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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most quantitative estimates of health detriments for humans and animals
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Ionizing radiation
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Data on human health effects are provided by these three types of radiation:
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1.) External X radiation
2.) External gamma radiation 3.) Internal alpha radioactivity |
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Definition: photons or particles with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms of air (gases)
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Ionization radiation
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Definition: Resulting atoms and separated electrons after particles with enough energy remove electrons from atoms
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Ions
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What are the different types of Ionizing Radiation?
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Beta Particles
Alpha particles Muons and other cosmic radiation "Hard" x-rays Gamma Radiation |
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What type of radiation are radium dial painters exposed to ?
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radium
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What type of radiation are atom bomb survivors exposed to?
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radium
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What type of radiation are Ankylosing spondylitis patients exposed to?
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X-radiation
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What type of radiation are tinea capitis patients exposed to?
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X-radiation
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What type of radiation are Uranium minders exposed to ?
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radon and progeny radiation
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how many studies of normal radon background have been conducted?
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20
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What are the the major health effects of Radiation?
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-Cancer
-Some heart, digestive disease in bomb survivors only at high dose levels |
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Exten of radiation to global population from natural radiation and radioactivity appreciated only within the last ____ years
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20
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What is the largest source of radiation exposure in the United States
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Radon
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What are the 4 main types of radiation
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Alpha particles
Beta particles Gamma rays X-rays |
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What are the 2 different types of decay?
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Alpha decay and Beta decay
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Alpha decay has how many protons and how many neutrons?
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2 proteins and 2 neutrons
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Beta decay has how many electrons?
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1 electron
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When does gamma radiation occur?
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When the nucleus releases excess energy
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When does x radiation occur?
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Occurs when inner shell orbital electron is removed and rearrangement of atomic electrons
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What type of energy is associated with Energy of radiation
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Kinetic energy
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How is the (E) Energy of radiation measured
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1/2 mV2
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How many megaelectron volts are alpha particles?
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4-8 MeV
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This type of particle travels near the speed of light and requires relativistic correction
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Beta particles
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What is the energy of Beta particles in energy of radiation
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.511 MeV
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How do you measure energy of radiation of Gamma and x radiation?
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E=hv
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These are two types of radiation are pure electromagnetic radiation
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y (gamma) and x radiation
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What is the formula for finding electromagnetic radiaton?
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E=hv where h is plancks constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.
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Each particular particle of this type is Monoenergetic
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Alpha particles
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Heavy charged particles with a 2+ charge and is 7300 times the mass of beta particles
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Alpha particles
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What is an alpha particles range in air?
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.325 E^3/2
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What is the range (tissue) for alpha particles?
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1/1000 of range (air)
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What is the range for ^226 Ra (air)
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3.4 cm
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What is the range (tissue) for ^226Ra
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34 micrometers
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what is the Alpha particle decay of 226Ra ?
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1600 Years
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ALPHA PARTICLE DECAY:
What is the percentage of 4.6 Mev Alpha Particles |
5.5%
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what is the alpha particle decay of 222Rn?
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3.8 days
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What percentage alpha particle decay in 4.8 Mev alpha particle?
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94.5%
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-Interference with retinol metabolism in early embryo
---Oxidation of retinol crucial to normal development -Probably involve complex combination of maternal factors and biochemical/cellular effects in embryo -Excess cell death in sensitive cell populations common |
Cranial malfunctions and similar structural effects
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how is timing defined in mechanisms of action of ethanol?
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When the anterior part of embryo, including brain, just beginning to form
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What is the dose-response for mechanisms of action of ethanol?
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Full blown Fetal alcohol syndrom - born to alcoholic mothers
Other Fetal Alcohol syndrom- 3-4 oz of alcohol per day |
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How many incidence of Full-blown FAS born to alcoholic mothers ?
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25 per 1000 ppl
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These are the effects of lower exposure of this disease..
Isolated components of FAS Milder neurological and behavioral disorders Short-term memory deficits Lower performance on standardized tests |
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
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This factor of FAS, is dose-related even if non-alcoholic mother
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Birth Weight
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For each oz of absolute ethanol per day during late pregnancy how much of a decrease in weight is there?
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160 gram decrease
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Prenatal alcohol exposure significantly associated with drinking problems at age _____, regardless of family history or other environmental factors
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21
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Prenatal exposure of high dosages of ethanol during 2nd half of pregnancy in rats, shortens life span of offspring by how many weeks in females? In males?
