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289 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemical agents in toxic plants
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alkaloids
glycosides polypeptides and amines oxalates Phytotoxins Inorganics |
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Plants affecting blood and/or blood forming organs
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Acer rubrum - Red Maple
Allium spp Melilotus Trifolium subterran Pteridium aquilium |
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Acer rubrum causes what lesions
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Red Maple
icterus Centrilobular hepatic degeneration hemoglobinemic nephrosis |
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Allium spp
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Onions/garlic
Sheep most resistant Cats most susceptible |
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Acer rubrum clinical signs
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hemolytic anemia
Heinz body formation Methemoglobin Icterus |
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Hemoglobinuria is caused by
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Allium
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Allium clinical signs
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Heinz body anemia
hemoglobinuria icterua Non-clotting blood |
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Melilotus is also called
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sweet clover
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Melilotus toxic agent
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coumarol - nontoxic
Caused by mold or damaged plant Dicoumarol or Dicoumarin |
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Melilotus MOA
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Inhibits Vitamin k expoxide
Blocks II VII IX and X |
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Warfarin use results in
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prolonged clotting time
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Melilotus spp. DDX
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Liver injury - aflatoxin
mycotoxins Blue green algae Subterranean clover |
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Clinical signs of Melilotus intoxication can appera
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weeks after off clover
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Trifolium subterran
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Clovernot here - Australia/Nz
associated with infertitily |
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Pteridium aquilinum
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Bracken fern
Causes Aplastic Anemia in horses |
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Pteridium aqualinum toxin
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ptaquiloside
Hemolytic factor cyanogenic glycoside carcinogen thaminase |
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Pteridium aquilinum clinical signs
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Non-regenerative anemia
Leucopenia thrombocytopenia |
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Plants that affect the heart
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Ascelpias
Datura Kalanchoe Nerium oleander Taxus cuspidata Veratrum |
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Asclepias spp common name
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Milk weed
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Asclepias verticulata
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Whorled milkweek
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Whorled milkweed
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Asclepias verticulata
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Asclepias asperula
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Antelopehorn milkweed
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Asclepias latifolia
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Broad-leafed Milkweed
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Asclipias subverticulata
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Horsetail milkweek
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Cows that are poisoned by milkweed are destined to be
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dog food
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If a dog eats a butterfly that eats milkweek......
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it can be intoxicated.
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Asclepias spp toxin
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cardiac glycoside
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Asclepias spp toxin
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cardiac glycosides
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Asclepias spp clinical signs
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Trembling
staggering falling down Dyspnea Elevated Temperature Hypersalivation Bloat, Mydriasis, Respiratory Depression and death |
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Asclepias spp lesions
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narrow leaf group - congestion of lungs and kidneys
Broad leaf group - gastroenetritis, congestion of GI tract |
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Asclepias Treatment
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Symptomatic - treat for GI irritation,
For Cardiac glycoside - Atropine, B. Blocker/propranolol, KCl Treat CNS too |
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Baileya multiradiata common name
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Desert Baileya
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Baileya causes decreased numbers of ______ in ___- ____
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sheep
West Texas |
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Baileya flower is called a
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yellow composite
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Baileya causes
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anorexia/emaciation
Depression/weakness Regurgitation w/accumulation of green material around mouth pneumonic rales posterior ataxia |
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Baileya multiradiata clinical signs
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Red urine - hemoglobinuria
Tremors and opisthotonos Loud heart beat |
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Baileya multiradiata treatment
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None
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Baileya multiradiata lesions
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widespread hemorrhage - petechial and ecchymotic of heart. liver, kidney, and GI tract
congestion of liver, kidney, spleen and brain Ascites Pneumonia |
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Datura spp
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Jimson Weed
Thornapple Moon Trumpet Angel Trumpet |
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Datura toxin
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Tropan alkaloid
Atropine Scopolamine Hyoscine Blocks CNS |
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Datura animal species affected
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All mammals
Humans more frequently than animals |
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Datura spp clinical signs in humans
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hyperthermia
Red as a beet, Dry as a bone, Mad as an Old Wet Hen |
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Datura spp Clinical signs in animals
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Sub-normal temps
mydriasis Restlessness Muscular Twitching Tachycardia paralysis Blocks PNS |
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Datura spp treatment
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Physostigmine
only cholinergic that crosses BBB |
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Kalanchoe spp toxin
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Bufadienolides
Cardio-active glycosides - More CNS signs |
