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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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thallium
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absorbed through GIT, excreted in urine
CS: GI and skin Tx: Diphenylcarbazone |
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Lead
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MOA: interferes with NT funcitno and thiol-containing enzymes --> NT dysfunction, breakdown of BBB, anemia
CS: CNS, GI, microcytic hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling Dx: submit whole blood (clotted or not) Tx: Ca Disodium EDTA (QID for 2-5 days), D-penicillamine |
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Iron
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MOA: directly corrosive to GI mucosa; body has no active excretion - hepatic damage, myocardial failure, seizures, death from circulating iron
CS: 4 stages - GI, recovery, lethargy/liver necrosis/shock/death, GI scarring Dx: history, rads Tx: Deferoxamine |
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Zinc
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CS: vomiting, methemoglobin and IV hemolysis (renal necrosis), hemoglobinuria
Dx: hx, elevated life enzymes Tx: Calcium disodium EDTA |
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Arsenic
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Terro Ant poison
MOA: trivalent arsenic reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins...uncouples oxidative phosphorylation; tissues with high metabolic rate most affected CS: death within hours, abdo pain, rice-water diarrhea, kidney necrosis Tx: charcoal doesn't work if already vomiting. DMSA or BAL |
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Mercury
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CS: affects multiple organs (mad as a hatter)
Tx: DMSA - protects against nephrotoxicity |
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Copper
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Sheep, Bedlington, Skye and West Highland Terriers, Dobies
MOA: liver abnormally accumulates copper CS: liver toxicity Tx: D-penicillamine |
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Paint Balls
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MOA: osmotically active ingredients promote influx of water into the GI lumen = hypernatremia
CS: vomiting, ataxia, hyper NA and Cl, Hypo K, metabolic acidosis Tx: GI decomtamination, half-strength saline Prognosis: animals usually recover in 24 hours with appropriate care |
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Gorilla Glue
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reacts with acids, alcohols and water to form urethane
foams and cures in 15 min, expands >8-fold Causes acute gastric and GI blockage Tx- emesis, abdominal surgery |
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Fireworks
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nitrates or chlorates (oxidizing agents)
MOA: GI irritation and methemoglobin formation CS: GI signs Dx: Hx, methemogloninemia, chlorates in serum or ocular fluid Tx: 1% methylene blue |
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Teflon
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Teflon fume fever
Acute pulmonary distress and dyspnea |
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Carbon monoxide
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from incomplete combustion of fuels (space heaters, furnaces)
MOA: binds hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, unable to bind O2, Tissue anoxia CS: shortness of breath --> respiratory fialure Tx: reoxygenate tissue with 100% O2, remove CO source |
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10 things to collect for toxicology testing
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1. Liver
2. Stomach contents 3. Brain (1/2) 4. Kidney (1/2) 5. Urine 6. Whole blood 7. Suspect food 8. Serum 9. Suspect source material 10. Fix tissues in formalin for histology |
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Xylitol
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MOA: insulin release --> hypoglycemia; acute hepatic necrosis
CS: vomiting, hypoglycemia, progresses to lethargy, ataxia, collapse, seizures Serum Chem: prolonged clotting time, elevated ALT Tx: emesis, dextrose IV, liver protectants |
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Acetaminophen
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MOA: glucuronidation pathway saturated, sulfonation pathway activated, P450 pathway activated, creates a toxic metabolite --> lipid peroxidation of hepatocytes and RBCs, Binds mitochondrial proteins and DNA
Tx: GI decontamination, N-acetylcysteine, Cimetidine, Ascorbic Acid |
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NSAIDs
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GI (lower doses)
Nephrotoxicity (moderate doses) CNS (high doses) Tx: repeated doses of activated charcoal to reduce enterohepatic circulation, H2 blockers, GI protectants, diuresis with IV fluids |
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Aspirin
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renal toxicity similar to other NSAIDs
cats mroe sensitive |
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Alkaline compounds
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MOA: liquefactive necrosis, corrosive - full-thickness ewophageal burns
CS: rare, corneal erosion and opacity Tx: Demulcents or diluents (milk or water), activated charcoal |
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Acidic compounds
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MOA: localized coagulative necrosis, rarely swallowed
CS: can mimic OP/carbamate toxicity Tx: look for oral irritation, dilute with water, milk or egg white, activated charcoal and saline cathartic |
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Things NOT to do with corrosive treatment:
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- never gastric lavage or induce emesis
- activated charcoal is ineffective - don't do a chemistry experiment - Exothermic reaction! |
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Phenols
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MOA: disrupt cellular proteins, rapidly absorbed through inhalation, ingestion dermal
Hepatotoxic, nephrotxoic or neurotoxic Tx: milk or egg dilution (water can enhance absorption) N-acetylcysteine can help prevent renal toxicity |
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Pine oils
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mixture of alcohols
directly irritating, but not corrosive Tx: dilute with milk, water or egg whites followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartic |
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Bleach
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hypochlorite salts - mild to moderate irritants
systemic effects rare |
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Isopropanol
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metabolized to acetone
CNS depressant, progresses to mild acidosis, hypotension, respiratory distress IV fluids with Nabicarb |
