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226 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Euphorbia pulcherrina common name
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poinsettia
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Euphorbia marginata common name
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Snow on the Mountain
Snow on the Praire |
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Poinsettia range plant name
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Euphorbia marginata
Snow on the Mountain Euphorbia bicolor Snow on the Praire |
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Euphorbia toxic agent
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Euphorbin - an irritant,
unidentified saponin may cause hemolysis |
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Euphorbia animal affected
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Herbivores
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Euphorbia clinical signs
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GI irritation
Nausea vomiting diarrhea blistering of the lips, rongue, and mucous membranes |
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Euphorbia lesions
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GI irritation
Denuding of MM in oral cavity |
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Euphorbia treatment
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induce emesis if not contraindicated
administer a demulcent |
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Lantana camara common name
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Lantana
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Lantana camara toxic agent
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Lantadenes A & B - poly cyclic triterpenoids
Green berry is most toxic entire plant is toxic |
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Lantana camare animals affected
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all mammals
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Lantana camara clinical signs
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bloody diarrhea
weakness death within 3 /4 days liver dysfunction cholestasis in dogs photosensitization - ruminants horses have renal involvement |
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Lantana treatment
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Blood transfusion
symptomatic remove from sunlight if herbivore |
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If survive the acute phase of lantana intoxication then the
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liver will fail
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Lantana lesions
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GI irritation, evidence of stasis
liver highly pigmented with degenerative changes, jaundice congested kidney in horses |
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Phytolacca americana common name
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Pokeweed
Pokeweed salad |
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Phytolacca ameicana physical characteristics
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purple stems
where soil turned over |
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Pytolecca americana toxic agent
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not completely identified
Rutin - a saponin Tannins An alkaloid Entire platn is toxic |
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Phytolacca americana animals affected
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Swine - ingesting roots
Humans - ingetsing imporperly prepared poke salad. |
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Phytolacca americana clinical signs
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hemorrhagic vomiting
depression diarrhea prostration possible convulsions |
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Phytolecca american lesions
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ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
swollen congested liver |
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Phytolecca americana treatment
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supportive and symptomatic
treat for shock |
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Phoradendron serotinum common name
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Mistletoe
American Mistletoe Chirstmas Mistletoe |
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Phoradendron toxic agent
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sympathomimetic amines
B phenylehtylamine Tyramine Smoth muscle stimulants entire plant is toxic |
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phoradendron animals affected
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primarily humans,
used as a tea abortifacient dogs and cats - possible around christmas time |
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Phoradendron animals affecte
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??? abortion in cattle
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Phoradendron toxic agent
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G -amine butyric acid - GABA
Tyramine and other amines Flavenoids Lectins - inhibit 60 S ribosome similar to ricin |
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Phoradendron clinical signs
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, delirium, hallucinations, mydriasis, sweating, convulsions
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Phoradendron clinical signs
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tachypmea, dyspnea
hypertension CV collapse, shock pain dehydration |
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Phoradendron treatment
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supportive and symptomatic
fluids analgesics etc. |
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Ricinus communis common name
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castor bean
makes Ricin |
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What kind of fruit does Ricinus communis have?
