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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do you convert % to PPM?
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move 4 decimal places to the right: 0.1% = 1000 ppm
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how do you convert PPM to %?
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move 4 decimal places to the left: 500 ppm = 0.05%
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1 g/ton is how many ppm?
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1 g/ton = 1.1 ppm
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1 lb/acre = how many mg/kg in the animal?
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1 lb/acre = 7 mg/kg
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1 lb/acre = how many ppm on forage?
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1 lb/acre = 230 ppm on forage
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what are the top 5 classes of toxicants in dogs?
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Anticoagulant Rodenticides
Ethylene Glycol Tremorgens Garbage Theobromine (Chocolate) |
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what are the top 5 classes of toxicants in cats?
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Pyrethrins
Ca Oxalate Plants Lilies Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Ethylene Glycol |
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what are the top 5 classes of toxicants in horses?
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Fescue
ELEM (Leukoencephalomalacia) Ionophores Black Walnut Slaframine |
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what are the top 5 classes of toxicants in cattle?
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Vomitoxin
Plants (Yew, Buckeye, Oak, Fescue) Lead Nitrates Inorganic Arsenic |
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what are the top 5 classes of toxicants in sheep?
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1. copper (chronic)
2. ionophores 3. Rhododendron, mountain laurel 4. selenium injections 5. fescue ergot |
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what are the top 5 classes of toxicants in swine?
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1. vomitoxin
2. arsanillic acid 3. Na ion/water deprivation 4. iron injection (primary Se deficiency) 5. fumonisin |
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what are two important clinical signs of chocolate toxicosis?
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1. bounce like a ball (↑spinal reflexes)
2. "Energizer Bunny on Speed Syndrome" |
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what systems are affected by chocolate?
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CNS, cardiac, urinary, GI
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what systems are affected by NSAIDs?
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GI and renal
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comment on the onset time of NSAID toxicosis
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it is biphasic: GI ≤ 6 hr; renal @ 12 hr - 5 d
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what causes papillary necrosis?
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NSAIDs
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what are the two most important drugs used to treat the GI manifestations of NSAID toxicosis?
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omeprazole and misoprostol
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what is the classic sign of acetaminophen toxicosis in the cat
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swollen face and paws, peripheral edema
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what are two important clinical signs of ivermectin toxicosis?
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mydriasis, blindness
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what are two important clinical signs of SSRI toxicosis?
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hyperreflexia, clonus
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what systems do SSRIs affect?
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CNS, GI, cardiac
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what systems does ivermectin affect?
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CNS
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what are two important drugs to use when treating antidepressant toxicosis and what do they do?
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1. acepromazine - for agitation and serotonin antagonism
2. cyproheptadine - serotonin antagonist for SSRIs |
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what systems do phenoxyacetic acids (e.g. 2,4-D) affect?
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GI, skeletal muscle
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what are two important clinical signs for 2,4-D toxicosis?
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myotonia (muscle weakness with rigidity), paresis (especially in the hind limb)
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what is the onset time for glyphosate toxicosis?
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< 24 hours
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what are general clinical signs for glyphosate toxicosis?
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- depression/lethargy
- vomiting - tachycardia - salivation - anorexia |
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what is an important clinical sign for triazine toxicosis?
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hyperesthesia
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what herbicide causes frog defects?
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atrazine (a triazine)
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what is an important clinical sign for high doses of paraquat/diquat?
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convulsive syndromes
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what system is mainly affected by glyphosate?
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GI
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what system is mainly affected by fluazifop?
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GI
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what is the preferred treatment for seizures for ivermectin overdose and why?
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barbiturates, as opposed to benzos, because barbiturates target a different GABA receptor subtype then ivermectin, whereas benzos target the same subtype
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what is the main clinical sign with captan toxicosis?
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dyspnea
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what toxicant will turn cows' mouths pink?
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captan
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in what three parts of the body is Ca absorbed by the action of vitamin D?
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1. absorption by gut
2. bone reabsorption 3. Ca reabsorption by renal tubules |
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what vitamin D metabolite has the longest t1/2 and therefore controls the toxicosis?
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25 OH metabolite
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what are the systems affected by cholecalciferol?
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GI, renal, cardiac
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what is an important clinical sign with high dose bromethalin toxicosis in the dog?
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anisocoria
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what toxicant will cause white matter brain spongiosis?
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bromethalin
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what systems are affected by bromethalin toxicosis?
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CNS
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what are the two syndromes associated with bromethalin?
