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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is NOAEL
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determined by dose response relationship with the most sensitive species and using most discriminative test
used to see the highest dose that shows non significant adverse effect |
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what is NOAEL in food
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accepted daily intake (ADI)
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what is NOAEL in toxic substances
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threshold limit value (TLV)
maximum exposure limit (MEL) |
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how long is exposure in chronic tox tests
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lifetime exposure
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when does the chronic test terminate
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when the sample dies, toxicity appears or when conditions change (quit job, move away)
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how can changes in weight, food, water intake, and appetite indicate AE
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some toxins may cause these changes like a decreased appetite so those parameters must be monitored in chronic testing
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what kind of test would be used to monitor food additives, drugs, environmental, and chemicals which we may be exposed to for a long time
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chronic tox test
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what kind of tests is required especially for cosmetics, pesticides, and industrial chemicals
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irritancy and sensitization tests
rabbit eye/skin for irritancy guinea pig for skin sensitization |
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what tests must be conducted first before the carcinogenic tests
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mutagenicity test
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what are examples of the mutagenecity test
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AMES
Micronucleus Dominant lethal assay |
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how is the AMES test conducted
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use a salmonella strain that has a defective mutant gene that makes it unable to synthesize histadine w/ the nutrients in the culture
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what are revertants
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strains of salmonela with mutagens that are able to grow without histadine
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how does a direct mutagen work
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stimulates cell growth directly doesn't need an enzyme
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how does a indirect mutagen work
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the mutagen alone won't cause cell growth but once it is acted on by an enzyme, its metabolites will stimulate cell growth
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what type of mutagen is benzpyrine
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indirect mutagen
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what are some substances give a false negative and what does that mean
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it means that they cause cancer in animal models but are negative for the AMES test
dioxin, aromatic amines |
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what are some substances that give a false positive and what does that mean
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they don't cause cancer in animal models but are positive for the AMES test
8 hydroxyquinolone |
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how does the micronucleus test work
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tests to see if there is a 3rd nucleus being generated during cell division (looks to see if any problems during miosis and mitosis)
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how does the dominant lethal assay test work
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use to see if compounds cause embryonic or fetal damage
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what is the purpose of the Carcinogenicity tests
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to see if those compounds that were mutagenic can lead to cancer
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how long is the exposure in the carcinogenicity tests and what is the endpoint of the tests
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exposure if for life
endpoint is when the animal dies or certain pathology appears (tumors) |
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what NOAEL is used in carcinogenicty tests
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maximum tolerated dose (MTD)
want to use the smallest possible dose |
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what do teratogenicity tests examine
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effect of compound on development of embryo and fetus
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what is relative risk
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compares risk in someone exposed vs someone not exposed
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why is chronic toxicity (carcinogenicity/teratogenicity) harder to minitor
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due to delay
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what is a source of chemical saftey information and who uses it
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Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
used by workers and emergency personel w/ procedures for handling or working w/ those substances in a safe manner |