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Armed
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Ricinus communis toxic principle
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Ricin - toxalbumin
antigenic soponin select agent - 1 mg is lethal entire plant is toxic, but seed is most toxic water soluble |
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Ricnius communis affected animals
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all including humans but horses and humans most succeptible
Cattle/sheep 10 - 20 X more resistant |
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Ricinus toxic agent enters cell how
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one of the chains attaches to cell wall and then other chain breaks off and enters the cell and affects the ribosome of the all cells
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Ricinus communis clinical signs
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depression
elevated temperature colic sweating left shift elevated PCv +/- diarrhea terminal convulsion |
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Ricinus communis lesions
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hemorrhages on serosal mucosal surfaces of GIT and bladder
congestion of parenchymatous organs |
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Ricinus communis lesions
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intestinal lumen filled w/fluid
gastroenteritis catarrhal to hemorrhagic |
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Ricinius communis treatment
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supportive, analgesic, fluids
No good TX |
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Sesbania drummondii common name
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Rattlebox
Coffee SEnna |
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Sesbania vesicaria common name
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Bagpod
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Sesbania drummondii common name
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Rattle box
Coffee Senna |
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Sesbania drummondii seed pods have
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4 wings
live in disturbed subtropic dirt |
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Sesbania vesicaria DDX
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Arsenic
heavy metals |
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Sesbania spp toxic prinicple
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water soluble
saponin highest in seeds present in all parts of the plants |
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Sesbania animals affected
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cattle
sheep humans horses - possibly |
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Sesbania clinical signs
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latency of 1 - 2days
sudden death depression diarrhea tacchycardia weakness dyspnea hemolysis/hemoglobinuria |
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Sesbania lesions
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may be NGL
congestion of GIT widespread hyperemia and hemorrhage in GIT abomassum may be more severely affects |
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sesbania treatment
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supportive
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Solanum effects what body systems
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neuro - purkinje
also GI |
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Solanum eleagnifolium
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Silverleaf nightshade
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Solanum eleagnifolium characteristics
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Berry small
W or W/O spines |
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Solanum rostratum
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Buffalobur
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Solanum ptycanthum
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Black nightshade
no spines, smooth |
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Solanum carolinense
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Horse or Bull Nettle
NOT Texas Bull Nettle |
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Solanum pseudocapsicum
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Jerusalem cherry
Like cherry tomato but don't eat |
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Solanum americanum
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American nightshade
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Solanum tuberosum
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Common Potato
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Lycopersicon esculentum
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Tomato
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Solanum toxic priniciples
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Steroidal alkaloid
Glycoside a glyconic = soladine |
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Solanum animals affected
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all domestic including humans
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Solanum spp clinical signs
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GI - GI irritation
Neurological syndrome dyspnea w/ expiratory grunt hypersalivation, apthay, drowsiness weak and shocky tachycardia bloating |
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Solanum lesions
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compensated, emphysematous lungs
congested liver and kidneys other organs congested Gall Bladder distended |
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Solanum TX
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supportive and symptomatic
fluids analgesics |
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Xanthium spp
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cockleburs
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Xanthium toxic principles
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Carboxyaterctyloside - sulfated glycoside
greatest concentration in seed and cotyledonary uncouple oxicative phosphorylation |
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Xanthium animals affected
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young calves
swine adult cattle and sheep chickens |
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Xanthium clinical signs
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depression
hypothermia hyperglycemia generalized muscle weakness vomiting spasmodic muslce convulsions pigs - squeal and convulse |
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Xanthium lesions
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possilbe pericaridal and pleural effusion
renal tubular degeneration and necrosis |
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Xanthium DDX
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gossypol
Blue/green algae clay pigeon aflotoxicosis Hepatosis dietetica |
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Xanthium treatment
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supportive
remove from source of plants |
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Plants causing renal dysfunction
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amaranthus
Beta vulgaris halogeton glomeratus Kochia scoparia Quesrcus Sarcobatus vermiculatus |
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Plants causing renal dysfunction can be divided into what 2 groups