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Kalanchoe spp clinical signs
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similar to Asclepias and Bufo toads
More neuro involvment primarily dogs, but all species |
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Kalanchoe Treatment
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Atropine
B Blockers - propranolol KCl orally and treat CNS with diazepam |
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Nerium Oleander toxin
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Cardiac Glycoside
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Can be affected by Oleander that is
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burning - smoke can cause intoxication
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Nerium Oleander Clinical signs
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Tremblin
Staggering Dyspnea elevated Temperature Hypersalivation Bloat Mydriasis Respratory depression |
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Nerium Oleander TX
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Treat for GI irritation
For Cardiac Glycoside intox atropine B Blocker - propranolol KCL orally CNS - diazepam |
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Taxus spp common name
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The Yews
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Taxus toxin
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Alkaloid/pseudo-alkaloid
Taxine A Taxine B found in follage Bark and seed |
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Taxus spp clinical signs
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sudden death w/o signs
Cardio-depression Asystole Nausea diarrhea colic dyspnea confusion and convulsions |
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Taxus spp lesions
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Few to non-existant
Flabby heart - stopped in diasystole chicken-fat clot in ventricles. |
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Taxus treatment
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Gastric lavage
Atropine Possibly Vaso-pressors artificail respiration |
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Gossypol
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Polyphenolic compound found in cottonseed oil
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Gossypol toxicity
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more toxic to humans
May be fed to ruminants Affects HB content and O2 release Produces ECG resembling hyperK+ Increased pulmonary membrane permeability |
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gossypol in the end causes
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congestive heart failure
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Gossypol clinical signs
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weakness, anorexia, poor growth
May resemble internal parasite damage Pot bellied appearance Gastroeneteritits papararesis stupor somnolence |
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High doses of gossypol in ruminants causes
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hemoglobinuria
rumen stasis abomasitis reproductive problems |
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Plants that cause hemogoblinuria
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Gossypol
Baileya Allium |
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Plants that act as Cardiac glycosides
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Asclepias
Kalanchoe Oleander |
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Fog Fever characteristics
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affects cattle > 2 years
generally cow/calf Beef cattle |
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Fog Fever usually occurs in
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summer or early fall
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Fog Fever descriptions
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Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and enyphysema
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Fog Fever pathogenesis
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L-tryptophan - 3 methyl indole - 3 methyleneindolenine
Immuen mediated moldy hay |
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Fog Fever clinical signs
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50% morbidity
30 % mortality sudden onset of respiratory distress increased salivation, frothy nasal discharge, exercise may cause death |
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Fog fever treatment
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diuretics
corticosteroids antihistamines antibiotics |
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Astragalus emoryanus
Emory Milkvetch Red-stemmed Peavine are |
legumes
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If Astragalus grows on tight soils it is ____
If Astragalus grows on sandy soils and limestone it is |
good forage
toxic |
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Astragalus emoryanus toxic agent
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3-nitropropanol
3 nitroporprionic acid Glycosides Miser toxin |
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Astragalus emoryanus clinical signs
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labored breathing, persistent cough, weakness, dath in 4 - 20 hours
chronic debilitation |
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Astragalus emoryanus lesions and Treatment
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None
TLC |
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Coastal Bermuda Grass common name
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Cynodon dactylon
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Coastal Bermuda Grass toxicity
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improved pastures,
unknown, fungal Cattle affected |
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Coastal Bermuda Grass clinical signs
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pulmonary edema/emphysema
tremors or posterior paralysis icterus photosensitization |
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Cynodon dactylon treatment
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TLC
Remove from pastures Hay may retain toxicity |
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Perilla frutescens common name
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Beef Steak Plant
Perilla Mint |
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Perilla frutescens toxic principle
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Perilla ketone
found in leaves, stems, roots, all three compounds are equally toxic |
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Perilla lesions
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signs of agonal death
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Perilla treatment
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symptomatic
antihistamines sympathomimetics |
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Aesculus pavia
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Red Buckeye
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Aesculusglabra var arguta
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Texas Buckeye
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Aesculus spp affected
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primarily cattle and horses
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Aesculus toxic principles
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Glycosidic saponin - aseculine and fraxin
May have narcotic alkaloid Highest concentration in fruit, but present in leaves and bark too. |
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Aesculus spp lesions
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GI irritation
or microscopic lesions |
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Aesculus spp treatment
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symptomatic stimulants, purgatives
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Unginadia speciosa
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Mexican buckeye
Non-toxic |
