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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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* Cellular mutation
* Proliferation * Aberrant cell growth The disease of these is known as.. |
Cancer
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This health issue has more than 1 million new cases in the U.S. annually
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Cancer
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More than 1/2 million deaths from this in the U.S annually
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Cancer
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What percent of all human cancers have linkage to Environment, Diet, and Behavior?
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70-90%
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What are the multiple causes of Cancer
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Infectious agents, radiation, chemicals, Environment, Behavior, and Diet
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What are the top 3 major causes of cancer?
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Tobacco-30%
Adult diet/Obesity- 30% Sedentary lifestyle- 5% |
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in 1775: soot--> scrotal & nasal CA
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Percival Pott
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in 1875: sunlight-->skin CA
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Thiersch
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1879: uranium mining--> lung cancer
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Harting and Hesse
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1892: age, exposure influence CA formation
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Butlin
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In 1895: aniline dyes-->bladder CA in dye workers
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Rehn
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1932: Chromium-->CA of stomach and lung
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Alwens & Jonas
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1932: Nickel--> Cancer of lung and nasal passages
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Stephens
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1934: Arsenicals, beryllium, asbestos
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Wood & Gloyne
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1936: Coal tar fumes
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kawahata
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1915- Coal tar/derivatives--> skin cancer in rabbits ears
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Yoshida & Ichikawa
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1930: dibenz (a,h) anthracene (coal tar extract)--> skin CA in mice
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Kennaway & Hieger
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1936: aminoazatoluene/aminoazobenzene--> liver cancer in rodents
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Yoshida & Kinosita
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1938: 2-naphthylamine--> bladder CA in dogs
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Hueper et al
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Aromatic amine studies corresponded with human _____ ________
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Epidemiological studies
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The results of _______ _______ ______ _______ established clear relationships between human & rodent CA induction by specific chemical or chemical mixture
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Early experimental animal studies
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The results of _______ _______ _______ _________ demonstrated that animal models are effective surrogates for humans in chemical carcinogenesis studies
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Early experimental animal studies
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1936: Induction of liver cancer in rats by 0-aminoazotoleune
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Yoshida and Kinosita
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1938: Induction of urinary cancer in dogs by 2-naphthylamine
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Hueper, Wiley, & Wolfe
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1941: Initiation & promotion stages in skin carcinogenesis with benzo[a]pyrene
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Berenblum, Rous, Mackinzie, and Kidd.
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1951: Carcinogen binding to cellular macromolecule
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Miller & Miller
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Definition: New growth/ autonomous tissue growth
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Neoplasia
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Definition: resulting lesion of neoplasia
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Neoplasm
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What are the two types of Neoplasmic growth?
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Benign and Melignant
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Define Benign
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Expansive growth, slow proliferation, noninvasive
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Define Malignant cell growth
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Invasive growth, capable of metastasis
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Definition: Secondary growths derived from primary malignant neoplasm
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Metastases
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Lesion with swelling/size increase (neoplastic or not)
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Tumor
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Definition: malignant neoplasm
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Cancer
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Definition: Physical/chemical agent causes/induces neoplasia
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carcinogen
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What are the two types of carcinogens?
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Genotoxic and Nongenotoxic
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What is a genotoxic carcinogen?
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It is a carcinogen that interacts with DNA---> mutation
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What is a nongenotoxic carcinogen?
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It is a carcinogen that modify gene expression but do not damage DNA
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"An agent whose administration to previously untreated animals leads to a statistically significant increased incidence of neoplasia of one ore more histogenetictypes, as compared with incidence of the apporpriate untreated control animals (Pitot 1986)".
** What is this? |
The updated definition of carcinogen
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NEOPLASM NOMENCLATURE:
Name the Benign neoplasms of the following connective tissues: * Bone * Fibrous * Fat Lipid |
-Bone (Osteoma)
-Fibrous (Fibroma) -Fat lipid (lipoma) |
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NEOPLASM NOMENCLATURE:
What is the malignant neoplasm of the connective tissues called? |
sarcoma
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the malignant neoplasm of the blood cells/related cells |
leukemias, Lymphomas
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What type of toxin is asbestos classified as
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A human carcinogen
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NEOPLASM NOMENCLATURE:
What is the name of the milignant neoplasm of Blood cells/ related cells |
Leukemias/ lymphomas
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the benign neoplasm names of smooth and striated muscle? |
Smooth (Leiomyoma)
Striated (rhabdomyoma) |
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the name of the malignant neoplasm of Muscle tissue? |
Sarcoma
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the name of the Benign neoplasm of mesothelium (from Endothelium tissue) |
Mesothelioma
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the name of the benign neoplasm of Melanocytes (from Epithelial tissue) |
melanoma
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the name of the malignant neoplasm of the endothelium tissue? |
Angiosarcoma
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NOMENCLATURE:
What is the name of the malignant neoplasm of the Epithelial tissue? |
Carcinoma
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*Mutagenic
* Can be complete carcinogens * Tumorigenicity-dose responsive *No theoretical threshold |
Genotoxic carcinogens
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What are genotoxic carcinogens?