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Plants containing soluble oxalates
Plants containing insoluble oxalates |
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Most oxalate accumulators are in what family
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Chenopodiacea family
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Soluble oxalates
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Sodium
Potassium Ammonium Oxalic Acid |
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Insoluble oxalates
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Calcium
Magnesium |
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Amaranthus retroflexus
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Redroot Pigweed Carelessweed
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Amaranthus retroflexus toxic principles
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Soluble oxalates
Nitrates |
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Amaranthus retroflexus animals affected
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pigs
cattle sheep NEVER horses |
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Amaranthus retroflexus clinical history
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late spring, summer or early fall
Tremblin, weakness ataxia, recumbency coma death - can die in 24hrs |
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Amaranthus retroflexus gross lesions
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Peri-renal edema
possible glood -tinged duration dependent normal sized pale kidney clear straw-colored fluids peritoneal cavity, thoracic cavity |
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Amaranthus retroflexus gross lesions
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methemoglobinemai may be seen in ruminants
Simialr renal lesions may or may not be seen |
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Amaranthus retroflexus microscopic lesions
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hydropic degeneration, coagluative necrosis of prox and distal tubules
Glomeruli shrunken increased cellularity and dilation of B capsule +/- oxalate crystals |
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Amaranthus retroflexus TX and management
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no good treatment, except in ruminants for methemoglobinemia
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Beta vulgaris
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Beet Mangel Chard
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Beta vulgaris toxic principle
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Solube oxalates
Nitrates Possibly a saponin All in the leaves |
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Beta vulgaris animals affected
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pigs, cattle sheep
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Beta vulgaris clinical signs
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bloody diarrhea, hematuria
convulsions, death less severe, anorexia, constipation, then diarrhea |
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Beta vulgaris lesions
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signs of anemia
Enteritis w/ congestion of intestinal mucosa blood - dark and slow to clot |
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Beta vulgaris TX
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Same as Pigweed
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Halogeton glomeratus
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Halogeton
not in Texas from orient |
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Halogeton Toxic principle
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Soluble oxalates
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Halogeton glomeratus oxalate content
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Soluble >> insoluble
April << September |
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Halogeton glomeratus animals affected
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Sheep - primarily
Cattle sometimes |
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Halogeton glomeratus lclinical signs
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W/in 6 hrs of ingestion
Depression, dyspnea prostration coma w/death w/in 10 hrs of ingestion |
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Halogeton glomeratus gross lesions
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hydrothorax
ascites diffuse and petechial hemorrhages |
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Halogeton glomeratus microscopic lesions similar to
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Amaranthus spp
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Halogeton glomeratus history
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actual cause of sheep deaths in the nerve Agent release near dugway Proving Grounds, Utah
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Kochia scoparia
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Kochia, Summer, cypress, Mexian Firewee, Burning Brush, Fireball
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Kochia scoparia toxic principle
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soluble oxalate
agent producing thiamine responsive polio-encephalomalacia in cattle Hepatoxin |
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Kochia scoparia animals affected
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primarily ruminants
may cause a cystitis in horses |
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Kochia scoparia clinical signs
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Ataxia
muscular spasms recumbency coma and death neuro hepatogenous photosensitization |
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Kochia scoparia lesions
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nephrosis w w/o oxalate crystals
Hepatic necrosis w/hepatogenous photo |
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Sarcobatus vermiculatus spp
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Greasewood
Does not accumulate oxalates |
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Sarcobatus vermiculatus animals affected
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primarily sheep
w/i 3 - 5 hours of ingestion may appear suddenly after drinking depression, weakness prostration, coma respiratory and cardiac depression |
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Sarcobatus vermiculatus microscopic lesions
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Amaranthus spp
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Larrea tridentata
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Texas Greasewood
Cresote Bush |
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Larrea tridentata historical perspective
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Non-toxic
does not contain oxalates used as herbal tea by Native Americans Hepatic necrosis develops in humans or over dose situations |
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Non-oxalate containing plants which affect the kidneys
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Lilium spp - Easter lily
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Solanum toxic priniciples
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Steroidal alkaloid
Glycoside a glyconic = soladine |
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Solanum animals affected
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all domestic including humans
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Solanum spp clinical signs
