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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is extracellular matrix comprised of (2 components)
What makes the matrix? |
proteoglycans
insoluable protein fibers like collagen fibers, fibronectin, laminin that type of matrix's cell is in charge of secreting and making the matrix i.e. chondroblasts make cartilage matrix |
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contrast a tight junction with a desmosome.
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tight junctions are the stitching
desmosomes are the rivets between adjecent cells |
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what are tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions made of?
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specialized membrane proteins
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What does epithelium cover?
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Body surfaces.
Either to exterior (skin) or interior (glands, organs, vessels) |
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what is simple squamous good for?
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filtration, diffusion, absorption
no wear and tear |
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what is stratified epithelium good for?
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wear and tear
lots of layers and cell replacement |
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What is transitional epithlieum good for?
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expanding and contracting
bladder |
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what type of epithelium is in the kidney tubules
ducts ovary surface |
think of what secretes and absorbs
simple cuboidal epitheliurm |
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What types of epithelium are in the aveoli,
renal corpuseles plueral cavities? |
think diffusion
think filtration think thin covering simple squamous epithelium |
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What type of epithelium will you find in the GI tract
glands gallbladder? |
non-cilliated simple columnar
secretion and absorbtion |
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What type of epithelium will you find in bronchi,
uterine tubes, parts of uterus? |
secretions and movement of stuff
ciliated simple columnar |
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What epithelium is mucous secretion associated with and where in the body will you find it?
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psuedo-stratified columnar epi
trachea upper respiratory tract |
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What type of epithelium will you find in the vag, mouth, esophogus and skin?
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wear and tear
stratified squamous |
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When you think of cells that secrete and protect, what type of epithelium does this bring to mind? Where will you find this in the body?
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stratified columnar epi
male urethra large ducts of glands |
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What types of glands are derived from epithelial tissue?
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exocrine glands
(DUCTS) |
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How are exocrine glands classified (named)?
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# of branches
ie simple branched or compound branches what the secretory region of the gland looks like ie. tubular vs alveolar secretory region |
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what are 3 types of secretion mechanism of glands?
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merocrine--exocytosis
holocrine--cell ruptures apocrine--part of cell breaks off |
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compare epithelial tissue to connective tissue
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epithelial
basement mem avascular little matrix--mostly cells tight cell-cell junctions CT few cells, lots of matrix highly vascularized cells widely scattered throughout matrix |
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Name 4 CT's?
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CT proper
Blood Bone Cartilage |
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Name the cells you'd find in CT matrix
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macrophages
melanocytes Fibroblasts Plasma cells Mast cells Fat cells |
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what's the role of plasma cells in matrix?
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immune function
make antibodies B-cell immunity |
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What fibers will you find in CT matrix?
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reticular
collagen elastin amount of each dependent on where this CT is and what it's function is |
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What is the ground substance comprised of in CT matrix?
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viscous gel like material
hyaluronic acid mucopolysacharide mucoproteins |
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What are the CT proper tissue types?
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Loose--cushion
Adipose--energy Reticular--lymph Dense--tendons |
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What are the different types of cartilage?
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hyaline--joints
elastic--ear fibro--tensile strenght and compression absorption (intervertebral disks) |
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Besides structural support, protection, muscle attachment, what else is bone good for?
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calcium homeostasis
blood cell formation |
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Why is the matrix for blood as a CT tissue different than other CT types?
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blood cells do not secrete plasma, therefore they do not make their own matrix
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what is a cell membrane comprised of?
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phospholipid bilayer where the hydrophobic talis come together and the polar hydrophilic heads lay opposite eachother
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is cholesterol hydrophobic or philic?
So where is cholesterol in cell membranes? |
hydrophobic
you'll find cholesterol intercalated between the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayers. |
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What is the significance on the charges of proteins with regard to cell membranes?
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The charge will tell you how they are attached or oriented in plasma membrane
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What would the amino acids have to be in a protein that is integral in the plasma membrane?
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folded in such a way that the hydrophobic AA's are in contact with the tails of the phospholipids and the hydrophilic AA's are embedded away from this region
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How are peripheral proteins associated with plasma membranes?
