Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (3-CPT)
|
avicide
Starlicide - starling and blackbirds toxic to chickens, turkey, other poultry metabolized differently by mammals and some other birds causes renal failure death 1-3 days can cause methemoglobinemia, CNS depression, hypothermia in mammals supportive care prognosis based on dose |
|
|
4-aminopyridine (4-AP)
|
avicide
Avitrol used to control all pest birds can contaminate water K+ channel blocker highly toxic to birds and mammals |
|
|
What is the most likely mechanism for exposure to non-target species?
|
Accidental ingestion
|
|
|
For anticoagulant rodenticides, what is the major determining factor for the duration of toxicosis?
|
PT/PTT, hemorrhage
|
|
|
For anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion, if the animal is asymptomatic, what is the schema of tx?
|
treat with vitamin K
|
|
|
For anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion, if the symptomatic, what is the schema of tx?
|
Supportive therapy and treatment with vitamin K
|
|
|
Which of the rodenticide agents may cause secondary poisonings via the eating the rodents that are killed?
|
Bromethalin or Strychnine
|
|
|
How is the mechanism of action of the cholecalciferol related to its toxicity and treatment?
|
it increases Ca++ which leads to calcification in bone, muscle and kidneys
tx is to decrease Ca levels via diet and prevent resorption from bone at the same time. |
|
|
Are there specific toxicities or attributes associated with strychnine poisoning?
|
causes block of inhibitory neurotransmitters
rigid paralysis, ataxia, muscle stiffness impaired respiration as a result |
|
|
Why is there a difference in the potential toxicity of zinc phosphide in animals that can or cannot vomit?
|
Zinc phosphide itself induces vomiting
treat those unable to vomit with charcoal instead |
|
|
What are the 3 factors that can influence respiratory toxicosis across species?
|
Tissue architecture: toxins may selectively induce damage to specific tissues
Metabolic capability: non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cells (clara cells) contain Cytochrome P450 - can bioactivate Anatomic configuration: the more complex the nasopharynx, the less of the toxicant typically makes it to the lungs |
|
|
What factors are associated with Hydrogen sulfide production and release that makes it potentially dangerous?
|
Damaging concentrations have a paralytic effect on the olfactory sensory apparatus - blocks detection of odor
pulmonary edema at medium concentrations respiratory paralysis at high concentrations |
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of carbon monoxide and how is that related to observed toxicities and treatments?
|
high affinity for an competes with O2 for binding sites on many proteins including hemoglobin
tx best done with 100% O2 results 1-4 hours |
|
|
why does nitrogen dioxide cause considerable damage to the lungs but may not damage upper resp tract?
|
the duration of contact is longer and moisture is higher - becomes corrosive
|
|
|
what kind of animal is susceptible to toxicosis caused by overheating of cookware?
|
birds are sensitive to Teflon
|
|
|
How can cows eating forage high in tryptophan possibly lead to lung damage?
|
Cytochrome P450 converts the 3-MI to reactive intermediates that cause lung damage including pulmonary edema, emphysema, and potentially death
|
|
|
What is/are the major toxicities associated with the use of NSAIDs in companion animals?
|
Gastric ulceration
inhibited platelet aggregation renal damage hepatic damage |
|
|
What phase II metabolizing system are felines deficient in?
|
UDP-glucoronosyltransferase
|
|
|
What is/are the predominant toxic effects of acetaminophen in dogs? Cats?
|
Dogs: hepatocellular damage and necrosis
Cats: methemoglobinemia |
|
|
Is there a specific tx for acetaminophen toxicosis? How does it work?
|
N-acetylcysteine
leads to increased glucoronosyltransferase(GSH) levels allowing for detoxification of reactive metabolites |
|
|
Why are dogs more likely to be poisoned by pharmaceuticals? How is this similar to venlafaxine poisoning in cats?
|
Dogs are more likely to chew bottles and eat random things
Cats readily eat venlafaxine tablets and capsules |
|
|
How do you treat amphetamine toxicity?
|
Ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid to acidify urine to decrease reabsorption in the proximal tubule
emetics fluid therapy to flush it out |
|
|
Why is aflatoxin toxicosis primarily hepatic whereas ochratoxin toxicosis is primarily renal?
|
Aflatoxin: metabolized to reactive metabolites that chronically leads to hepatotoxicity
Ochratoxins: protein and mRNA pools are reduced in kidney cells which leads to kidney damage |
|
|
Why are ruminants relatively immune to ochratoxin-induced toxicosis?
|
Ruminal flora detoxifies its before it enters circulation
|
|
|
What toxicites are associated with ergot toxicosis and via what primary mechanism of action?
|
agonist and antagonist activity at tryptaminergic, dompaminergic and a-adrenergic receptors
rapidly eliminated but effects seen long after Cutaneous and gangrenous lesions of tail and extremities hyperthermia production loss reproductive failure |
|
|
Why are trichothecenes also referred to vomitoxin?
|
It causes those that it affects to refuse food, especially in pigs, and can cause vomiting
|
|
|
Toxicities of zearalenone are primarily associated with its activity as a weak______?
|
Estrogen
its binds to receptors for estradiol-17B |
|
|
What are the primary toxicoses associated with fumonisin?
