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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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With lead toxicosis, what animal is most commonly effected?
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Puppies
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Is lead excreted in milk?
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Yes, and also urine
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MOA of lead
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Target hematopoetic system. With chronic exposure you see a delay in heme synthesis, therefore there is a delay in RBC maturation, and a subsequent anemia.
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DOC with lead toxicity
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Chelation by either Calcium EDTA or Dimercaperol
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DOC of lead toxicosis in birds
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Dimercaptosuccinate
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What clinical signs to we see in cattle with lead toxicosis?
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Poliomalacia, cerebral cortex necrosis
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Cinical signs of lead toxicosis?
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Mainly GIT signs, along with CNS and anemia in chronic cases
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what are the lethal doses of antifreeze in cat, dogs, and birds?
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1.4 ml/kg in cats and man, 4.6-6.6 ml/ks in dogs and 7.4ml/kg in birds
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what are the clinical signs of ethylene glycol toxicosis?
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CNS depression, GI abnormalities, polyuria. anuric renal failure seen later
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To have a good prognosis with antifreeze toxicity, how soon after intoxication do we have to treat?
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In cats, less then 3 hours. In dogs less then 8hours.
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What is the main oxidizing agent of ethylene glycol?
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Alcohol dehydrogenase
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what are the 3 breakdown products of ethylene glycol?
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Glycoaldehyde, Glycolic acid, Oxalic acid
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What breaks down glycoaldehyde?
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase
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What are the CNS signs seen with antifreeze toxicity?
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Depression
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Why is oxalic acid so bad?
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It binds to calcium causing a hypocalcemia. Also it creates calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals that will 'plug' renal tubules leading to renal failure
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Does antifreeze cause acidemia or alkalemia?
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Acidemia due to acidic breakdown products and hypoperfusion secondary to hypovolemia due to PU
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At what point is anuria noted in ethylene glycol toxicity
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72-96 hours
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What do you see on the bloodowrk concerning ethylene glycol?
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hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, increased anion gap, acidemia
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What species do you see false negaitves with the ethylene glycol test?
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Cats. The metabolize it so fast you can get a flase negative
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What would give a false positive with ethylene glycol tests?
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Propylene glycol, ethanol, valium, metaldehyde, and activated charcoal
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Does ethylene glycol have an antidote?
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Yes - fomepizole 4mp or ethanol 20%
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What specie do we use ethanol in to control ethylene glycol toxicity?
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Cats. Fomepizole is mainly used in dogs
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What is the LD50 of Propylene glycol?
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9ml/kg
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What are the breakdown products of propylene glycol?
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Pyruvate and lactic acid
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what kind of lactic acid is broken down by the body?
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L Lactic acid is broken down by the body readily. D Lactic acid is not.
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what kind of lactic acid accumulates and can lead to acidemia concerning propylene glycol?
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D Lactic acid
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what is the MOA of propylene glycol?
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increase in lactic acid causes an acidemia nd CNS depression. Also propylene glycol acts as an osmostic diuretic so you see hypovolemia secondary to PU
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What do you see on the bloodwork with propylene glycol?
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heinz bodies in cats. Also a metabolic acidemia and increased osmol gap
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Is there an antidote for propylene glycol?
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we dont use the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors with this toxicosis because there is no lethal synthesis
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What is the recovery time for ethanol and methanol toxicity?
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24 hours
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What are the breakdown products of ethanol?
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Acetaldehyde and acetate
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What are the breakdown products for methanol?
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Formaldehyde and formic acid
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How is methanol secreted?
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Via the lungs and kidneys
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What is the MOA for ethanol/methanol?
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Acetaldehyde has a vasodilatory effects, metabollic acidosis due to acetate. Ethanol inhibits ADH causing loss of free water and dehydration. This increases the acidosis. CNS depression
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Is there an antidote for ethanol/methanol toxicity?
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Nope
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What is the concentration of hypochlorite in household bleach and pool cleaners?
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3-6% in house hold cleaners and 50% in pool cleaners
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what are the clinical signs associated with bleach toxicity?
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Mainly GIT. Can see respiratory signs if the cbleach as combined with ammonia and let off a noxious gas.
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What is seen on the bloodwork with bleach toxicity?
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Hypernatremia and hyperchloremia
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Is there an antidote for bleach toxicity?
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Nope, but you can use milk and water to neutralize toxin. Absorption isn't an issue
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what are the types of detergents?
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Non ionic (also anionic) with a neutral pH and cationic detergents (quaternary ammonium components with a halogen)
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what are some examples of non ionic detergents?
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Soaps, laundry detergents, and dishwashing liquid.
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What are some examples of anionic detergents?