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Asclepias spp
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Milkweed - see cardio
Neuro too |
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Astragalus spp
Oxytropis spp both cause |
Big locos
Selenium accumulation Reproductive syndromes - suppressed estrus - Depressed spermatogenesis |
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Oxytropis spp common name
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locoweed
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Astragalus Oxytropis toxic principle
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Swainsonine and alkaloid
Locoine Brisket disease - congestive heart failure or high mountain disease |
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Astragalus/Oxytropis clinical signs ____ but ____ when ____
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disappear
return stressed or excited |
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Astragalus/Oxytropis lesions
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hyperemia and/or edema throughout CNS
Cytoplasmic vacuoles in organs and neurons. Mannose accumulation is possible |
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Brunfelsia spp
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Yesterday/Today/tomorrow
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Brunfelsia toxic agent
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Brunfelsamidine
Hopcanine alkaloids |
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Brunfelsia spp clinical signs
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clonic-tonic convulsions
diarrhea or constipation excessive salivation lesions in terminal illeum |
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Brunfelsia TX
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control convulsions with pentobarbital
3 -4 days sedation Empty GI Tract intensive care |
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Centaurea solstitalis common name
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yellow star thistle
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Centaurea solstitalis effects primarily
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Horses
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Centaurea repens
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Russion Knapweed
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Centaurea toxic principle
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unknown
May be sesquiterpene lactone Nitrate accumulator, but that's not a problem |
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Centaurea clinical signs
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CN V VII and XII
animals will starve to death or develop foreign body pneumonia |
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Centaurea lesions
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Traumatic lesions to head
Grangrenous pneumonia Necrosis of basal ganglia substatia nigra, putamen, globus pallidus |
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Centaurea spp DDX
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Fumanesine
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Centaurea interruption of
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dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathways.
Loss of coordinating and inhibiting impulses from cerebral cortex - cranial nerves |
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Cicuta spp common name
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Spotted Water Hemlocks
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Cicuta spp toxic principles
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highly unsaturated alcohol
highest concentration in hollow root-stalk |
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Cicuta spp. animals affected
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Cattle esp young calves
Warm blooded animals humans |
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Circuta spp intoxication conditions
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Early spring
Soft Ground Easily pulled up from ground |
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Circuta spp clinical signs
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excessive salivation
intermittent tremors Violent convulsions |
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Cicuta spp lesions
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nothing significant
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Cicuta spp treatment
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None
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Claviceps spp names
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claviceps purpurea
claviceps cinera claviceps paspali |
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Claviceps purpurea common name
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Rye Grass
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Claviceps cinera common name
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Tobosa Grass Ergot
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Claviceps paspali
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Dallis Grass Ergot
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Claviceps spp habitat
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Cultivated crops or imporved pastures
Head is toxic |
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Claviceps clinical signs
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C. purpura/C cinera have both Nervous and Gangrene
C. paspali does not have gangrene |
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With Claviceps, gangrene appears
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several days to week post nervous signs
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Claviceps gangrene manifests as
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necrosis of margin of ear
loss of tail switch sloughing of hooves and istal extremites. |
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Caviceps spp pathogenesis
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vasoconstriction, damage to intima of vessles
thrombus formation circulation compromis |
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Claviceps spp
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gangrene of limbs
degenerative changes in CNS |
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Claviceps spp treatment
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change diet
no treatment mow dallas grass seed heads are toxic |
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Conium maculatum
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poison hemlock
grows where soil disturbed worldwide |
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Conium toxic prinicple
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piperdine alkaloid
coniine/conline? 4 related alkaloids |
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Conium spp clinical signs
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< 1 hour post ingestion
nervoussness, trembling mydriasis bradycardia hypothermia coma/death abortion |
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Coniun spp lesions
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widespread congestion
No treatment |
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Cynodon dactylon respiratory signs
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coastal bermuda grass
pulmonary edema/emphysema |
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Cynodon dactylon nervous signs
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tremors or posterior paralysis
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Cycads spp names
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Sago Palm
Cycas Zamia Microcycas Mazrozamia Encephalartos Dioon |
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Cycads toxic priniciple
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Cycasin
Carcinogenic glycoside seeds most toxic found in entire plant methylazoxymethanol - aglycone /glycoside |
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Sago Palm disease syndrome
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Neurotoxic in cattle