|
PPE is caused by sphingosine-mediated inhibition of myocardial L-type channels
decreased cardiac contractility left-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema ELEM is not well understood |
|
|
What is the name of the toxin associated with "slobber syndrome" and why does it cause slobbering?
|
Slaframine
ketoimine metabolite acts a parasympathetic agent stimulates exocrine and endocrine glands |
|
|
Why are dogs more likely to have toxicoses associated with penitrem and roquefortine exposure?
|
Scavenging through the trash and getting into food that has become moldy
|
|
|
Most snake bites are from what group of snakes in animals?
|
Crotalidae (pit vipers)
|
|
|
Is coral snake toxin primarily neurotoxic or causing of local pain and damage?
|
Neurotoxic
|
|
|
Why should a dog potentially bitten by a coral snake be observed over an extended period of time?
|
it can lead to respiratory collapse, dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
How would you treat a cat presenting with a known coral snake bite and who is beginning to be symptomatic?
|
compression bandage and supportive tx
possible ventilation |
|
|
What are 3 general types of rattlesnake venom? What do that cause in afflicted animals?
|
Classic diamondback venom: tissue destruction, coagulopathy, hypotension
Mojave A venom: neurotoxicosis Intergrade venom: both neurotoxins and classic venom components |
|
|
Why will pit viper antivenins or vaccines potentially only be active against a sub-set of envenomations?
|
They contain different proteins
|
|
|
How would you tell if a rattlesnake bite occurred and the potential seriousness in a dog who may have been bitten? What diagnostic test can be done?
|
Blood smear can show echinocytes
Early high levels of CK show muscle/tissue destruction |
|
|
What does Gila monster venom cause? How would you treat it?
|
Pain, edema, tachycardia, hypotension
supportive care and antibiotics |
|
|
What species is especially sensitive to widow bites? How would you treat it?
|
Its fatal in cats
supportive treatment with opioids for pain and muscle relaxants |
|
|
What is the primary lesion seen after a recluse spider bite? How would you treat it?
|
Red, swollen
Tx: chemical debridement or H2O2 and bandaging diphenhydramine for pruritis Antibiotics for infection Analgesics for pain |
|
|
Are tarantulas dangerous?
|
Only the australian species which aren't aloud in the US
|
|
|
What are the consequences of a scorpion sting? Is it a serious concern in dogs or cats?
|
Edema and pruritis
Tachycardia or bradycardia resp depression Serious in cats, lack of evidence in dogs |
|
|
What does tick toxin cause? How is it treated?
|
LMN paresis/paralysis, ataxia
resp paralysis and death remove tick and provide supportive care topical insecticides prognosis good when tick removed before bulbar paralysis |
|
|
What do you primarily need to worry about regarding bee and/or wasp stings?
|
Hypersensitivity
shock anaphylactic reactions |
|
|
How does botulism occur and what does it cause?
|
Clostridium botulinum
ingestion and wound contamination found in poultry litter, haulage/silage, improper silage or those contaminated with decaying carcasses flaccid paralysis death via reps paralysis |
|
|
What are the best prevention strategies for botulism?
|
Analysis of feed stuff and ruminal fluids from the decease
remove feed stuff, treat effected with antibiotics and antitoxin |
|
|
what are the clinical signs of tentanus and what group of affected animals do they occur?
|
Recent field surgeries, shearings, retained placentas
horses and ruminants more susceptible than dogs and cats Musculoskeletal stiffness, sardonic grin in dogs, erect ears, reluctance to eat or drink, fixed stare, elevated tail and flared nostrils convulsion may occur triggered by stimuli |
|
|
What are the best prevention strategies for tetanus?
|
Prevent introduction of organism into wounds or surgical sites
clean needles/blades vaccination program antitoxin presurgically when vaccines unknown |
|
|
What are the general toxicities that can be associated with blue-green algae ingestion?
|
ingestion of water with excess growth
neuro- and hepato-toxic later summer/early fall warm weather with increased nutrients - fertilizers acute death with few signs |
|
|
What are the treatments utilized for dogs that ingest blue-green algae?
|
Symptomatic and supportive care
charcoal bathing emesis fluids corticosteroids seizure control atropine |
|
|
Why is blister beetle toxicosis most often observed in horses?
|
Found in alfalfa hay that the beetles have been squished into
more susceptible to toxin than others that ingest it |
|
|
What does cantharidin cause clinically?
|
Ulcers and erosions on mucosal surfaces
depression, discomfort, severe colic submerge muzzles in water or play in water fever, pollakiuria, diarrhea, salivation, stiff gait, hematuria increased CK, decreased Ca and Mg gross lesions throughout GI and urinary tract |
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of toxin associated with toads?
|
absorbed with buccal mucous membranes of the dog
cardiac glycoside: increased contractile force affects electrical activity - depressed conduction |
|
|
What species is most likely to be affected by toad toxins? Why? What are the clinical signs and tx options?
|
Dogs - curious
hypersalivation, vomiting, anxiety, neuro signs, convulsions death can occur in 15 minutes decontaminate oral cavity administer diazepam for seizures monitor HR give insulin for hyperK+ |
|
|
Are there specific treatments for 4-AP toxicosis outside of supportive care and symptomatic tx?