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Electric dishwasher and laundry detergents
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What are some examples of cationic detergents
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Fabric softener, germicides and sanitizers
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Of the detergents which have the lowest toxicity?
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Nonionic detergents are the safest
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Of the detergents, which are the most toxic
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Anionic detergents are highly alkaline, but cationic detergents are the most toxic.
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What is the MOA of detergents?
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There are direct corrosive effects on the GIT. You may also see flaccid paralysisdue to a cholenesterdase inhibition
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What is seen on the blodwork concerning detergents?
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Nothing specific
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Is there an antidote for detergent toxicity?
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Nope
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what animal is most suseptble to copper toxicosis?
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Sheep
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What is the MOA of copper toxicosis?
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Copper is stored in the liver, and causes hepatopathies. It is then released from the liver and targets the hematopoetic system. It then oxidizes the membrane of the RBC's causing a hemolytic crisis. You see metHB
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If you see blackberry jam spleen, gunmetal kidney, and a friable liver what toxicosis do you have?
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Copper
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How do we treat copper toxicosis?
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D-penicillimine or molybdenum
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Is molybdenum excreted in milk?
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Yes, in toxic levels.
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What species is most suseptible to molybdenum toxicosis?
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Cattle
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What problems do we see in molybdenum toxicosis?
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Demyelination, depigmentation, weakness
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If you see a greenish diarrhea with gas bubbles, what kind of toxicosis do you have?
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Molybdenum
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How do we treat molybdenum toxicicty?
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Give Cu sulfate or cu glycinate
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What are the different diseases of seleneum toxicosis?
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White muscle disease, hepatosis dietetica, porcine stress syndrome, exudative diathesis, nutritional pancreatic atrophy
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what different plants are obligate selinferous plants?
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locoweed, woody aster, princes plume, golden wood
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What is the most toxic to least toxic selenium?
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Organic selenium > selenate/selenite > selenide > synthetic
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How do we decrease toxicity of seleniferous feed?
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Give a high protein diet because it binds selenium
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What is the main target of zinc toxicosis?
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The hematopoetic system. You see a severe hemolytic anemia
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What is the antidote for iron toxicosis?
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Desferoxamine
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What is the chelator is choice for inorganic arsenicals?
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Dimercaperol
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Which inorganic arsenicals are most toxic?
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Trivalent is more toxic then pentavalent, and pentavalent can undergo lethal synthesis to become trivalent
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How does iron cause CV issues?
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Vaso dilation and vasculitis decrease the effective cardiac output and therefore will depress the cardiovascular system
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What part of the plant has the highest concentration of nitrate?
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Stalk closest to ground
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What herbicide increases absorption of nitrate, cyanide, and increases plant palatibility?
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2-4D (phenoxy derivtive) herbicide
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What enzyme converts nitrate to nitrite?
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Nitrate reductase
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With acute nitrate toxicosis, what is the MOA?
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Nitrite enters RBC's in exchange for a cl ion. Hb then becomes MetHb and the RBC can no longer carry O2. Animals die of respiratory failure
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In chronic nitrate toxicity, what are the C/S?
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Wasting and abortion
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Which is better? Ferrous or Ferric?
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Ferrous
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C/S of acute nitrate toxicity?
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Sudden death, ARDS
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What is the specimen of choice for nitrate toxicity (post portem)
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ocular fluid
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When using blood to test for nitrate toxicity, how to we maintain the sample?
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One part blood to 20 parts phosphate buffer (pH of 6.6)
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Is there a qualitative test for nitrate in the forage?
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Yes there is, and it is the Diphenylamine test.
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What are some DDx for metHb?
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Nitrate/nitrite tox, copper tox, and acetominophen tox
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When ferrous iron is changed to ferric iron in RBC's, what happens?
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The Hb changes to metHb
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If you see bright red blood, what toxin do you think of (besides carbon dioxide)
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Cyanide
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If you see very dark blood, what toxin do you think of?
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hydrogen sulfide
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How do we treat nitrate toxicity?
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with1% methylene blue IV. It changes ferric iron to ferrous iron therefore changing metHb back to Hb.
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In what animal do we avoid using methylene blue?
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Cats
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What are the histotoxic toxicants?
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H2S and Cyanide
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What does cyanide smell like?
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Bitter almond
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what is the difference between HCN and SCN?
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HCN is cyanide, where SCN is thiocyante which is madein the body as a byproduct of detoxification. Although it is less toxic then HCN, it is goiterogenic
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What part of cyanogenic plants are the most toxic?
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The seed
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What plants are cyanotoxic?
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Cassava, tall grasses, and wild cherry (prunus spp)
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What is the major problem with cyanide toxicosis?
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The inability of tissues to use O2.
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What does cyanide bind to, inhibits tissues from adequatley using o2?