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20 weeks in females
2.5-7 weeks in males |
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What is the leading cause of environmentally induced developmental disease and morbidity today?
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Tobacco smoke
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what percentage of pregnant women in the u.s. continue to smoke?
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25%
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Clear picture of effects:
Spontaneous abortions Perinatal deaths Increased risk of SIDS (1/3 deaths prevented if no smoke exposure) Increased risk of learning, behavioral, and attention disorders, lower birth weight Orofacial clefts Increased risk xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphisms Elevated risk of gastroschisis if mom has certain alleles |
Epi studies
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This is large lateral abdominal wall defect does not involve the umbilical cord
and is not covered by a membrane.Much of the bowel, stomach, and liver are herniated outside the abdominal cavity. |
Gastroschisis
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Known neuroteratogen in animals
Alone, can produce many of adverse smoke exposure outcomes |
Nicotine
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This is a nicotine metabolite that leads to hypertonia
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cotinine
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This affects branching morphogenesis and maturation of the lung and leads to altered physiologic function
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Perinatal exposure to tobacco smoke
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Associated with many of effects caused by active maternal smoking
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Environmental tobacco smoke
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this drug is a plant alkaloid derived from coca and is a local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor properties
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cocaine
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During what time period was there more potent forms of cocaine available, leading to cocaine abuse?
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1980's
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What percentage of pregnancies at urban teaching hospitals had recent cocaine exposure?
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45%
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What percentage of pregnancies in suburban haspitals had recent cocaine exposure?
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6%
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What is one reason that fetal effects are complicated and contoversial?
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because it is difficult to monitor human populations for adverse reproductive outcomes
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What are the cofounding factors that make fetal effects complicated and controversial?
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-concurrent use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
-neurological and behaviorial changes difficult to identify and quantify |
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What are the reliably associated effects of cocaine?
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-Microcephaly
-Abruptio placentae -Premature labor and delivery -SIDs -Altered prosencephalic development Neonatal neurologic syndrom of abnormal sleep -Decreased birth weight -Tremor -Irritability -Poor feeding -Occasional seizures |
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Susceptibility depends on genotype of conceptus and interaction with adverse environmental factors. This is known as....
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the first of wilson's general principles of teratology
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Varies with developmental stage at time of exposure to adverse factor
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Wilsons second principle of teratology
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Agents' specific mechanisms initiate pathogenesis
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Wilsons third principle of teratology
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Access of adverse factors to developing tissues depends on nature of agent
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Wilson's fourth
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Four expressions of abnormal development are death, malformation, growth retardation, and function deficit
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Wilsons fifth principle
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Abnormal development expressions increase in frequency and degree as dosage increases from no effect to totally lethal
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Wilsons 6th principle
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Critical periods of sensitivity is based on ...
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developmental stage of conceptus
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Development is a _______
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continuum
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At how many weeks can a conceptus be termed a fetus
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8 weeks
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The growth of an eye is called _____
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ophthalmia
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If an eye does not grow to its full size and is smaller than it should be this is known as ________
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microphthalmia
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If an eye does not grow at all then it is called _______
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anophthalmia
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Maternal physiological conditions capable of adversely affecting development of organism include
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-Maternal anemia
-Altered nutritional status -Decreased uterine blood flow -Altered organ function -Toxemia -Autoimmune states -Diabetes -Abnormal behavior -Decreased milk quantity/ quality -Electrolyte or acid-base disturbances |
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In regards to maternal mortality rate, how much higher in women of parity greater than or equal to 4 is this rate then of women in first pregnancy
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6x
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Predisposition of mother to respond to toxic insult is the definition of _______
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susceptibility
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Most ________ traverse placenta in some form
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chemicals
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The placenta can be a target for _______
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toxicity
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definition: exogenous agent that interferes with production, release, transport, metabolism, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones responsible for maintenance of homeostasis and regulation of development processes
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endocrine disruptor or endocrine disrupting chemicals
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_______ play critical role in differentiation of many tissues
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hormones
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with endocrine disrupting chemicals, Developing organism is particularly vulnerable to....
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-changes in timing or intensity of exposure to
-Chemicals with hormonal or antihormonal activity |
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What are some endocrine-disrupting chemicals?
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pestiscides
plasticizers surfactant organometals phytoestrogens halogenated polyaromatic hydrocarbons |
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What is the most convincing evidence of toxicity?
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Neurobehavioral changes, learning deficits in children
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