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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of adverse affects of exogenous agents.
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Toxicology
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WHAT AM I???
-foreign to the organism. -toxicologically (or pharmacologically, endocrinologically) active susbstances -Not endogenously produced |
exogenous agents
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What field of Toxicology is described below:
- Identification, understanding cellular, biomechanical, and molecular mechanisms by which toxicants and toxins exert toxic effects on living organisms - Risk assessment -Identification of safer alternative chemicals -Identification and protection of genetically susceptible individuals -Determination of mechanistic differences between humans and animals. |
Mechanistic toxic
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A component of Mechanical toxicology, what is risk assessment?
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Determination of relevant toxic effects in animals and humans
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What field of Toxicology is being described below?
- Toxicity testing in animals -evaluation of risks posed to humans and environment -toxicants include Herbicides, Insecticides, Solutions, Food additives and Drugs -Discovery of important clues to a chemical's machanism of action |
Discriptive toxicology
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What field of toxicology is being described below?
- Determinations wheather a drug/chemical poses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for a stated purpose -FDA: Drugs, cosmetics, food additives -EPA: FIFRA, TSCA, RCRA, CERCLA, Sara Title III -OSHA -DOT |
Regulatory toxicology
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What type of toxicology is being described below?
- Medico-legal aspects of harmful chemical effects on humans and animals -establishes cause and circumstances of death in postmortem investigation -Hybrid of analytical chemistry and fundamental toxicological principles |
Forensic Toxicology
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What field of toxicology is being described below?
- Realm of medical science concerned with diseases caused by or uniquely associated with specific toxic substance -Physicians or health workers who receive specialized training in emergency medicine, care, and poison management - New treatments for chemical intoxications |
Clinical Toxicology
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What field of Toxicology is being described below?
-Health and environmental impacts of chemical pollutants on biological organisms. - Effect of environmental pollutants on human health -Ecotoxicology * transport *fate * chemical interactions |
Environmental toxicology
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Who recognized poisons such as hemlock, aconite, opium and metals?
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Ebers papyrus (1500 BC)
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Name this person.
-poisons and clinical toxicology pertaining to therapy and overdose |
Hippocrates (circa 400 BC)
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Name this person.
-Poisons classified into plant, animal and mineral groups |
Dioscorides (greek physician in Nero's court)
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This king was known for the roman use of poisons
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King Mithridates
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This person was a treatise on treatment of poisonings from insect, snakes and mad dogs
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Maimonides (1135- 1204)
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this group of ppl, during the renaissance, specialized in the "Art of Poisoning", taking place in Florence
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Borgias
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This person had the concept of dose-response.
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Paracelsus (1493-1541)
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This person had the role of soot in scrotal cancer
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Percival Pott (1775)
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This person made use of autopsy material and chemical analysis
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Orfila (1818)
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Who said this quote?
- "What is there that is not poison? all things are oison and nothing is without poison. Solely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison?" |
Paracelsus
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Who said this quote?
- " You too can be a toxicologist in two easy lessons, each of ten years." |
Arnold Lehman
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Who said this quote?
- "Few disciplines can point to both basic sciences and direct applications at the same time. Toxicology-- the study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics ( and more recently endobiotics)-- may be unique in this regard." |
Michael A. Gallo
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Name the relative time period when Vitamins (vital amines) and refined strains of inbred lab rodents took place.
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early 1900's
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When was Mueller's discovery of DDT?
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1938
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Define the term:
- specialized subset; impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in an ecosystem |
Ecotoxicology
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What major world event triggered the outcome of new drugs, pesticides, munitions, synthetic fibers, industrial chemicals?
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WWII
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When did Chemical carcinogenesis studies arise and who was involved?
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In the 1940's. E. and J. Miller was involved, from the University of Wisconsin
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What year was the Delaney Clause?
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1958
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This substance was used to control the spread of typhus-carrying lice
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DDT
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DDT was used to control the spread of .....
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typhus-carrying lice
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What does DDT stand for?
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DIchloroDIphenylTRIchloroethane.
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Name this regulation.
-Any chemical found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or humans could not be added to the U.S. food supply. |
Delaney Clause
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What years was the thalidomide episode?
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During the 1960's
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What year was Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?
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1962
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What years was TCDD found as a contaminant in Agent Orange?
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late 1960's
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Where and When did this incident occur?
-At approximately 12:37 on a bursting disc on a chemical reactor ruptured. Maintenance staff heard a whistling sound and a cloud of vapour was seen to issue from a vent on the roof. A dense white cloud, of considerable altitude drifted offsite. |
Seveso, Italy, July 10th 1976.
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When did the incidents at Love Canal and Times Beach occur?
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During the 1970's
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What year was the Toxic substances control act?
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1976
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What years were the superfund act and what organizations were involved within the relative years?
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CERCLA 1980
RCRA 1976 |
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this toxin causes genetic mutations to to the fetus causing the loss or shortness of limbs
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Thalidomide
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The amount of chemical entering the body can be expressed by these two units
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mg of chemical per kg of body weight
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What are the 5 things that dose is dependent on?
