Toxic

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, from the middle ages up through the 1800s.Diseases were caused by a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter.

Back 1

miasma theory of disease

Front 2

–Bleeding a patient to restore the balance of the four “humours”; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.

Back 2

Bloodletting

Front 3

–Icy cold water was applied to draw blood away from the injured or affected organs.

Back 3

Water cure

Front 4

___ states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms, too small to see without magnification.

Back 4

Germ Theory of Disease

Front 5

As the cause of major diseases became better understood, more effective treatments became available._____

These discoveries coincide with the beginning of exponential human growth.

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Immunizations 

Antibiotics 

Front 6

are not caused by living organisms and are not contagious.Heart disease, cancer, asthma, diabetes

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Non-transmissible diseases

Front 7

are caused by living organisms and are usually transmissible.

Back 7

Infectious diseases

Front 8

There are many different types of microorganisms that can cause disease.

Back 8

Multicellularorganisms are made of many cells working together.

Unicellularorganisms consist of only one cell.Prokaryotesare cells without a nucleus and organelles.

Eukaryotesare cells with both a nucleus and organelles.

Much larger than prokaryotes.

Front 9

eukaryotic organisms can be either unicellular or multicellular. They cause disease by extracting resources from a host.

TapewormTrichinella(roundworms)Liver flukes

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Parasites

Front 10

are also eukaryotic and multicellular. Most are decomposers but some can invade living tissue.Athlete’s footRingworm (not an actual worm)

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Fungi

Front 11

are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Like fungi, most are harmless but some can cause disease.

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Protozoa

Front 12

The historically most deadly human disease, ___, is caused by a protozoa called ___.

Back 12

malaria

plasmodium

Front 13

are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.Food poisoning (E. Coli, salmonella), staph infection.

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Bacteria

Front 14

are not cells. They are non-living particles made from a core of RNA surrounded by a protein coat.Influenza, common cold, AIDS

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Viruses

Front 15

__are proteins with abnormal shapes.

Convert normal proteins when they come into contact.

Brain tissue is affected, leading to death.

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Prions

Front 16

An ______is one not previously known or existed previously but has re-emerged.

Many emergent diseases originated from a non-human animal species.

HIV originated in chimpanzees.

SARS came from the Masked Palm Civet, which is native to China.

Influenza H1N1 is believed to have started in a swine farm in mexico.

The Spanish Flu of 1918, which killed 50-100 million people worldwide, may have originated from a wine or avian source.1

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emergent disease

Front 17

; the ability to survive after exposure.

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resistance

Front 18

___ are medications that slow down the growth of or destroy bacteria.

Due to their small size and ability to reproduce so quickly, bacteria can evolve resistance even more quickly than insects and protozoa.

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Antibiotics

Front 19

How microbes resist antibiotics

Back 19

When an antibiotic is first applied to a colony of bacteria, one individual may have a mutation that gives it resistance.

That individual will survive, while the rest of the colony is destroyed.

Bacteria can reproduce asexually, so the surviving individual can regenerate the entire colony.The entire colony is now resistant.

Front 20

Reasons for antibiotic resistance to develop:Antibiotics prescribed for a viral infection.

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Antibiotics prescribed for a viral infection.

Antibiotics are given when the person could recover fully without them.

Starting and not finishing a full prescription.

Widespread use of antibiotics in animal agriculture.

Front 21

A chemical that can cause temporary or permanent harm or death to a living organism is considered

Back 21

toxic

Front 22

damage the DNA within cells, increasing the frequency of mutations.

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Mutagens

Front 23

are chemicals, forms of radiation, or viruses that increase the risk of cancer.

ArsenicBenzeneFormaldehydeTobacco smokeUV radiation

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Carcinogens

Front 24

are chemicals that cause birth defects inan unborn fetus.EthanolBenzeneLeadMercury

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Teratogens

Front 25

____are chemicals known to disrupt the function of the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves.

____ can cause sensory impairment, lack of coordination, and disrupt other nervous system functions.

____, another neurotoxin, was used as an additive in gasoline until 1976.

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Neurotoxins

Mercury

Lead

Front 26

_____interfere with the function of normal chemical messengers in the body.

Back 26

Endocrine hormone disruptors

Front 27

have similar shapes to natural hormones and amply their effects.

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Hormone mimics

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 prevent natural hormones from attaching to their target organ.

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Hormone blockers

Front 29

One commonly used chemical called ____ is known to be a hormone mimic.

Back 29

BPA

Front 30

is the measure of how harmful a substance is to the health of living organisms.

Any synthetic or natural chemical has the potential to cause harm if the level of exposure is high enough.

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Toxicity

Front 31

The ___of a substance; whether it can dissolve in oil or water.

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solubility

Front 32

tend to be passed through the body via the kidneys fairly easily.

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Water-soluble toxins

Front 33

, once ingested, can pass directly into cells and tissues, allowing them to accumulate.

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Oil-soluble toxins

Front 34

Chemicals with a _______that do not degrade easily are more likely to cause long-term effects.

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high level of persistence

Front 35

Chemicals with a high level of persistence, like DDT, are more likely to undergo

______.As the substances passes up a food chain, it accumulates at higher (and more toxic levels).

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biomagnification

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The mortality, or percentage of the population killed by this dose is measured and graphed.

A chemical’s_____is the dose that will kill 50% of the test population within a given period of time.Lower LD50 values indicate

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LD50

deadlier toxins.

Front 37

_____is estimating the likeliness or severity of a specific hazard to human health.

Hazards could include injury or death as a result of diet, infectious disease, or toxic chemicals.

Individual risk assessment tends to be biased.

Sensationalizationof rare events by the media or politicians.

Misunderstanding of statistics.Personal experience with a specific hazard or toxin.

PFear of the unknown.

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Risk Assessment