|
Pancuronium bromide antagonizes the effects of 4-AP and can be used for respiratory support
|
|
|
Organophosphates and Carbamates
|
exposure via inhalation, orally, or dermal
elevated cholinergic signaling - AChE inhibition death due to resp failure and cardiac arrest atropine sulfate for OPs and CM 2-PAM for OPs |
|
|
Organochlorines
|
largely discontinued due to environmental concerns
persistent in environment and organisms - readily absorbed and bioaccumulates MOA: inhibits Na+ influx & K+ efflux OR GABA binding to receptors neurologic toxicity Tx: limit exposure via washing, activated charcoal, mineral oil supportive care |
|
|
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
|
widely used
low persistence in environment exposure as dermal product via transdermal absorption or oral due to grooming interact with Na+ channels - depolarization of excitable membranes seizures in cats due to misuse tx: supportive based on symptoms - no antidotes or direct antagonists |
|
|
Rotenone
|
selective toxicity in insects and fish versus mammals based on metabolism
converted to highly toxic metabolites in insects and fish moderately toxic to mammals with variability, especially pigs death from convulsions and cardiopulmonary failure poisoning rare no antidote |
|
|
Fipronil
|
topical - Frontline
poisonings occur due to ingestion/licking tremors, convulsions, seizures, death rabbits very sensitive - shouldn't be used diagnosis based on circumstant and manifest ions no specific tx, supportive care |
|
|
Imidacloprid
|
Advantage - topical
biphasic response - neonicotinic action - initial increase in spontaneous discharge followed by complete lack of propagation nicotinic receptors lower toxicity in vertebrates doe to lower binding properties at receptor subtypes tremors, impaired function, uncoordinated gait, hypothermia no antidote - symptomatic tx generally wide safety margin in mammals |
|
|
Ivermectin and Selamectin
|
macrocyclic lactone
toxicity due to misuse high affinity for glutamate-gated Cl- channels - hyper-polarization depression, disorientation, ataxia hyperesthesia, salivation, vocalization weaken, become recumbent and possibly comatose muscle fasciculations, tremors, seizures selective toxicity at MDR1 gene, ABCB1 mutation no antidote physotigmine in severe toxicity can be beneficial |
|
|
Amitraz
|
a2-adrenergic agonist
found on tick collars death from profound bradycardia and CNS depression - resp depression ileus in horses reverse with a2-antagonists - yohimbine or atipamezole supportive and symptomatic care |
|
|
Metaldehyde
|
slug/snail bait - powder
enterohepatic circulation - prolongs half-life stomach acid - hydrolysis to acetalaldehyde and then acetic acid CNS signs, metabolic acidosis, resp alkalosis can cross BBB - release NE and 5-HT salivation, restlessness, anxiety, panting, vomiting, ataxia, convulsions no antidote supportive care signs can last up to 5 days |
|
|
diethyltoluamide (DEET)
|
insect repellent
generally low/rare toxicity in mammals - MOA unknown neurologic signs, vomiting, excitation supportive and symptomatic care complete recovery after a few days |
|
|
Mercury
|
targets CNS, renal, cardiovascular, GI, hematopoietic
motor disturbance, blindness, cerebral development, GI disturbance acutely in blood chronically found in hair methyl - in brain acutely treat with charcoal, no long term exposure tx gastric ulcers, tubular necrosis, cerebellar hypoplasia |
|
|
Arsenic
|
insecticides, herbicides, treated wood, water
binds with lipoic acid (in TCA cycle) affecting energy metabolism targets high oxidative use tissue - intestines, epidermis, kidney, liver abdominal pain, ataxia, watery diarrhea, dehydration tx: dimercaprol, succimer, GI detox |
|
|
Lead
|
batteries, weights, paints, pastures near smelters, grease, gas(historically)
binds to RBC membranes accumulates in kidneys, chronically in bone targets CNS, hemolymph, GI blindness, aggression, head pressing, circling, roaring, anorexia, anemia immature RBCs with basophilic stippling tx: Ca-EDTA, Succimer |
|
|
Molybendum toxicity/
Copper deficiency |
forage abnormality
western grasses may have high sulfur intake in water most tissue affected diarrhea, dull hair, fractures, immunosuppressed, wt loss, dec milk, ADR, CNS signs check blood levels alter intake |
|
|
Copper toxicity
|
high in feed, fertilized pastures , over supplemented
accumulates in liver damages cell membranes and RBCs membranes targets RBCs, liver and kidneys hemoglobinuria, icterus, anoxia, death add thiomolybdate to diet and decrease in diet |
|
|
Zinc
|
pennies minted after 1982
inhibit RBC enzymes direct RBC membrane damage targets GI and RBCs vomiting, diarrhea, icterus, hemoglobinemia/uria regen hemolytic anemia, basophilic stippling, heinz bodies, nuc RBCs tx: Ca-EDTA, supportive, tranfusion |
|
|
Sulfur
|
found in water, plants with high in soil, molasses based diets, corn gluten