Hapatotoxic in dogs GI in many species |
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Cycad spp clinical signs
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Nuerologic signs
Hepatosis and jaundice Hemorrhagic syndrome diarrhea + Gastroenteritis ascities paralysis coma death |
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Crude cycan meal is
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carcinogenic, hepatic neoplasms, renal neoplasms, and GI neoplasms
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Cycads lesions
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hepatic centrolobular necrosis, hemorrhage, hemorrhagic enteritits
edema of gallbladder |
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Cycad intoxication usually presents with
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clotting syndrome
acute hepatic necrosis |
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Cacad DDX
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rodenticide
Blue green algea Aflotoxin |
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Datura spp
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Jimson Weed
Thornapple Moon Trumpet Angel Trumpet |
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Datura neuro signs
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muscle twitching/tremors
mydriasis |
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Datura spp cardiac signs
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tachycardia from blocking the PNS
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Delphinium spp common name
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The Larkspurs
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Delphinium species nams
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Delphinium occidentalis
Delphinium bicolor Delphinium barbey Acontium |
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Acontium spp of ______ is ____ toxic
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Delphinium is very toxic
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Some animals that have eaten larkspur have been found _______
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dead in the plant with it in their mouth
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Delphinium toxic principle
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Delphinine
related polycyclic diterpene alkaloid |
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Delphinium animals affected
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cattle, horses, humans
Sheep 4X as resistant Death within 24 hours |
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Delphinium spp clinical signs
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sudden death
nervousness, staggering falling muscle twitching bloating, abdominal pain tachycardia respiratory paralysis |
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Delphinium lesions
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bloat
widespread vous congestion Gastritis |
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Delphinium treatment
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sternal recumbency
elevate head to prevent bloating antiarrythmics - procainamide |
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Helenium spp common name
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Sneezeweeds
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Helenium species names
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Helenium amarum - bitter sneezeweed
Helenium microcephalum - small-headed sneezeweed Helenium hoopseii - orange sneezeweed |
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Toxic Helenium spp
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Helenium microcephalum - small headed sneezeweed
Helenium hoopseii - Orange sneezeweed |
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Non-toxic Helenium spp
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Helenium amarum
Bitter sneezeweed |
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Helenium amarum toxicity
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very toxic
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Helenium hoopseii causes
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spewing sickness in sheep
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H amarum appears where?
H. microcephalum appears where? H. Hoopseii appears where? |
H. amarum - over grazed pastures
H. microcephalum - close to water H. hoopseii - at elevations between 5K and 12 K |
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Helenium toxic principle
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a sesquiterpene lactone
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Helenium spp animals affected
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Sheep primarily
goats and horses |
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Helenium clinical signs
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weakness, ataxia
bloating, diarrhea, vomiting hypersalivation groaning, tooth grinding, regurgitation via nose |
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helenium spp lesions
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GI edema of rumen omasum and abomasum
endocardial hemorrhage hydrothorax/ascities |
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Hymenoxys odorata common name
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Bitterweed - annual
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Hymenoxys richardsonii common name
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Bitter rubbberweed, Pinque - perennial
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Hymenoxys spp toxic principle
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hymenoxon - sesquiterpene
stunted plants - most toxic |
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Hymenoxys richardsonii location
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Bitter rubberweed, Pinque
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Hymenoxys spp animals affected
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sheep, goats, cattle
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Hymenoxys spp clinical signs
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anorexia, rumen stasis, bloat, depression, regurgitation of green ingesta
Affects CN IX, XI, XII, incapable or controlling pharnyx |
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Hymenoxys spp chronic signs
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emaciated, poor doers, poor reproductive performance
BUN increased or not |
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Hymenoxys spp lesions
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pulmonary congestion - hypostatic
congestion of spleen, kidneys, and liver Hemorrhage on heart, abomasum duodenum, reg LN |
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Hymenoxys spp TX
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None good - TX
Prophylactic methods - feed additive, high natural protein diet, high sulfate diet |
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Ipomoea violacea common names
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Morning Glory
Flying Saucers Heavenly Blues, Pearly Gates |
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Ipomoea violacea toxic principle
|
LSD
Seed may contain alkaloid only 20 - 25 ug produces effect |
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Ipomoea voilacea animals
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mostly humans
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Ipomoea violacea clinical signs
|
hallucinations - resemble the effects of ketamine on recovering cats
respiratory depression |
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Ipomoea violcea lesions
|
generally NGL
trauma during hallucinations |
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Isocoma wrightii common name
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Haplopappus heterophylus
Rayless Goldenrod No ray flowers |
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Eupatorium rugosum common name
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White Snakeroot
Can go to milk |
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What plant killed Ab lincoln's mom?