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GI - GI irritation
Neurological syndrome dyspnea w/ expiratory grunt hypersalivation, apthay, drowsiness weak and shocky tachycardia bloating |
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Solanum lesions
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compensated, emphysematous lungs
congested liver and kidneys other organs congested Gall Bladder distended |
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Solanum TX
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supportive and symptomatic
fluids analgesics |
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Xanthium spp
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cockleburs
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Xanthium toxic principles
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Carboxyaterctyloside - sulfated glycoside
greatest concentration in seed and cotyledonary uncouple oxicative phosphorylation |
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Xanthium animals affected
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young calves
swine adult cattle and sheep chickens |
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Xanthium clinical signs
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depression
hypothermia hyperglycemia generalized muscle weakness vomiting spasmodic muslce convulsions pigs - squeal and convulse |
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Xanthium lesions
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possilbe pericaridal and pleural effusion
renal tubular degeneration and necrosis |
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Lilium lancifolium
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Tiger lily
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Homerocallis spp
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Day Lily
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Lilum spp toxic principle
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Unknown
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Lilium animals affected
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toxicosis reported in cats after ingestion of leaves or flowers
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Lilium clinical signs
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GI upset
Reduced Activity Anorexia Renal Failure w/in 48 - 96 hurs of ingestion |
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Lilium lesions
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very high mortality w/o aggressive therapy
renal tubular necrosis w/preservation of basement membranes |
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Lilium spp TX
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must be initiiated w in 24 hrs for greatest success
emesis if indicated activated charcoal Saline cathartics Fluids 2 - 3 X maintenance |
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Lilium effect on kidney
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doesn't damage basement membrane so can recover
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Quercus spp
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oaks
Shin oaks |
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Quercus toxic principle
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Tannic acid as Gallotannin
Highest in leaf buds and acorns |
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Tannic Acid needs ____ to be toxic
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conversion in the rumen
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Quercus spp animals affected
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Cattle
Sheep Goats Rabbits/ Guinea Pig |
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Quercus spp seasonality
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spring - Oak bud poisoning
Fall - acorn poisoning |
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Quercus spp clinical signs
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emaciation w/ dependent edema
constipation or diarrhea w/ mucous and or blood dehydrated appearance rough hair coat |
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Quercus spp lesions
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Gastroenteritis
per-renal edema, ascites, SQ edema Kidneys - swollen and pale or congested petechial hemorrhages |
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Quercus lesions look like
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turkey egg kidney
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Quercus prophylaxis
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There is no good treatment
Keep animals out of oak supplement diet with range cubes conatining alfalfa conttonseed meal containing 10 % calcium hydroxide |
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Vicia spp
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Vetch
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Vicia lesions
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kidney has cellular infiltrate
adrenal glands heart - granulomatous cardiomyopathy lymph nodes skin |
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Insoluble oxalates include
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Calcium
Magnesium |
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Insolube oxalate disease syndromes
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pharyngeal
gastrointestinal mechanical damage only |
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Caladium spp
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Fancy leaf caladium
M I L plant |
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Colcasia spp
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Elephant Ear Dasheen
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Dieffenbachia spp
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Dumbcane Elephant Ear
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Monetera spp
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Split leaf philodendron
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Parthenocissus spp
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Virginia Creeper
American Ivy |
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Philodendron spp
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Elephant Ear
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Rheum raponticum
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Rhubarb
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Rheum raponticum oxalate content
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70 days >>> 7 days
Soluble slightly bigger than insoluble |
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Spinach oxalate content
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75 days >>>
Soluble >> insoluble |
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Halogeton glomeratus oxalate content
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September >>> April
Soluble >>> insoluble |
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Hepatic syndromes associated with toxicants
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hypertrophy
hyperplasia hepatocellular necrosis centrilobular periphrilobular Cell death FCT |
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning
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Not all members within a genus have pyrrolixadine alkaloid
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning
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Missouri River Bottom Disease
Molteno Cattle/horse Disease Walla Walla Hard Liver Disease - Washington st Winton Disease - New Zealand |