inhibits cytochrome system decreased energy production targets CNS blindness, anorexia, head pressing, recumbency Tx: thiamine, supportive, feed roughage polioencephalomalacia lesions of brain - softening, swelling, necrosis |
|
|
H2O deprivation/Salt toxicity
|
brine water, high in diet
decreased brain glycolysis and energy - gets trapped in brain blindness, aimless wandering, head-pressing, circling, depression rehydrate slowing, hypertonish saline to reduce cerebral edema |
|
|
NPN (Urea)
|
feed additive, in TMR (growing rations), lick tanks
decrease citric acid cycle, ATP, increased lactate targets rumen and CNS uneasiness, tremors, weakness, colic tx: infuse rumen with 5% acetic acid and with cold H2O prevention: feed low in, or slowly acclimate, don't feed with full roughage |
|
|
Ionophores
|
hydrophobic molecules that bind cations
results in cellular imbalance of cation approved as growth promotant result of feed mixing error and accidental consumption anorexia, sweating, colic, hypotension, recumbency, death tx: activated charcoal, fluids, Se and Vit E Poor Prognosis |
|
|
Ethylene glycol
|
lethal in small doses
rapidly absorbed and metabolized short half-life, may be hard to detect in blood, none after 24 hours CNS phase: ataxia, depression, nausea Cardiopulm phase: tachypnea, tachycardia Renal phase: azotemia, uremia, isosthenuria, oliguria calcium oxalate crystaluria - dihydrate prolonged Q-T interval - hypoCa++ hypothermia emesis, gastric lavage, inhibit metabolism - historically- ethanol, newer-4-MP(expensive) |
|
|
Chocolate
|
methyxanthines-theobromine, caffeine
restlessness, muscle tremors, seizure, tachycardia, arrhythmias |
|
|
Xylitol
|
sugar substitute
rapid insulin release hypoglycemia, hypokalemia weakness, ataxia liver failure supportive care and liver protectants |
|
|
water hemlock
|
sudden death (2-3 hours)
neurotoxic cicutoxin muscle tremors, convulsions no antedote |
|
|
Red-rooted pig weed
|
sudden death
nitrates + oxalates nitrates: weakness, inc HR and RR, brown MM, abortion nephrotoxic oxalates: hypocalcemia - tremors, weakness calcium oxalate crystals - renal tubule damage - permanent damage decreased cellular metabolism tx: calcium gluconate for hypocalcemia, no reverse for other oxalate effects, limewater prevents further oxalate absorption |
|
|
Kochia weed
|
sudden death
western US toxicity influenced by conditions its grown under nitrates photosensitivity secondary to liver disease thiaminase activity - polioencephalomalacia sulfates - polioencephalomalacia nitrates oxalates nitrates: weakness, inc HR and RR, brown MM, abortion nephrotoxic oxalates: hypocalcemia - tremors, weakness calcium oxalate crystals - renal tubule damage - permanent damage decreased cellular metabolism tx: calcium gluconate for hypocalcemia, no reverse for other oxalate effects, limewater prevents further oxalate absorption |
|
|
Cyanide
|
2000+ species
often new growth (not the fruit) plant stress - drought and frost leaves and stems cows more susceptible that horses because of rumen - turn to HCN blocks cytochrom oxidase by binding iron CHERRY RED BLOOD cellular anoxia readily absorbed death 1-2 hours - resp difficulty, hypoxia, ataxia, tremors need to eat a lot tx: sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, hydroxycobalime in dogs Service berry, elderberry, arrow grass, mountain mahogany, poison suckleya, wild blue flax |
|
|
Nitrate poisoning
|
annual weeks, corn, sorghums, cereal grains, legumes
rapidly growing plants high moisture and organic soil highest in early morning/cloudy day found in fertilizers and herbicides test: diphenylamine tx: methylene blue - can turn meat blue in food animals ruminants can adapt over time kochia weed, red-rooted big weed, lambs quarter, sunflower, russian thistle |
|
|
Larkspur
|
sudden death - 3-4 hours
very common poisoning in cattle perennial in mountain valleys, snow drifts all parts toxic, especially early growth but less palatable block ACh receptors at neuromuscular junction staggering gait, bloat, resp failue death due to paralysis and bloat tx: physostigmine and treat bloat move to another pasture during flowering, seeding is lowest toxicity |
|
|
sudan grass poisioning
|
HCN converted to lathyrogens - interferes with glutamate activity
horses and cattle incontinence, cystitis hind leg weakness demyelination of peripheral nerves irreversible |
|
|
Monkshood
|
sudden death
diterpenoid alkaloids toxic after eating 0.075% B.W. works at neuronal receptors |
|
|
Poison hemlock
|
sudden death
teratogenic piperidine alkaloids coniine noxious weed from Europe throughout N.A. often grown ornamentally but spreads rapidly salivation, pain, tremors, resp difficulty, weak pulse cyanosis of MM, resp paralysis, coma, death tx: supportive only non-lethal doses produce congenital malformations |
|
|
Death camas
|
sudden death
across N.A. piperidine alkaloids has a bulb like an onion that it gets mistaken for one can kill a human, but take pounds to kill livestock which don't usually dig it up sheep show signs eating half the great plant vomiting, diarrhea, weakness death to sheep if eat 2.5lbs green plant per 100obs bw tx: atropine, picrotoxin in early poisoning of sheep, supportive |