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Eupatorium rugosum
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Isocoma and Eupatorium toxic priniciple
|
Tremetol - alcohol form
Tremetone - ketone form |
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Isocoma and Eupatorium animals affected
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all warm blooded animals
I Wrightii more problems in cattle and horses in Texas E. rugosum - more problems in goats, esp Angora goats |
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Isocoma and Eupatorium clinical signs
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cattle - rear limb weakness - knuckling of fetlocks posterior paralysis
Convulsions - death Ketosis - odoar on breath urinary incontinence constipation goats may have photsensitization and icterus muscle necrosis from being down |
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isocoma and Eupatorium lesions
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myocardial degeneration
hydropericardium in horses lung lesions |
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Isocoma and Eupatorium Treatment
|
remove from source
sympatomatic TLC minimize handling place in shade w/feed and water |
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Kallstroemia spp common name
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Caltrops
grows where water has been and then dried up |
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Kallstroemia spp toxic principle
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Toxic priniciple = unknown
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Kallstroemia affects mostly
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cattle
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Kallstroemia spp clinical signs
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rear limb weakness
knuckling of fetlocks progresses to posterior paralysis convulsions precede death rear limb weakness knuckling of fetlocks convulsions preced death |
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Kallstroemia spp lesions
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congestion and hemorrhage in lungs, heart, kidneys abomasum, and intestines
NO LESIONS in CNS |
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Kallstroemia spp treatment
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place animals in shade with: feed, water minimize handling
symptomatic |
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Karwinskia humboldiana common name
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Coyotillo
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Karwinskia humboldiana toxic principle
|
Karwinol A
Fruit is 100 X more toxic than plant |
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Karwinskia humboldiana animals affected
|
all domestic
native american childrem Japanese Snow monkeys |
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Karwinskia humbodliana clinical signs
|
newly introduced animals
death may be first sign depression and debilitation dyspnea trembling and incoordination |
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Karwinskia humboldtiana lesions
|
sever pulmonary edema
degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle ***demyelinationg neuropathy*** |
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Karwinskia humboldtiana DDX
|
Tri-aryl phosphate
Tri-ortho- cresyl phosphate Acacia berlandieri |
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Acacia berlandieri common name
|
Guajillo
a legume |
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Difference between Karwinskia humboldtiana and Acacia berlandieri
|
Karwinskia humboldtiana has demyelinating neuropathy and Acacia berlandieri does not
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Acacia berlandier toxic principle
|
Unknown
3 sympathomimetic amines have been isolated, but do not reproduce lesions |
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Acacia berlandieri aniamls affected
|
sheep, goats
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Acacia berlandieri clinical signs
|
incoordination
appetitis retained animals die to starvation |
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Acacia berlandieri lesions
|
None even in cats
Serous atrophy of fat due to starvation |
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Acacia berlandieri treatment and DDX
|
move pasture
Tri-aryl phosphate Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate karwinskia humboldtiana - does not inhibit cholinesterase |
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Tri-aryl phosphate
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate uses |
lubricant
feed mills oil fields young chicks most susceptible |
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Tri-aryl-phosphate
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate MOA |
anti-esterase
does not inhibit ACesterase causes formation of neurotoxic esterase |
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Tri-aryl-phosphate
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate clinical signs in humans |
burning and tingling of feet
Jamacian Ginger Ginger Jake Leg |
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Tri-ary-phosphate
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate clinical signs in animals |
rough hair coats
muscle weakness bloat dyspnea posterior paralysis atrophy of muscles vacuolation of neuronal cytoplams denyelination of ventral spinal roots and tracts |
