relaxants |
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Metaldehyde
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Slug and snail baits
Inhibits GABA Rapid or can take up to 3 hours Salivation Anxiety Tremors Seizures ACIDOSIS Acetaldehyde oral odor Tx: decontamination (gastric lavage) Activated charcoal seizure control Good prognosis |
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5-Fluorourocil (5-FU)
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Chemo drug
Bone marrow suppression in cats Decontamination - emesis if <30 minutes, gastric lavage, activated charcoal Seizure control - poor response to diazepam Leukopenia treatment |
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Methylxanthines
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Caffeine or theobromine
Rapid absorption of caffeine - slow absorption of chocolate Enterohepatic reciculation Inhibits: adenosine, PDE (thus increasing cAMP) Activates: Ca++, NE Emesis Activated charcoal Seizure control |
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Guarana
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Decrease Adenosine
Decrease PDE Increase Ca++ Increase NE Potential teratogenicity Vomiting, hyperactivity, tachycardia Decontamination Control seizures - don't use Diazepam if Ma Huang present |
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Water Deprivation/Sodium Ion Toxicosis
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Sodium ion toxicosis
Excess sodium Water depreivation Crosses into CSF Cerebral edema Neurologic signs Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing (swine) NO Activated charcoal Control seizures Rehydrate slowly |
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Paintballs
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Polyethylene glycol
Colorful poop No Activated Charcoal Emesis Monitor acidosis |
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Amphetamines
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Hyperactivity
Tachypnea Tremors Hyperthermia Seizures Tachycardia Activated Charcoal / Cathartic AVOID Benzodiazepines - use acepromazine or barbituates Urinary acidification with caution |
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Cocaine
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Sympathomimetic
Blocks the re-uptake of NE and Serotonin Hyperexcitability Mydriasis Tachycardia Hypertension Seizures Emesis with caution Activated Charcoal Control seizures Monitor Acid-base |
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Ma Huang
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Ephedrine
Non-selective sympathomimetic Hypertension Tachycardia Tachyarrythmias Tremors Seizures Decontaminate AVOID DIAZEPAM |
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Pseudoephedrine
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Common decongestant
Closer relative to ephedra Can be used to make meth Enhanced release of NE, EPI, and serotonin (like concaine and amphetamines) Rapid absorption Excreted in acidic urine Hyperexcitability Seizures Activated charcoal AVOID BENZODIAZEPINES Urinary acidification with caution |
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Serotonin Syndrome
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Rapid onset!
Signs will generally resolve over 12-24 hours with symptomatic treatment Seizures Hyperthermia Diarrhea Dpression Tremors Decontaminate with care CYPROHEPTADINE (serotonin antagonist) |
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Termorgenic Mycotoxins - Penitrem A
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Moldy food
Inhibit Glycine and GABA Increase in Ach Tremors Seizures Seizure control Decontamination - Emesis, AC/SC Supportive care |
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Staggers Syndrome
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Dallis Grass
Rye Grass Bermuda Grass Ergot infection of seed by fungus Must graze for 7 days Stiffness and ataxia (hence, "staggers") Hypermetria, seizures Wide stance, exagerated movements Low mortality |
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Zinc Phosphide
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Mole or Gopher bait
Rapidly degraded in damp acidic conditions GI and respiratory irritant Vomiting w/ blood Horses colic Ruminants bloat Acetylene or decaying fish or garlic odor to breath Coughing Dyspnea Salivation Tremors Weakness Seizures Decontaminate by inducing vomiting DO NOT USE H202 (increases acidity) Activated Charcal Seizure control |
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Lead
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High affinity for sulfhydryl groups
Lead chemically similar to calcium Mutagen and carcinogen ALL organ systems affected GI and Nervous system in dogs Primarily neurological effects in cattle Anemia BASOPHILIC STIPPLING of RBC's Renal - eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies Decontamination + Chelation AC not efficacious (it is a metal) Control seizures |
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Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)
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Urease converts urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide
H+ gets used up thus ammonia doesn't form - NH3 forms As H+ gets used, pH goes up As pH goes up, more NH3 is absorbed from rumen (cycle) Uneasiness Tremors Colic Bloat Will have increased ruminal ammonia Alkalosis Tx: Cold water or vinegar (decreases ruminal pH) |
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Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)
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Urease converts urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide
H+ gets used up thus ammonia doesn't form - NH3 forms As H+ gets used, pH goes up As pH goes up, more NH3 is absorbed from rumen (cycle) Uneasiness Tremors Colic Bloat Will have increased ruminal ammonia Alkalosis Tx: Cold water or vinegar (decreases ruminal pH) |
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4-Methyl-Imidazole (4-MI)
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Occurs with treatment of forage
4-MI is a convulsant Passes into milk CALVES affected when COWS are not Trembling/twitching ear Stempeding Seizures Remove suspect feed Milk out dams to protect calves Seizure control Recovery rapid once off feed |
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Pyrethrin / Pyrethroids
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Block Na+ channels - slow opening and closing
Cats most often affected Paw shaking Ear twitching Hypersalivation Tremors progress to seizures Type I - tremors Type II - paralysis Methocarbamol Bathing Supportive care |
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Fumonisins (mycotoxin)
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Inhibition of conversion of sphinganine and sphingosine to sphingolipids
ELM - Equine Leukoencephalomalacia Liquifactive necrosis of white matter Depression Blindness Ataxia Aimless wandering Head pressing Coma Death Swine - Porcine Pulmonary Edema Tx: None, once signs begin |