|
|
Yew
|
sudden death
taxine alkaloids small evergreen shrub with glossy red berries - parts except fruit surrounding seed toxic inhibits normal sodium and calcium exchange across myocardial cells fatal at 8-16 oz of leaves, even dried trembling, weakness, difficulty breathing, dec HR, V/D, convulsions tx: no antidote |
|
|
foxglove
|
cardiotoxic
cardiac glycosides - digitalis all parts toxic inhibit Na/K ATPase slows HR, dysrhythmia, asystole death in less than 24 hours tx: KCl, lidocaine, procainamide, dipotassium EDTA KCl fluids if monitored decrease stress |
|
|
RHododendrons,
|
cardiotoxic
grayanotoxin - diterpenoids increase length of Na depolarization woody shrub honey toxic to humans cardiac arrhythmias, heart block, V/D, ataxia, death |
|
|
Mountain laurel
|
cardiotoxic
grayanotoxin glycoside arbutin all parts of plant disrupts electrical activity of the heart GI upset |
|
|
Kalanchoe
|
cardiotoxic
bufadienolides all parts, esp flower toxic inhibit Na/K ATPase decreased cardiac function variably toxocity across plant species tx: lidocaine, procainamide, KCl |
|
|
Milkweeds
|
cardiotoxic
cardenolides(glycosides) inhibits Na/K ATPase affect cardiac, resp, digestive and nervous systems dyspnea, colic, seizures, head pressing, weakness toxic during rapid growth, retained in dried hay can be found dead without prior symptoms tx: supportive care and monitoring |
|
|
Oleander
|
cardiotoxic
2 POTENT cardenolides perennial shrub - all parts toxic |
|
|
Lily of the valley
|
cardiotoxic
glycosides convallerin and convallamarin whole plant cardiac arrythmias Na/K ATPase inhibitor |
|
|
Dogbane
|
cardiotoxic
digitalis like cardiac glycosides cardiac arrythmias |
|
|
Avocado
|
cardiotoxic
sudden death persin leaves and skin of rough skinned type myocardial necrosis, edema of head and neck, sterile mastitis, necrosis of mammary epithelium |
|
|
castor beans
|
lectins - ricin and glycoprotein
inhibits protein synthesis and intestinal absorption found in leaves and seeds hemolysis, hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, rumen stasis anaphylaxis up to 2 days before signs appear tx: supportive, vitamin C can enhance |
|
|
rosary pea
|
lectin - abrin
inhibits protein synthesis HIGHLY fatal in small quantities Horses>>rum>dogs hemorrhage, colic, cardiogenic shock and death tx: supportive, charcoal, fluids to counteract shock, vitamin C enhances survival |
|
|
Black locust
|
lectins - robin
inhibits protein synthesis bark and seed have highest concentration mildly potent hemolysis anaphylaxis |
|
|
halogeton
|
nephrotoxic
oxalates arid soils toxicity increases in animals deprived of own feed hypocalcemia - tremors, weakness calcium oxalate crystals - renal tubule damage - permanent damage decreased cellular metabolism tx: calcium gluconate for hypocalcemia, no reverse for other oxalate effects, limewater prevents further oxalate absorption |
|
|
Oxalis
|
nephrotoxic
oxalates hypocalcemia - tremors, weakness calcium oxalate crystals - renal tubule damage - permanent damage decreased cellular metabolism tx: calcium gluconate for hypocalcemia, no reverse for other oxalate effects, limewater prevents further oxalate absorption |
|
|
Oaks
|
nephrotoxic
hepatotoxic gallotannin bark, leaves, acorns depression, intestinal stasis, colic icterus, red urine, dehydration death after 5-7 days tx:supportive care |
|
|
Locoweed
|
neurotoxic
wooly and spotted poisionous alkaloid swainsonine: lysosomal storage disease mutalistic fungus that grows on plant develops it nitrotoxin - cracker heels selenium accumulators - lameness and hair loss Repro failure, poor growth rates, CHF combine with altitude, dec immune system, vaccines not effective vacuoles seen in lymphocytes, inc ALP, dec TP, alb, and T3/T4 tx: remove from feeding, most symptoms may/may not resolve, herbicides, feed aversion prior to grazing |
|
|
Sage
|
neurotoxic
monoterpenes affects horses, not ruminants appear drunk after eating several days recovery 1-2 weeks after stop eating and fed nutritious diet |
|
|
Sleepy grass
|
neurotoxic
perennial grass leaves may be infected with LSA-containing acremonium(lysergic acid amide) species of endophyte stumble around in a drunken stupor and can collapse into a state of unconsciousness for days |
|
|
russian knapweed
|
neurotoxic
chewing disease only affects horses sudden onset of inability to apprehend and chew food, push entire face in to drink "wooden" expression on face-hypertonicity dehydration, starvation that can lead to death pneumonia from unswallowed feed |
|
|
yellow star thistle
|
neurotoxic
chewing disease acts on dopaminergic pathways, CN V, VII, IX yellow flower only affects horses sudden onset of inability to apprehend and chew food, push entire face in to drink "wooden" expression on face-hypertonicity dehydration, starvation that can lead to death pneumonia from unswallowed feed causes lesions in brain irreversible |