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Lobelia berlandieri common name
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indian tobacco
problem for weekend rancher small blue flower with good rainfall |
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Lobelia cardinalis common name
|
cardinal flower - same genus as Lobelia berlandieri but look different
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Lobelia spp toxic principle
|
N-methyl piperidine - an alkaloid
|
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Lobelia animals affected
|
mostly cattle
sheep and goats too |
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Lobelia spp clinical signs
|
diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy
mydriaisis hypersallivation copious nasal discharge |
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Lobelia spp clinical signs
|
ulcers between upper lips and dental pad
recumbent and depressed for up to 3 weeks will eat and drink if food and water ar placed in mouth |
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Lobelia lesions
|
extensive SQ hemorrhages
pulmonary congestion petechial hemorrhages on epicardium |
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Lobelia DDX
|
Downer cow syndrome
hypo-calcemia hypo-magnesemia ketosis other nutritional disease vesicular disease |
|
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What toxin has affects similar to vesicular diseases
|
Lobelia
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Lobelia treatment
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CNS stimulants
hand feed and water protect from environment |
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Peganum harmala common name
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African Rue
looks like deer antlers |
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Peganum mexicanum common name
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Mexican Rue
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Peganum harmala removal includes
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sterilizing the soil
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Peganum mexicanum
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cause disease in cattle
seeds |
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Peganum mexicanum toxic principles
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alkaloids
vascine harmaline Harmine Harmol Seeds have highest conc |
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Peganum spp clinical signs
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stiffness
trembling incoordination frequent urination sub-normal temperature hypersalivation anorexia listlessness hindlimb weakness knuckling of fetlock joints |
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Peganum lesions
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Severe gastroenteritis
pulmonary and renal congestion subcapsular hemorrhages of liver sub-epicardial hemorrhages NO CNS lesions |
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Peganum spp treatment
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clinical signs TX
supply feed and water |
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Pteridium equilinum common name
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bracken fern
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Pteridium equilinum toxic principle
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Thiaminase
affects horse neurologically affects cattle with aplastic anemia |
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Pteridium aquilinum clinical signs
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weight loss
slight incoordination progresses to severe incoordination arched back muscle twitching tremors recumbent dies in convulsion |
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Pteridium aquilinum clin path findings
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low thiamine elevates pyruvate, '
Increased acid phosphatase icnreased LDH Both are higher in animals consumign whole plant |
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Pteridium aquilinum tX
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thiamine
seizure control |
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Equisetum palustre common name
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Horse tail
also thiaminase |
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Equisetum palustre toxic agent
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Thiaminase
Acontic acid Palustrine - alkaloid |
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Equisetum palustre clinical signs
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weight loss
slighty incoordiation initially progressing to severe |
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Equisetum plaustre cattle effect
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loss of condition, fall in milk production
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Equisetum palustre lesions
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biochemical lesions in horse similar to bracken fern intoxication
NGL in horse or cow |
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Solanum dimidiatum common name
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potato weed
Thread salve neuro and GI effects |
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Which species of Slanum is in West Texas?