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Locoweeds
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Causes more economic losses to livestock industry than all other plants combined
Toxicosis due to swainsonine Chronic selenium Cracker heals Grazing for 4-6 weeks required!!! Swainsonine - cells accumulate oligosaccharides Depression Incoordination Proprioceptive deficits (hence: cracker heels) ID plant for diagnosis Identify vacuolization in cytoplasm Tx: None one signs develop |
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Centaurea Spp (Yellow Star Thistle)
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ENE - Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia
Destruction of dapaminergic neurons Horse must feed on plants for weeks - month Once signs appear - irreversible and fatal |
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Bromethalin
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Rodentacide and Mole bait
Guinea pig resistant though Inhibits Na/K ATPase Decreases energy Vacuoles form in myelin sheaths Paralysis occurs Rapid absorption Enterohepatic recirculation Cats much more sensitive than dogs Acute/convulsant syndrome: signs appear 10-24 hours post ingestion Chronic/paralytic syndrome: signs appear 1-5 days post exposure Dx: spongy degeneration of white matter Tx: control seizures Repeat doses of activated charcoal (b/c of enterohepatic recirculation) |
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Bracken Fern
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Contains thiaminase
Thiamin important for ATP production 4 Sydromes: Aplastic anemia Enzootic bovine hematuria Tumors of the uppoer GI tract Thiaminase in horses Anorexia Weight loss Tx: Blood transfusions and antibiotics Thiamin injections for 2 weeks Prognosis = good |
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Horse Tail / Scouring Rush
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Contains thiaminase
Thiamin important for ATP production Weight loss Wide stance Convulsions Death Tx: Blood tranfusions and antibiotics Thiamin injections for 2 weeks |
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Nardoo
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Contains thiaminase
Thiamin important for ATP production Tx: Blood transfusions Antibiotics Thiamin injections for 2 weeks |
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Marijuana
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THC
Toxicity increases with drying, heating, smoking, aging Wide margin of safety Depression Ataxia Dilated pupils Nystagmus Bradycardia Hypothermia Vocalization Decontaminate - emesis, AC/SC Diazepam for agitation Supportive Tx: Fluids Good prognosis |
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Opioids
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Morphine and Codiene
Most toxins bind to mu receptor CNS depression Ataxia Respiratory depression Bradycardia Hypotension Vomiting Decreased gut motility Decontaminate: Emesis, AC/SC Respiratory support Fluids Thermoregulation Nalazone: Mu Antagonists! |
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Barbituates
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Activation of GABA response
Hypothermia Low doses produce depression Ataxia Coma Respiratory depression Hypothermia Decontaminate - emesis/lavage, AC/SC Thermoregulation Fluids Alkaline diuresis for phenobarbital |
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Benzodiazepines
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Increase GABA
Hypothermia Low doses: Depression, Ataxia, Sleepiness High doses: Coma, seizures, decontamination Decontaminate (Emesis and AC/SC) FLUMAZENIL (blocks benzos) Supportive care: fluids and thermoregulation |
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Alchohols
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CNS and respiratory depression
Acidosis Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypotension Abdominal pain/gastritis Tx: cold water gastric lavage Treat metabolic acidosis w/ fluids Thermoregulation |
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Avermectins
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Used for HW meds and horse dewormer
GABA-ergic Don't give to collies, ausies, shelties - no P-glycoprotein Well absorbed orally Clinical signs will last days to weeks Depression Ataxia Coma Tremors Seizures Blindness Hypothermia Hyperthermia Decontamination: emesis, AC Lipid Tx: binds tightly with lipophilic avermectin (increase secretion) Recovery takes weeks! |
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Amitraz
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Flea and tick collars
Alpha-2 agonist CNS sedation Ataxia Vomiting Bradycardia Hypotension Decontaminate (emesis, AC/SC) Remove collar Give alpha-2 antagonist: Yohimbine or Atipamezole |
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White Snakeroot
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Tremetol = toxin
Mixture of ketones Days of grazing required Effects nursing calves and non-lactating grazing animals CNS depression Ataxia Stiffness Tremors Death Congestive heart failure Decontaminate NO specific treatment though Milk out calves |
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Atropine
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Will cross BBB
Anti-Ach effects Decontaminate (emesis, AC/SC) Physostigmine = reversal! |
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Muscarinic Mushrooms
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Ach effects
SLUDDE Rabbits are resistant Give Atropine |
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Slaframine
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Moldy Red Clover infected with fungus
Mimics muscarinic receptors - SLUDDE SlaFRAmine = SloBBERing Once drooling has started - atropine won't help Will resolve in 2-3 days if removed from source |
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Solanine
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Solanidine: green potatoes
AchE inhibitor (like Atropine) SLUDDE Severe GI irritants Emesis Supportive Symptomatic |
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Organophosphorus and Carbamate insecticides
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Inhibit AchE
Increase Ach SLUDDE effects Decontaminate Atropine for muscarinic effects 2-PAM for nicotinic effects |
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Organophosphorus Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN)
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1-3 weeks post exposure to an OP
Inhibit AchE Peripheral neuropathy Ataxia Weakness |
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Blue-Green Algae (Anatoxin)
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Hot dry weather
Liver damage Respiratory paralysis Rapid death Prognosis = poor due to rapidity and severity of signs Lesions: dark congested liver with necrosis and hemorrhage Death due to hemorrhagic shock Early decontamination: emesis and AC/SC Atropine |