|
|
White Snakeroot
|
neurotoxic
tremetol "milk sickness" toxic in green and dried plant muscle tremors, choke, heart block, cardiomyopathy can be passed on in milk, esp to people |
|
|
Jimmy weed, rayless golden rod
|
neurotoxic
tremetol can be passed on in milk affecting people depression, colic, constipation, stif gait, tremors, collapse urinary incontinence and acetone like smell to breath often noted possible death |
|
|
Buckeye, horsechestnut
|
neurotoxic
digestive aesculin affect cattle, horses, pigs, and people young sprouts, leaves and seeds 0.5% BW toxic causes "hopping gait", esp hind legs severe - tremors, spasms, recumbency, dorsal medial strabismus colic usually most common symptom once recumbent, rarely recover tx: supportive - mineral oil as laxative |
|
|
Mescal bean
|
neurotoxic
quinolizidine alkaloid - cystine or sophorine toxic to ruminants leaves and fruit, seeds if crushed (otherwise pass through) asymptomatic until stressed-muscle tremors, stiff gait, incoordination, collapse tx: supportive care |
|
|
Bracken fern
|
neurotoxic
carcinogenic (dienone) thiaminase in horses ptaquioside in cattle, sheep passed in milk activated by alkaline pH cattle-thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hematuria, anemia, bladder hemangioma sheep - retinal degeneration tx: horses: thiamine IV horses - polioencephalomalacia man - esophageal and stomach cancer |
|
|
Horse tail
|
neurotoxic
thiaminase young horses most susceptible can get mixed in with hay wt loss, depression, blindness, diarrhea once down, die 1-2 weeks tx: thiamine IV |
|
|
Coyotillo, buckthorn
|
neurotoxic
antracenone complex common in SW fruits and seeds most toxic humans most commonly affected degeneration of peripheral nerve axons - hypersensitivity, alterness, tremors, ataxia, paralysis, continue to eat and drink recumbency precedes death |
|
|
Sacred Datura/Jimson weed/Stink weed
|
neurotoxic
hyoscyamine, hyoscine associated with seeds blocks action of choline esterase initial stimulatory effect, acts like atropine then resp paralysis animals usually don't eat because it smells bad |
|
|
Western horse nettle
|
neurotoxic
glycoalkaloids "crazy cow syndrome" Purkinje cells lost loss of equilibrium, head and front leg extension, rapid eye movement spontaneous, but temporary, permanent neurlogical deficits |
|
|
prickly pear, cockle burr, burdock
|
digestive
traumatic only cause erosions, ulcers |
|
|
foxtail barley, needle grass, squirrel tail, bristle grass, cheat grass
|
digestive
skin cause traumatic lesions grass awns that can migrate |
|
|
Clover, alfalfa
|
digestive
mycotoxin - fungi Rhizoctonia leguminicola "slobbers" excessive induced salivation, wt loss, dehydration mares abort mow pasture and remove affected hay |
|
|
Buttercups
|
digestive
Rananculin - protoanemonins oral irritant - mucus membranes reddening, salivation, gastroenteritis, colic, diarrhea bitter milk in lactating cows rapidly converted to become non-toxic |
|
|
Baneberry
|
digestive
protoanemonin found in fruit stomatitis, salivation, V/D, bitter milk no reported deaths |
|
|
Mesquite
|
digestive
rumen acidosis bloat impaction from the beans - large colon in horses |
|
|
Persimons
|
digestive
cause impactions fruit from medium sized tree in SE US edible but cause choke in horses and cattle may require surgical intervention |
|
|
Orange sneeze weed, bitter weed, rubber weed
|
digestive
sesquiterpene lactone - dugaldin spewing sickness cumulative effect irritates MM of resp and digestive tract sneezing and projectile vomiting, weakness, wt loss toxic to horses and cattle, more often eaten by sheep |
|
|
Field bindweed
|
digestive
tropane alkaloids atropine-like actions intestinal stasis, parasympatholytic signs - bradycardia, dilated pupils tx: symptomatic |
|
|
Pokeweed
|
nephrotoxic
digestive oxalates calcium oxalate crystals, hypocalcemia mild to severe colic, diarrhea rarely fatal tx: symptomatic, calcium gluconate for hypocalcemia, intestinal protectants |
|
|
Silver leaf nightshade
|
neurotoxic
digestive tropane alkaloid - solanine blocks action of AChE - inhibits parasympathetic colic, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea large amounts results in cardiac arrest tx:neostigmine, physotigmine, supportive |
|
|
Horse nettle
|
neurotoxic
digestive tropane alkaloid - solanine blocks action of AChE - inhibits parasympathetic colic, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea large amounts results in cardiac arrest tx:neostigmine, physotigmine, supportive |
|
|
Leafy spurge
|
digestive
toxin unknown has become an invasive weed - displaces forages oral irritation , salivation, diarrhea in cattle sheep seem unaffected |
|
|
Bouncing bet
|
digestive
saponins seeds most toxic diarrhea hepatotoxic in large quantities and can cause death |
|
|
Yucca
|
digestive
saponins common in western US highest in roots and stems diarrhea |
|
|
Iris
|
