Toxicology

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Accumulation of non random chromosomal aberrations, karyotypic instability:

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Hallmarks of progression

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In progression these are capable of causing chromosomal abnormalities

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Progressor agent chemicals

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How do genotoxic carcinogens initiate?

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by producing dna damage

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These are known as "ultimate carcinogens"

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Direct-acting carcinogens

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in these types of carcinogens, agents can directly bind to DNA without being metabolized

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Direct-acting carcinogens

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In this type of carcinogen, agents must be metabolized to react with DNA

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Indirect-acting carcinogens

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DIRECT ACTING CARCINOGENS
Highly reactive electrophilic molecules interact with and bind to __________

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macromolecuels

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Highly reactive electrophilic molecules binding to macromolecules

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Direct acting carcinogens

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This type of carcinogen usually result in tumor formation at site of chemical exposure

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Direct acting carcinogens

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Typically carcinogenic at multiple sites and in all species examined

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Direct acting carcinogens

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Nitrogen/sulfur mustards
Methyl methane sulfonate
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylcarbamyl chloride
* These are examples of

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Direct Acting Carcinogens

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(Requiring activation)
PAHs
Aromatic amines
N-Nitrosoamines
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Aflatoxin
Mycotoxin
Carbamates
* These are examples of

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Indirect acting carcinogens

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Many carcinogens require metabolic activation to be carcinogenic
Azo dyes covalently bind to liver proteins
Those proteins critical for cell growth control
NAME THE PERSON

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Miller and miller 1947

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Covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene or its metabolites in rodents
NAME THE PERSON

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Miller 1951

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Metabolism of parent compound (procarcinogen) necessary to produce a metabolite (activation) able to interact with DNA
NAME THE PERSON

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Miller and others confirm in 1970

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Biotransformation of xenobiotics – catalyzed by ...

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Various enzyme systems

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What are enzyme systems based on?

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Reactions catalyzed

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Enzyme systems are divided into how many categories? What are they?

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-4
- Conjugation
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Reduction

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Majority of DNA reactive carcinogens: parent compounds. * These parent compounds are known as...

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procarcinogens

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stable chemicals that require subsequent metabolism to be carcinogenic

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Procarcinogen

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INDIRECT ACTING CARCINOGENS:
Terminology: Parent compound is known as ..

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procarcinogen

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INDIRECT ACTING CARCINOGENS:
After the parent compound and metabolite form what are the names of the Intermediate and Final carcinogens?

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Intermediate=proximate carcinogen
Final = Ultimate carcinogen

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Chemical species resulting in mutation, neoplastic transformation
Unknown for certain chemicals
>1 ultimate metabolite form for others
Depends on metabolic pathway followed
* This describes which metabolite form?

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Ultimate

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Is the presence of adduct sufficient for carcinogenesis to proceed?

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no

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CAncer development following exposure to chemical carcinogen. Is this rare or common?

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rare

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A major determinant of outcome of carcinogenesis is the persistance of

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adduct

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Persistance of adduct depends on two things. What are these two things?

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ability of cell to repair altered DNA
- and frequency of alteration of repair process or if cell division rate occurs

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What are the 3 Repair pathways of DNA?

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1.) Direct reversal of DNA damage
2.) Excision repair systems
3.) Post replication repair
& Non-homologous end jointing

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- Typically used in DNA regions containing chemically modified bases or DNA chemical adducts
- Adducts cause distortion in DNA
- Proteins slide along surface of DNA molecule, recognize irregularities, and repair
* What a type of repair pathway is this?

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Excision repair systems

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- Correctly repaired only when free ends of DNA rejoin exactly
- Rejoining of ends of the two DNA molecules
- Several base pairs lost at joining point
- May produce possible mutagenic coding change

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Non-Homologous end jointing

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What metal is found at copper refinery and what type of tumor doees it cause?

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Arsenic and it causes pulmonary carcinoma

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What type of tumor is caused by exposure to pesticides?

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Lymphoma, leukemia

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What type of tumor is caused by exposure to chemical plants?

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Dermal carcinoma

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What type of tumor is causec by exposure to drinking water?

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Hepatic Angiosarcoma

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What is the metal when exposed to Cd factory and what is the type of tumor?

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Cadium and Pulmonary carcinoma

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What is the metal when exposed to Cr refinery and what tumor ?

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Chromium and pulmonary carcinoma

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What types of tumors would be caused by exposure to nickel at a Ni refinery?

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Pulmonary carcinoma
Nasolaryngeal carcinoma
Gastric/renal carcinoma

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possibly involves induction of oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, modulation of apoptosis, and/or altered cell cycle
* Name the metal

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Arsenic, Inorganic

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– genetic damage, chromosomal damage and/or aberrations, strands breaks, cell transformation, disrupted DNA repair
* Name the metal

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Cadmium

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– genetic damage (including mutations), (speculation that reduction of chromium VI by glutathione is involved)
* Name the metal

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Chromium

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–genotoxicity, producing DNA strand breaks, mutations, chromosomal damage, cell transformation, modulation of DNA repair. Soluble nickel salts can be complete carcinogens and/or initiators of carcinogenesis
* Name the metal

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Nickel

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How many groups are used to classify the evaluation of carcinogenicity for humans?

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there are 5 because of group 2 a and 2 b

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Group 1 classification suggests that agent is carcinogenic to humans. What two pieces of evidence suggests this?

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Human and animal data are both strong

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Group 2a suggest that agent is probably carcinogenic to humans. What does the evidence provide?

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Human epi data is suggestive and animal data is positive

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Group 2b suggest that agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. What does the evidence provide?

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Human epi data is weak and animal data is positive

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Group 3 suggest that agent is not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans. What evidence supports this?

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Human and animal data inadequate

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Group 4 suggest that agent is probably not carcinogentic to humans. What evidence suggest that?

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Human and animal data negative

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What does IARC stand for?

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International
agency
Research
Cancer

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What are the short term methods for ID of potential carcinogens?

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Mutagenesis assays
Transformation in cell culture

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What are the medium term methods for ID of potential carcinogens?

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of preneoplasia