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Cytochrome oxidase
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how do we treat cyanide toxicity?
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Sodium nitrate immediatly. It works as a vasodilator to increase perfusion (also will reactivate cytochrome oxidase in the long term) OR sodium thiosulfate which will increase the change of HCN to SCN.
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With H2S toxicity, what color is the blood?
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brown
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With Nitrate toxicity, what color is the blood?
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Brown
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How does Sodium Thiosulfate work?
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It increases the metabolism of HCN to SCN, thereby creating a less toxic substance
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How does Sodium Nitrate work?
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It works in cyanide toxicity by aiding in perfusion and reactivating cytochrome oxidase (long term)
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What toxin does halogetin contain?
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Soluble oxalate
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What animal is most sensitive to soluble oxalates?
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Sheep
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what part of the plant is the most toxic when it comes to soluble oxalates?
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The leaf
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What are the clinical signs of soluble oxalate toxicity?
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they are the signs of hypocalcemia (down, weakness)
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What can we do to decrease toxicity of soluble oxalates in the diet?
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Give higher calcium percentages.
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What are the lesions associated with soluble oxalates?
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petechiation of GI mucosa, emphysema, blood tinged froth in the mouth, and kidney damage (dark red cortex and greyish medulla --> due to crystal formation)
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what are the laboratory findings in soluble oxalate toxicity?
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High BUN, low Calcium, and calcium oxalate crystals
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What is the pH of the rumen in soluble oxalate toxicity?
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Alkaline
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What toxicity other then soluble oxalates will make the pH of the rumen alkalotic?
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Urea
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What can yougive to decrease the toxicity of sodium oxalates?
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Calcium gluconate IV
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what are the 6 acids we are concerned with, when it comes to toxic principles?
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Tannic acid, soluble oxalates, insoluble oxalates, quinones, triterpene acids, isocupressic acid
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What kind of plants have insoluble oxalates as their prime toxicant?
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The Arum family. Dumbcane, elephant ear, and other big leafed plants (also calla lily)
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What is the primary MOA of insoluable oxalate?
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Mechanical damage of the oral cavity and potentially GIT if swallowed
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What part of the plant is most toxic in regards to Arum family?
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The entire plant is equally toxic
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What plants contain soluble oxalates?
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Grease wood, pigtail, halogetin, and rhubarb
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what is the main effect of isoceprussic acid?
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Abortion
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What plant contains isoceprussic acid?
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Ponderosa Pine
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What animal is most suseptible to isoceprussic acid?
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Cattle
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What plants contain quinones?
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St Johns Wort and buckwheat
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What are the effects of quinones?
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Primary photosensitization
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what are the clinical signs of photosensitization?
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erythema, pruritis, edema, blistering, and necrosis of skin
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What plants are associated with Tannic Acid
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Oak trees and the Pride of Barbados
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What are the clinical signs of tannic acid?
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GIT and kidney issues. (constipation/diarrhea, hematuria etc)
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What part of the oak is high in tannic acid?
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The entire thing
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What plant is chock full of triterpene acids?
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Lantana! Yellow sage
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What does ingestion of lantana cause?
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Liver damage due to ingestion of triterpene acid in the lantana (yellow sage) plant
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What kind of smell do lantana plants have?
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Minty
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What animal is resistant to triterpene acids?
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Horses
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how many alkaloids are there in the toxicprinciples?
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13
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What 2 plants are of most importance with colchine toxicity?
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Autum crocus, and glory lily
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what are the clinical signs associated with colchine toxicity?
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Systemic failure (hep, renal, resp)
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what plants are associated with diterpene alkalosis?
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Larkspur and monks hood (buttercup family)
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How do we treat diterpine alkalotic toxicity?
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Physostigmine
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Monks hood intoxication is similar to what?
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Curare like
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What is the MOA of diterpene alkalotics?
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They block nicotinic receptors and cause a flaccid paralysis.
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Ergot toxicity causes what clinical signs?
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Acute - vasoconstriction and gangrene. Chronic hoof and hair(like selenium)
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What are the clinical signs of indolizidine toxicity?
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CNS signs "loco"
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What are the plants associated with indolizidine toxicity?
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Locoweek, milkvetches
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What plants are associated with lycorine toxicity?
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The amaryllis famliy. The lily's
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What part of the lily plant is most toxic in regards to lycorine toxicity?
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The bulb
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What is the MOA of lycorine
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It is an emetic and purgative
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What is the antidote for muscarine toxicity?
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Atropine
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What is the MOA of muscarine?
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It acts tostimulate muscarininc/cholenergic receptors (has parasympathetic effects)
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what is the difference between aminita muscaria and aminita filoroides
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filaroides causes liverdamage, where muscaria causes muscarinic signs
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What plants are associated with piperidine toxicity?