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Characteristics of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
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over 100 P A but not all toxic
exist in nature as alkaloid base or N-oxides |
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Characteristics of pyrrolizidine alkaloids - N- oxides
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amount varies in the plant
More palatble Toxicity is slightly less than base |
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Toxicity depends upon the alkaloid
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Toxicity depends upon the alkaloid content
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how much Senecio longilobus is necessary to produce death
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. 25 % of BW in single feeding kills animal 6 months later from liver failure
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Clinical syndromes of PA intoxication
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Acute or Sub-acute
latent period Weight loss, emaciation icterus - photosensitization - NW not in Texas |
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Clinical syndromes of PA intoxications
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hepatoencephalopathy
dummy syndrome incoordination and depression delirium - mania Pica - chewing on dirt or self GI signs colic tenesmus rectal prolapse - straining diarrhea |
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PA lesions
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Not all lesions displayed in every liver
Some alkaloids tend to induce more than one type of lesion Hepatomegalocytosis and karyomeglia aflatoxins may mimic hepatic fibrosis |
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PA lesions Veno occlusive disease
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central vein obstruction is common with the plant Crotalaria, less common lesions
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PA less common lesions
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VOD in horse lungs w/vascular engorgement and plumonary edema, hepatoma
massive hepatic necrosis cancer |
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PA treatment
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none
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PA outcomes
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Acute - death w/i 10 days
Chronic - slow/ progressive hepatic involvement weeks, months , slow death |
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PA ddx
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encephlopathics
Rabies chronic brain disorders aflatoxicosis other hepatotoxic diseases |
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Plants affecting the liver
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Senecio
Crotalaria Heliotropium Amisinckia Echium Tricodesma |
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Crotalaria spp
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Rattle box Crotalaria
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Crotalaria spp toxic agent
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monocrotaline - PA
Plant toxic when ddry also all parts of plant toxic, but most in seeds puts N back into soil |
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Crotalaria spp animals affected
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Fowl
Cattle Horses Swine others including humans |
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Crotalaria spp clinical signs
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vary greatly depending upon species of animal and species of plant
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Crotalaria acute clinical signs
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Salivation
GI signs Neurological signs Bovine - tenesmus and rectal prolapse |
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Crotalaria spp chronic signs
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anorexia
inactivity emaciation horses - neuro, pulmonary and SQ emphysema |
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Crotalaria spp lesions
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hemorrhages - widespread, petechial and ecchymotic
congestion and edema in many organs lungs - emphysema atelectasis, hemorrhage cirrhosis in chronic cases |
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Seneciospp
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Tansy Ragwort
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Senecio longilobus
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Thread- leaf Grounsel
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Senecio riddelli
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Broom Grounsel
Riddells Grounsel |
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Senecio glabellus
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Butter wee
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Senecio ampullaceus
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Texas Squaw-Weed
Texas Groundsel invaded |
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Senecio spp animals affected
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Primarily horses and cattle
Sheep and goats - more resistant Exotic species - llamas Humans may be affected |
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Senecio spp Toxic prinicple
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Longilobine - PA
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Senecio clinical signs
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Early - continuous walking
Nervous signs Tenesmus w/frequent voiding small amounts of bile stained feces |
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Senesio spp lesions
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induration and mottling of liver
Gall bladder distention - not eating - no stimulation to excrete bile Icterus and photosensitizaton - NOT Common in Texas Ascites Diffuse hepatic fibrosis |
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Senesio spp TX and DDX
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Treatment - none TLC
Differential diagnosis - rabies, Hepatoencephalopathies |
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Xanthium spp causes lesions in what systems
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GIT and Liver
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Cycads animals
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Dogs - chew on stems and roots
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Hepatic Fatty cirrhosis of ruminants
|
Western Edwards Plateau or Texas
South Texas Northern mexico |
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Hepatic Fatty Cirrhosis was first reported in
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Early 1920
occurs at 4 - 7 year intervals following good fall rains varying amounts of fatty metamorphosis cirrhosis - FCt proliferation |
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Phomopsis leptostromiformis produces a
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mycotoxin, phomopsin and produces a disease in other parts of the world known as lupinosis
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Phomopsis leptostromiformis isolated here produces
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Roridin A and cuased an acute abomasitis and no hepatic syndrome when fed chromincally
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HFC occurs on
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well manage dranges
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HFC animals affected