digestive
terpenoids highest in rhizomes and seeds transitory hemorrhagic diarrhea |
|
|
Cocklebur
|
digestive
carboxyactractyloside highest in seeds liver primary target in pigs, horses, ruminants fatal at 0.75 - 3.0% BW coagulative hepatic necrosis possible renal tubular necrosis hypoglycemia, increased liver enzymes depression, ataxia, recumbency spiney burs also mechanically traumatic tx: supportive with neostigmine and mineral oil, correct hypoglycemia |
|
|
Black walnut
|
muscoluskeletal
toxin unknown, possibly juglone horses exposed to wood shavings beddings with shavings can cause laminitis, edema of lower legs depression, colic, respiratory distress if removed and treated early, can recover |
|
|
Hoary Alyssum
|
musculoskeletal
edematous swelling of legs in horses, laminitis, lameness |
|
|
Blister beetles
|
digestive
canthardin bug that feeds on flower, esp alfalfa - females only striped species most toxic cyclic with grasshoppers exposure when crushed in hay and fed 500mg/kg toxic dose severe irritant, Gi absorption, urine secretion 50-100 can induce fatal poison tx: supportive |
|
|
Jessamine
|
vitamin-D like toxin
causes calcinosis hypercalcemia long term calcification and hypoparathyroidism wt loss, lameness, osteopetrosis recovery is rare that are chronically affected |
|
|
Senna, coffee weed
|
musculoskeletal
athraquinolones seems to be in seeds initially diarrhea, then severe ataxia, lameness, cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Selenium poisoning
|
Drier areas of the US
found in soil - some plants require and have high levels Milk vetches and golden weed require Aster, Jimmy weed secondarily accumulate abnormal hair loss and hoof growth with cracks - increased sulfur in keratin weakens it acute - lung, liver and kidney damage and necrosis - resp failure, edema and congestion - death Chronic - "blind staggers" "Alkali disease" lameness, hair loss, abnormal hoof walls Tx:high protein diet with adequate copper and low in selenium and high in sulfur containing amino acids Deficiency - muscle degeneration - white muscle disease - must be supplemented if too low |
|
|
Hops
|
unknown toxin
hypothemria affects dogs nervousness, panting, red mm, whimpering later - seizures, apnea, dark-brown urine poor prognosis |
|
|
Fescue poisoning
|
forage grasses
has an endophyte that produces ergopeptine-like alkaloids (ergot) dopaminergic affects inhibits/decreases prolactin production prolonged gestation, dec cortisol=prolonged gestation vasoconstriction=hyperthemria, wt loss, fat necrosis, decreased placental destruction, peripheral gangrene tx: dompamine antagonist (domperidone), alternate source of colostrum for foal remove late pregnancy mares from tall pastures |
|
|
Milk vetch
|
selenium accumulator
teratogenic - nitro-glycosides hair loss, hoof abnormalities congenital malformations, abortion |
|
|
Lupine
|
neurotoxic
teratogenic quinolizidine (anagyrine) and piperidine alkaloids mycotoxin - liver disease muscle tremors, labored breathing, convulsions, coma, death usually sheep crooked calf disease - athrogryposis, scoliosis, kyphosis, cleft palate - may result in dystocia |
|
|
Tobacco
|
neurotoxic
teratogenic nicotine anabasine ruminants are more tolerant muscle tremors, excitement, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, coma death from resp paralysis skeletal deformities in lambs, calves, and pigs poor prognosis - nicotine works rapidly tx: supportive |
|
|
Western false hellebore
|
teratogenic
cyclopamine, jervine, cyclopasine causes cyclopia if ewe eats on 14th day of gestation salivation, vomiting, tachycardia, tremors, ataxia, coma if consumption highly over a short time skeletal abnormalities, tracheal stenosis, cleft palate, hair lip |
|
|
western yellow or ponderosa pine
|
abortion
isocupressic acid needles associated with hunger ins spring snow storms 9kg daily to induce 2 - 14 days post fetal death inhibits CL retain placenta infertility due to uterine infections not sheep and goats |
|
|
Gossypol
|
cardiotoxic
hepatotoxic reproductive cardiomyopathy, binds to protein and Fe++, myocardial and hepatic necrosis protein malnutrition inhibits spermatogenesis and motility affects Leydig cells, leuteolytic adult horses and cows relatively resistant, affects baby pigs and calves |
|
|
Zearalenone
|
Reproduction
reduces spermatogenesis and motility of sperm, and libido swelling of prepuce and testicular atrophy metabolite of Fusarium spp corn and other grains stable in grain and heated treated pelleted feeds swine most susceptible |
|
|
Tansy mustard
|
reproductive
congenital goider iodine deficiencies hereditary autosomal recessive trait breed susceptibility decreased production of thyroglobulin, T3, T4 |
|
|
Buckwheat, St. John's Wart
|
Dermatitis
primary photosensitization polyphenoic compounds absorbed from GI, exposed to UV light in unpigmented skin fluoresces and causes a reaction leading to cellular necrosis removal of plant can lead to full recovery |
|
|