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Carcinogens that interact physically with DNA--> damage or change structure
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This type of carcinogen ..
*May change how DNA expresses information *Does not directly damage DNA structure, but * May make cell or tissue more susceptible to DNA damage from toher sources |
Nongenotoxic carcinogens
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Are nongenotoxic carcinogens mutagenic?
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No they are nonmutagenetic
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*Nonmutagenic
* Threshold, reversible *Tumorigenicity-dose responsive *May function at tumore promotor stage * Species, strain, tissue specificity |
nongenotoxic carcinogen
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Definition: Denoting processes by which heritable modifications in gene function occur without a change in the sequence of the DNA
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epigenetic
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What are the three stages of carcinogenesis?
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Initiation, promotion, progression
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1 of the 3 stages of carcinogenesis, during this stage is a stable, heritable change
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Initiation
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1 of the 3 stages of carcinogenesis: Rapid, irreversible process--> carcinogen induced mutation
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Initiation
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In the initiation phase of carcinogenesis these act as initiators, initiating agents
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chemical/physical agents
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Mutations and deletions are results of ...
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genetic change
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Definition: A chemical carcinogen covalently bound to DNA--> forming adduct
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Initiator
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These covalently bind to DNA forming adducts..
*Polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrosomines, biological agents *Physical agents: UV radiation, X-rays |
Initiators
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What are the three different types of mutations?
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Point (gene) mutations
Chromosomal aberrations Change in chromosome number |
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What type of mutation has it's change at the molecular level?
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Point (gene) mutation
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What type of mutation has it's change in sizeable chromosome pieces?
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Chromosomal aberrations
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What type of mutation: Nondisjunction (separation) of paired chromosomes during meiosis
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Change in chromosome number
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This type of mutation occurs at a molecular level--> codes for wrong protein
- Deletion, addition, or substitution |
Point (gene) mutations
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*p53 tumor suppressor gene --> colon cancer
* Proto-oncogene--> transformed into an oncogene * K-ras oncogene mutations in 44% of adenocarcinomas |
Point (gene) mutations
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* Loss or addition of larg pieces of chromosome or
* Reversal of chromosome parts * Little effect to lethal effect |
Chromosomal aberrations
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In this type of mutation, Loss of a whole chromosome usually is fatal to the cell and is considered a lethal mutation
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Chromosomal aberrations
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Examples of this type of mutation:
* Chromosomes 9 & 22 translocations * Philadelphia chromosome * Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
Chromosomal aberrations
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After initiation, the cell remains in static, nondividing state. Why is this?
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Because cell growth control through normal cells and endocrine influence
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What are the 3 outcomes after initiation?
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1.) Cell remains in static, non dividing state.
2.) Cell mutations may render it nonviable or w/ no normal function; deleted by apoptosis 3.) Cell divides--> proliferation of initiated cells |
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Exogenous and endogenous agents function at this stage
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promotion
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*not mutagenic
* generally not able alone to induce tumors * Acts through gene expression changes -Increases in cell proliferation and/ or -Inhibition of apoptosis * Nongenotoxic carcingogens can function as these .... |
Tumor promotors
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Requires repeated or continuous exposure to tumor-promoting compounds
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Promotion
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What is done to make promotion reversible?
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removal of tumor promotor
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PROMOTION:
Agents have threshold for effects below which tumor promoters are unable to induce ________ |
proliferation
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In promotion phase, _______ ______ show organ specific effects
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tumor promotors
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This stage of carcinogenesis is irreversible: neoplasm formation ( benign or melignant occurs)
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Progression
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1 of 3 phases of carcinogenesis, this phase involves the conversion of benign preneoplastic lesions into neoplastic cancer
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Progression
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In progression, this increases DNA synthesis cel proliferation.
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Preneoplastic lesions
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1 of 3 phases of carcinogenesis, additional genotoxic events may occur such as more dna damage, chromosomal abberations, Translocations
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Progression
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