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ONLY RUMINANTS
cattle Sheep Goats Deer Antelope |
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HFC clinical disease
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Poor to no growth
Rough hair coat/fleece Hepatic coma |
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HFC microscopic lesions
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lipid droplets
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HFC clinical pathology lesions
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Enzymes variable - GGT high early
Macrocytic hypochromic anemia Bilirubin - not altered Hyperproteinemia - hypergammaglobinemia positive iodine flocculation test |
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HFC management
|
Early identification
send to market with intensive high quality feeding |
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Photosensitization occurs with
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Animals
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Phototoxicity occurs with
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humans - immune mediated disease associated with skin injury due to sunlight
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Photosensitization
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enhanced susceptibility of skin to sunlight due to presence of a photodynamic agent in the peripheral dicrculation
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Classification of Photosensitization
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Primary - animal ingests photodynamic agent
Secondary or Hepatogenous PS - liver injury must be present Congential PS - inherited disorder or porphyrin metabolism |
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Primary photosensitization
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animal ingests photodynami agent
plant or medicinal source chemical may or may not be biotransformed NO LIVER INJURY |
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Secondary or Hepatogenous Photosensitization
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animal ingst hepatotoxin
animal must have source of chlorophyll Liver incapbel of detoxifying = Phylloerythrin - toxic agent |
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Phylloerythrin formed in
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rumen due to anerobic fermatation
directly enters portal cirulation liver normally biotransformed Usually of plant origin but other hepatoxins may induce sufficient liver injury so that along with adequate chlroophyll ingestion PS could occur |
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Congenital photosensitization
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inherited disorder of porphrin metabolism
major importanc ein humans minor in animals - cattle, swine, southdown, sheep |
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Congenital photosensitization
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photodynamic agent is protoporphyrin which is elevated due to a genetic defect in heme biosynthesis
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Factors necessary fo PS
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Adequate concentration of PT in peripheral circulation
ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelenght Suceptible skinned animal |
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MOA of photsensitizing agents
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DNA interaction - photoadducts and cross-linking
Cell membrane alterations Protein interactions - inactivation of enzymes |
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Type 1 Direct PS
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PT + DNA, Proteins, or Cell Membranes = DNA photoadducts or conjugation to proteins or cell membrane
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Type 2 indirect PS
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Reacts with dNA, RNA Proteins or Cell Membranes - resulting in photo-oxidation of biomolecules
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Characteristics of Phototoxicants
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MW 200 -500 daltons
polycyclic onjugated structure |
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Photosensitization clinical signs early
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erythema
puritis shaking of head and ears pain around coronary bands - hoofs and horns Seeks shade |
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Potosensitization early clinical signs depend on
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length and duration of exposure
degree of sensitivity intensity of sunlight w/i 4 - 6 hours |
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Photosensitization progressive slinical signs
|
swelling and edema of ears and other exposed skin surfaces
Cracking of skin w/exuding serum, secondary infections corneal opacity - primary PS sheep, cattle and white tail deer |
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Photosensitization treatment
|
eliminate direct exposure to sunlight, remove green plant material from diet if indicated
supportive care handle plant with gloves |
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Toxic plants associated with primary photosensitization
|
Ammi majus
Cooperiz penduculata Cymopterus watsonii Hypericum perforatum Polygaonium fagopyrun Thamnosma texana |
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Ammi majus/ Ammi visnaga common name
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Bishop's Weed
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Ammi spp was planted in Texas by
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Highway Department
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Ammi spp toxic principle
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Xanthotoxin
Bergapten Both are furocoumarins (psoralens - used in PUVA for psoriasis) |
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Ammi spp animals affected
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cattle
sheep Geese ducks humans - dermatitis reactions and phototoxicity, contact w/plant & especially seeds |
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Ammi affected animals look like
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face swollen and cracked skin
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Cooperia pedunculata
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Rain Lily
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Cooperia pedunculata Animals affected
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Cattle, Deer, Sand Burn in Horses
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Cooperia pedunculata history in South Texas
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Periodic in occurrence - herd incidence - few to 100%o be
Suspected to be Thamnosma texana |
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Cooperia outbreaks
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1983 in De Witt County - many producers lost entire calf crop. 25000 deer
only a problem in couple of locations |
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Thamnosma texana common name
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Dutchman's breeches
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Thamnosma toxic principle
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Linear furocoumarins - Psoralens
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Thamnosma animals affected
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Cattle
Sheep Humans from handling plant |