Agave, Fiddleneck, Lantana, Sacahuiste, groundsels
|
Dermatitis
Hepatotoxic pyrrolidinze alkaloids toxin destroys liver by inhibiting replication of hepatocytes and necrosis - fibrosis once in liver failure, liver cannot remove phyllerythrin phylloerythrin circulates causes oxidative cellular damage to the skin when exposed to UV light |
|
|
Alsike Clover
|
Hepatotoxic
photosensitivity unknown, possible mycotoxin hepatitis, cholangitis |
|
|
Cyanobacteria poisoning
|
hepatotoxic
neurotoxic photosensitization due to drinking water in late summer when water temps are high inhibition of AChE, damage of liver-cell walls sudden death, acute liver failure vomiting, lethargy, icterus, SLUDGE, tremors, convulsions, resp paralysis |
|
|
Bishop's weed
|
Phososensitization - 1*
Furocoumarins all parts of the plant esp seeds ingestion or skin contact with subsequent sunlight exposure |
|
|
Buckwheat
|
photosensitization - 1*
fagopyrin dermatitis |
|
|
St. John's Wart
|
photosensitization - 1*
hypericin remains chemically intact through digestion stable to drying young plants just as toxic which are palatable to livestock |
|
|
Fiddleneck
|
Hepatotoxic
Photosensitivity - 2* pyrrolizidine alkaloids especially the seeds liver necrosis and fibrosis, dermatitis |
|
|
Rattlebox
|
Hepatotoxic
Photosensitization - 2* pyrrolidizine alkaloids mostly in seeds can develop hepatitis and photosensitization up to 6 months later severe pulmonary changes - fibrosing alveolitis |
|
|
Groundsel
|
Hepatotoxic
Photosensitization -2* pyrrolidizine alkaloids acute liver necrosis death 1-2 days feeding 1-5% BW over a few days up to 6 months for liver failure to occur |
|
|
Hounds tongue
|
Hepatotoxic
photosensitization - 2* typically eaten along with hay 15mg/kg fed to horses over 2 weeks = fatal liver disease |
|
|
Lantana
|
Hepatotoxic
triterpene acids lantadene A and B horses unaffected acute poisoning frequently results in death 7-10s chronic poisoning in sheep - metabolic acidosis death from hepatitis, anorexia and accumulation of toxin |
|
|
Agave
|
Hepatotoxic
photosensitivity - 2* saponins sheep and goats >> cattle typically only eaten in times of drought dermatitis from accumulation of phyllerythrin as a result of bile duct obstruction ~1% BW can be lethal |
|
|
Puncture vine
|
Hepatotoxic
photosensitivity - 2* saponins mycotoxin may be cause of photosensitivity caused by biliary obstruction and retention of phylloerythrin spiny burs cause mechanical injury |
|
|
Sacahuistea
|
Hepatotoxic
photosensitivity - 2* only flowers and fruits unknown hepatotoxin causing biliary obstruction retention of phylloerythrin causing photosensitivity |
|
|
Horsebrush
|
Hepatotoxin
photosensitivity - 2* tetradymol must be preconditioned by sagebrush for it to be toxic - synergistic action death with large consumption over a few days possible abortion in pregnant ewes |
|
|
Onion
|
Urinary
N-propyl disulphide causes oxidation of hemoglobin allowing for oxidative injury to RBCs Heinz bodies, anemia, hemoglobinuria 1-3 weeks, pale MM tx: whole blood transfusion cattle can be fed up to 25% dry matter and sheep 100% can adapt |
|
|
Red maple
|
blood/urinary
unknown toxin wilted or dried leaves oxidation of hemoglobin - oxidative damage to RBCs Heinz bodies, hemolytic anemia late fall or following a storm fatal to ponies at 3.0 kg of dried leaves weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea, cyanosis, icterus, red-brown urine tx: blood transfusion, fluids to maintain kidney function, methylene blue poor prognosis due to rapid onset of critical symptoms |
|
|
yellow sweet clover
|
Blood
dicoumarol produced by fungi interferes with prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, X weakness, depression, appearance of SQ swellings, epistaxis, melena, SQ hematomas, lameness, hemorrhages of MM tx: whole blood transfusions, vitamin K1 |
|
|
caribbean lily
|
houseplant
cardiac glycosides |
|
|
lucky bamboo
|
houseplant
not toxic cats may chew which may induce vomiting |
|
|
christmas rose
|
houseplant
member of buttercup family salivation, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Holly
|
houseplant
saponins caffeine GI irritation |
|
|
Mistletoe
|
houseplant
glycoproteins in leaves berries not toxic vomiting |
|
|
Pointsettia
|
houseplant
severely poisonous may cause vomiting toxicity has been bred out of it |
|
|
Pencil tree
|
houseplant
related to pointsettia very toxic |
|
|
Amaryllis
|
houseplant
GI upset, vomiting |
|
|
Cyclamens
|
houseplant
cardiotoxic irritating saponins |
|
|
colchicum
|
houseplant
colchicine salivation, V/D, arrhythmias, seizures |
|
|
Caladium, peace lily, calalily, dumb cane
|
houseplant
release oxalates when chewed that enter MM vomiting, oral erosions, kidney failure |
|
|
Easter lily
|
houseplant
unknown toxin cat highly susceptible salivation, vomiting, depression, anorexia, PU, dehydration, acute kidney failure fatal |
|
|
Grapes
|
nephrotoxic
dose makes the poison dried more toxic induces renal failure |