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Solanums dimidiatum
Solanums kwebense is in South Africa |
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Solanum dimidiatum clinical signs
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Crazy cow
not only cause |
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Solanum dimidiatum toxic principle
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Not isolated
possibly an indolizidine alkaloid inhibits lysosomal hydrolase causing lysosomal dsease |
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Solanum dimidiatum clinical signs
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incoordination
poor doers smaller cavles opisthotonos and nystagmus recurrent seizures falling to side accidental death |
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Solanum dimidiatum lesions
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Purkinje cells of cerebellum vacuolation, degeneration, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
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Solanum dimidiatum TX
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none
prevent ingestion on new pastures when hungry |
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Sophora secudiflora common name
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mountain laurel
Not wisteria |
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Sophara nuttalliana common name
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Silky sophara
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Sophora toxic agent
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cytisine a quinolizidine alkaloid
highest in seed present in stems and leaves |
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Sophora clinical signs
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force exercise precipitates
stiffening of rear limbs muscular tremors over rump and shoulder animals fall down |
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Sophora effects in cattle and sheep
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cattle die
sheep live |
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Vicia spp common name
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Vetch
legume |
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Vicia toxic agent
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glycoside and B-cyano-L-alanine
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Vicia spp effect what organs
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neuro,
dermatological - most important |
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Vicia levenworthii clinical signs
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granulomaatous skin disease dermatitis
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Vicia spp lesions
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kidney
drenal glands heart lymph nodes skin |
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Vica DDX
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cutaneous arthropods
allergic urticarias cutaneeous mycoses photosensitization viral skin diseases Rabies |
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Zigadenus nuttalli common name
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deathcamas
looks like onion, but doesn't smell like onion |
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zygadenus toxic agent
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zygazine a steroidal alkaloid
all parts toxic resembles steroidal alkaloids |
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Steroidal alkaloids cause
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hyptension and teratogenesis
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Zygadenus clinical signs
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excessive slaivation, frothy discharge from nose and mouth
nausea, vomiting, weakness ataxia, trembling |
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Zygadenus spp lesions
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NGL
congestion of kidneys and lungs SQ hemorrhages microscopic findings - congestion |
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Zygadneus treatment
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treat hypotension with atropine and CNS stimulants
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Monophyodont
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only one set of teeth will erupt and remain through life - rodents
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Polyphyodont
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Many sets of teeth that are continually replaced
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Diphyodont
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two sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent
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Nonsuccessional teeth
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Teeth that don't succeed a deciduous counterpart - molars
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Successional Teeth
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Permanent teeth, diphyodont incisors, cuspids, or premolars.
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Homodont
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Teeth of the same general shape or type - fish reptiles and sharks
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Heterodont
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iseveral different types of teeth are present at the same time. ncisors, cuspids, premolars, and molars
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Thecodont
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Teeth that are firmly set in the sockets like dogs and cats.
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Brachyodont
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shorter crown:root ratio
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Hypsodont
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submerged longer anatomical or reserved crown and short roots
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Radicular hypsodont
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Dentition with true roots - closed roots, and erupts additional crown through most of life.
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Aradicular hypsodont
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absence of true roots - open rooted, and crown is produced all through life. As worn down, new crown emerges.
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Name the description of tooth anatomy
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diphyodont tooth development with heterodont tooth type, anisognathic ajws, tooth anchorage is thecodone, browns are brachyodont
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What are the 5 points of normal occlusion
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Midline match
inscisor overlap Canine interlock Premolar interdigitation Carnassial overlap |
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What is normal canine overlap?
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404 should fit between 103 and 104
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What is incisor overlap?
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The upper incisors should overlap the lower incisors, the lower incisor cusp should rest in the cingulum of the inner surface of the upper incisor.
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What is premolar interdigitation
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The upper premolar teeth cusps, should point at the spaces between the lower premolar teeth. Upper 1st premolar should point to space between lower first and second premolars
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What is carnasal overlpa
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Upper fourth premolar should overlap the lower first molar and developmental grooves of each tooth should align to make a diamond
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Prognathism
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underbite - mandible longer than maxilla
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Level bite
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Inscisors meeting cusp tip to cusp tip. Will have excessive wear
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Brachygnathism
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Overshot bits, lower jaw shorter than maxilla
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Base narrow
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Mandible too narrow - 304 and 404 hit palate
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Cross-bite
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Normal tooth crown overlap is reversed.
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Wry bite
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asymmetric growth of skull producing a midline malalignment
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Open bite
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severe wry bite where upper and lower incisors are not able to come together with the jaws are closed
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Upper Carnasal tooth number and type
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Premolar 4
108 and 208 |
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Lower Carnasal tooth number and type
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Molar 1
309 409 |
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Last tooth in cat
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09
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Which mental foramen do you block on the mandible
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Middle mental foramen
behind 2nd premolar |
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Roots are encased in what type of bone
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aveolar
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