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Frequency of exposure
Length of exposure Environmental concentration Exposure Pathway Properties of toxicant |
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Change from normal state
-molecular, cellular, organ, or organism level |
Response
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Degree and spectra of responses depend on ....
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Dose and the particular organism
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Cumulative proportion of population responding to certain dose is plotted per dose. What is the variation within the population?
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10-30 fold
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Treated as gradient when population data used
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Quantal Responses
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Dose of a toxicant/toxin lethal to 50% of the population
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LD50
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How can LD50 be generated?
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From the curve
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Different toxicants can be compared using __________
- lowest dose --> most potent dose |
LD50
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Zero to Threshold on a dose-response relationship curve is known as...
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NOEL
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Contaminant A is a carcinogen and linear on a response graph but unlike contaminant B, a non carcinogen which is a J curve, it does not have a _______
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threshold
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How is adverse effect defined in toxicology?
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Any change from an organism's normal state
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What are adverse effects dependent on?
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Active compound concentration at target site for a sufficient time
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Any agent capable of producing deleterious response in a biological system
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Toxicant/Toxin (poison)
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How is a living organism defined in toxicology?
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Sac of water with target sites, storage depots, and enzymes
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production and degree of response are related to _______ of chemical at target site
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concentration
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Concentration at site is related to _________
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dose administered
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-cancer via genotoxic effects
-Liver Damage via specific enzyme inhibition -CNS effects via still another |
3 endpoints--> 3 different relationships
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Who founded the Therapeutic index?
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Paul Erlich in 1913
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ratio of dose required to produce toxic effect and dose needed to elicit desired therapeutic response
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therapeutic index
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TD50/ED50 . This ratio is known as the .......
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therapeutic index
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ED50 is known as the
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median effective dose
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Can be benificial or toxic, What is the most commonly used index of effect?
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ED50 (Median Effective Dose)
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TD1=
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undesired effect
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ED99=
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desired effect
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TD1/ED99 is known as the ....
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margin of safety
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*Ratio of doses of two different materials to produce identical response
*Ratio of dose of same material necessary to yield different toxic effects |
Index of comparative toxicity
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What are the four different routes and sites for exposure?
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-Ingestion
-Inhalation -Dermal -Injection: Intravenous, intramuscular, intraparitoneal |
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What are the three types of injections, a route for exposure
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-Intramuscular
-Intravenous -Intraparitoneal |
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List the most effective route of exposures from Greatest to least
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iv > inhalation > intraperitoneal > Intramuscular >ingestion > topical
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Define an Acute exposure.
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< 24 hours, with usually only one exposure
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define subacute exposure
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1 month with repeated doses
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define subchronic exposure
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1- 3 months with repeated doses
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define chronic exposure
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> 3 months, with repeated dose
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*usually the first test for new chemicals
* Single Exposure *Objectives - Provide estimate of intrinsic toxicity (LD50) -Provide info on target organs and manifestations of toxicity -Identify species differences, susceptible species - Establish reversibility of response - Provide Info for design, dose for longer-term testing |
Acute toxicity testing
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What does ADME stand for?
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Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
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-Exposure to toxicant
-compound enters body -Reaches target site (in active form) -Adverse effect results This has to do with... |
ADME
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In ADME what are the body defenses?
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-membrane barriers
-Biotransformation enzymes, antioxidants - Elimination mechanism |
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What are the different types of Membrane Barriers?
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Active transport, Facilitated diffusion, passive diffusion.
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Ability of chemical to enter blood, given blood is in equilibrium with tissues
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Absorption
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Process in which a chemical agen translocates throughout the body
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Distribution
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process by which administered chemical (parent compounds) are modified by organism by enzymatic reactions
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Metabolism
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Xenobiotic eliminated from body by multiple routes
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Excretion
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cancer within the genes
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Oncogenecity
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Causes cancer
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carcinogen
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causes mutation
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mutagen
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causes affect on fetus
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teratogens
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__________- readily absorbs gases into the blood stream via the alveoli
-Large alveolar surface, high blood flow, and proximity of blood to alveolar air |
Inhalation
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Aborption through GI tract stomach (acids), small intestine
- long contact time, large surface area- microvilli - Duodenum to jejunum, ileum, then to liver |
Ingestion
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What is the 1st pass effect?
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The body's first chance at ridding toxins
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Absorption through epidermis (stratum corneum), then dermis
-site and condition of skin |
Dermal
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-Modification of digested material from small intestin
- clears blood of drugs, chemicals, alcohol - Hepatocytes -Hepatocytes |
1st pass Effect: liver
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In the 1st pass effect in the liver, these detoxify blood of harmful substances, such as alcohol and ammonia
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hepatocytes
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In the 1st pass effect in the liver, these store fat-soluble vitamins and excess substances such as glucose
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Hepatocytes
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In the 1st pass effect in the liver these release as body requires such as the bodies needs extra energy
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Hepatocytes
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What is apoptosis?
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Cell death of liver cells
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