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1. convulsive syndrome - high doses in dogs (anisocoria)
2. paralytic syndromes - low dose in dog & cat (hind limb ataxia & paresis and paralysis) |
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what is an important clinical sign associated with low dose bromethalin toxicosis?
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hind limb ataxia & paresis/paralysis
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what has a fishy or garlic-like odor?
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zinc phosphide
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what systems does zinc phosphide affect?
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CNS, respiratory, GI
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what systems does avitrol affect?
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CNS
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what is the order of toxicity from most to least toxic for the four types of surfactants?
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cationic > amphoteric > anionic > nonionic
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what systems are affected by automatic dishwasher detergent?
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GI
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what systems are affected by cationic surfactants?
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GI, CNS
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what systems are affected by phenol/pine oil disinfectants?
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hepatic
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what has the worst prognosis of all household chemicals?
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drain cleaner
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what systems are affected by ammonia, oven cleaners, and drain cleaners?
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GI
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which four common emergency treatments are contraindicated for toxicosis with ammonia, oven cleaners, and drain cleaners?
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1. emesis
2. lavage 3. activated charcoal 4. cathartics |
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what systems are affected by hydrocarbons (such as nail polish remover)?
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CNS (depression), respiratory
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what do dose-response curves for endogenous compounds typically look like?
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inverted and biphasic
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what is the conceptual "equation" for risk?
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risk = hazard + exposure
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give two examples of OP insecticides?
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malathion, chlorpyrifos
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give one example of a carbamate insecticide
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carbaryl
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give one example of a neonicotinoid insecticide
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imidacloprid
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give one example of a GABA receptor blocker insecticide
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fipronil
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give one example of a pyrethrin
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permethrin
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give one example of an organochlorine insecticide
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DDT
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give one example of an α2-agonist insecticide
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amitraz
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name an insecticide used to kill fire ants. What system does it mainly affect?
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Amdro; affects GI
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give an example of an insect repellant
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DEET
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give two examples of insect growth regulators
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lufenuron and methoprene
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which EG metabolite is most responsible for respiratory depression
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glycoaldehyde
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what is the "functional toxicant" EG metabolite? How does it affect the body?
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glycolic acid; severe acidosis
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what systems are affected in the three stages of EG toxicosis?
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Stage I. CNS (1st 12 hours)
Stage II. Cardiopulmonary (12 - 24 hours) Stage III. Renal (24+ hours) |
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what are two important clinical signs of late-stage EG toxicosis?
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olig/anuric renal failure with isosthenuria
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in what two ways does EG toxicosis differ in cats versus dogs?
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1. in cats, CNS depression has ↑depth and lasts longer
2. renal failure quicker in cats because they have more oxalates |
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comment on EG diagnostic kits with cats
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they are not sensitive enough because they have a detection limit of 50 mg/dL
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what is the preferred drug for early EG toxicosis treatment? Comment on dogs versus cats.
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- 4-methylpyrazole
- cats require a much higher dose than dogs |
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what type of animal is most sensitive to methanol and why?
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- primates
- don't metabolize formate very well - because they don't have enough folates, which are required to metabolize 1-carbon compounds |
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what systems are affected by pseudoephedrine?
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CNS, cardiac
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what system is most affected by high dose paraquat/diquat?
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CNS
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what systems are affected by moderate dose paraquat?
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GI, respiratory, renal
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what systems are affected by moderate dose diquat?
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GI and renal
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what system is affected by triazines in cattle?
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CNS
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what system is affected by captan?
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respiratory
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what is the proper route to give vitamin K for rodenticide toxicosis?
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SC (not IM or IV)
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what systems are affected by strychnine?
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CNS
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what toxicant causes a sawhorse stance?
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strychnine
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describe the seizures caused by strychnine
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tetanic, bilateral, symmetrical
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what are two very important objectives for treating strychnine toxicosis?
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1. control/prevent convulsions
2. support respiration |
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what drug should you not use to treat strychnine toxicosis? Why
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acepromazine. ↓seizure threshold and ↑respiratory depression
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what systems are affected by metaldehyde?
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CNS and GI
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what toxicant causes "Shake and Bake" syndrome?
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metaldehyde
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what are two important clinical signs for metaldehyde toxicosis?
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"Shake and Bake"
1. ataxia, incoordination, and tremors (shake) 2. hyperthermia (bake) |
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what are the most important aspects of treating metaldehyde toxicosis?
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- emetics and/or gastric lavage early
- aggressive treatment → better prognosis |