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Poison hemlock, lupinesand tobacco
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What are the clinical signs of piperidine toxicity?
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mainly ataxia, incoordination and has teratogenic effects
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Of the 2 toxins that tobacco has, which is more dangerous?
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Pyridine - acute onset of C/S and can cause death
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What are the c/s of pyridine toxicity
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CNS excitement (lacrimation, salivation, tachypnea) and ARDS
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What plants are associated with pyrrolizidine?
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Rattlebox (crotoloaria) and Senico
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What is the effect of pyrrolizidine?
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hepatotoxicity
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What plants are associated with solanine toxicity?
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Nightshade plants - tomatos, eggplants, chinese lantern,
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What are the c/s of solanine toxicity?
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GIT signs are paramount, but youalso seensigns like you would see with atropine
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What plant is associated with taxine toxicity?
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The Japanese Yew
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What part of the yew is most toxic?
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The berry
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What are the c/s of taxine toxicity?
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Cardiotoxicity and GIT
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What do diterpene alkaloids and taxine have incommon (besides both being alkaloids)
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Cardiotoxicity
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What plants are associated with tropane toxicity?
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Angels trumpet, devilstrumpet, jimsonweed, henbane
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What do you use as a direct treatment for tropane toxicity?
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Physostigmine
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What plant is associated with xanthine toxicity?
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Cocoa plant
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What is the MOA of xanthine toxicity?
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It blocks adenosine, thereby causing CNS excitement (Adenosine is a CNS depressant)
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Cascara and Senna are associated with what toxicity?
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Athraquinone toxicity
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What are the c/s of arthaquinone?
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GIT irritant!!! Also has some skeletal and cardiac repercussions
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What toxin is a vitamin D analog?
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Calcinogenic glycoside
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Day blooking Jessamine is associated with what toxin?
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Calcinogenic glycoside
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In regards to calcinogenic glycosides, is this an acute or chronic problem?
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It is chronic (12-24 hours later) issue because it takes time for the lethal synthesis to take place
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carboxytractyloside is associated with what plant?
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Cocklebur
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What is the main effect of carboxytractyloside?
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Hepatotoxicity
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Cocklebur isassociated with what toxin?
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Carboxytractyloside (it is the rough leaf)
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what petroleum products ahve benzene rings?
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Aliphatics
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Of sweet crude oil and sour crude oil, which is more/less toxic and why?
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Sweet is more toxic. Sour contains more sulfur groups so it makes it less toxic.
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Of the aliphatics, which are volitile, and which do you need to be careful of aspiration pneumonia?
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Short chain are volitle and longchain can cause asp pneumonia
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What in petroleum products can cause Bovine hyperkeratosis?
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Chlorinated Napthelene (used to make product more stable)
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What treatments are contrindicated in petroleum product intoxication?
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Glucocorticoids and emesis!
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What is the first step in the treatment of NPN toxicity?
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Reduce bloat (then acetic acid 5%)
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How do Organophosphates work?
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They irreversibly bind to ACHesterase causing nicotinic and muscarinic stimulation
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What do we give as an antidote to OP toxicity?
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Atropine and 2PAM
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Of systemic and nonsystemic, which has a faster onset?
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Nonsystemic is faster at 12-24 hours. Systemic is 18-36 hours
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What happens in delayed OP toxicosis?
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hind leg paralysis (neuropathy) due to demyelination of nerve fibers
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Do you see excitement or depression with OP toxicity?
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You see excitement with PS signs (SLUDGE)
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Do OP's undergo lethal synthesis?
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Some do, some don't.
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With OP toxicity, do ruminants have seizures?
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No
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What dies 2 PAM do?
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Reactivates ACHesterase
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how long is the recovery with OP's?
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Can be a few weeks. Needs time for ACH to replenish
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Are carbamates long or short lived in the environment?
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Short lived
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MOA of carbamates?
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Reversible binding of ACHesterase
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How do we treat carbamate toxicity?
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Atropine. Aviod 2PAM
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If a product contains OP's, what is in the name?
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Phos/phosphorus
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If a product contains carbamate, what is in the name?
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Carb
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Name one Carbamate we use
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Carbyl - Sevin
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What is the half life of carbamates once attached to ACHesterase?
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30-40 minutes
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How do we detect carbamate toxicity?
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It is difficult because it metabolizes very quickly, but we use blood samples.
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What are the clinical signs of Carbamate toxicity?
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Seizures, mydriasis, defecation, urination, salivation, tearing
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Although you see muscariic signs with OP toxicity, what muscarinic sign will be absent?
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Mydriasis
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Is the term 'thion' is in the name of a product, what kind of insecticide is it?
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Organo phosphate
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