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attached to outside proteins peripheral to the actual membrane
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How are lipid anchored proteins held in place on plasma membrane?
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via covalent bonds to lipids
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What are the bad boys on the cell membrane that make the antigen for blood types
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glycoproteins or glycolipids
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What are some things that will impact diffusion across a plasma membrane?
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hydrophobicity of the molecule making the crossing. It has to transverse the hydrophobic inner layer of membrane. Hydrophobic things truck right through
(steroids, lipids,) Water, although polar, will diffuse, but to different extents based on the composition of the membrane. High cholesterol containing membrane? less water gets across |
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So water is polar, won't super easily go through that hydrophobic layer. How do you explain the quickness with which water gets across membranes?
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aquaporins
proteins make channels and these types of channels are mostly open all the time |
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What determines the speed through which a molecule goes through a channel?
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the size of the channel and the internal charge of the channel
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Name some ways channels are opened or closed in membranes?
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chemical gates bind the "key"
voltage gates are affected by electrical state of cell pressure can open or close a gate |
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What is facilitated diffusion? Does it require energy?
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membrane protein undergoes conformational change when molecule binds to it. Closes the gate to the ECF and opens it to ICF and releases molecule
Not external energy required |
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What is an antiport carrier?
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carrier protein that moves more than one molecule at a time in different directions
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What is a symport carrier?
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protein in cell membrane that moves more than one molecule at a time in the same direction
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What type of transport requires energy?
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active transport
moves molecules against their concentration gradient |
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How does Na-K pump move molecules against their concentration gradient?
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Has to cleave ATP to ADP and Pi
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Explain how SGLT uses secondary active transport
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First the cells using SGLT create a concentration gradient of Na using an ATP-ase active transport of Na outside the cell. Then the glucose follows the Na against it's own concentration gradient as Na goes down the gradient it just made.
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What are characteristics of carrier-mediated transporters?
Why is this important? |
specific for that one molecule they transport
Drugs. Compete with the specific molecules used by these transporters and you can impact pathways |
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What happens to transport of a certain molecule that uses carrier-mediated channels when the environment is saturated?
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transport slows. There are only so many receptors for this transport and once they are saturated no more transport can occur
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Where does vesicular transport occur?
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phagocytes do phagocytosis
endocytosis in many cells |
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What are the receptor mediators in endocytosis?
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clathin or caveloae pits
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Explain Fick's law.
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Higher the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate.
Also, the larger the surface area of membrane, the faster the diffusion. |
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What are we trying to do when we are balancing to achieve homoestasis?
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we want to maintain 4 things:
fluid volume concentration of ions osmolarity pH (acid-base balance) |
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what's the typical input and output of water per day?
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2500 ml
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How do solutes generate osmotic pressure?
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greater concentration of solutes means there is less water present in that solution. When placed next to a hyposolute solution (more water, less solutes in this one) the water wants to go from where it's water concentration is greater to where it's concentration is less (the solution with more solutes).
The force needed to withstand this movement (or the force with which the water wants to move) is osmotic pressure. |
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What are the normal concentrations of ions in ECF?
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Na+ 140 mEq/L
Cl- 110 mEq/L HCO3- 35 mEq/L protein 20 mEq/L small amounts of K+, Ca2+, Phosphates are also EC |
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What are the normal concentrations of ions in the ICF
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K+ 145 mEq/L
Mg++ 15 mEq/L PO4 / organic anions 135 mEq/L Protein 50 mEq/L |
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What are non-electrolyte solutes found in plasma and their relative amounts?
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Lipids
glucose urea creatinine 90% of plasma is composed of these solutes |
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What is 60% of ISF?
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non-electrolyte solutes like proteins
lipids cholesterol |
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What is ICF 97% comprised of ?
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non-electrolyte solutes like proteins, lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, neutral fats
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Why is the concentration of Ca++ 2.1-2.8 mmol/L when the concentration is 4.3-5.3 mEq/L?
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mmol/L measures weight of solute (Ca++)
mEq/L measures charge of solute mEq/L multiplies the mmol/L value by the charges on the individual ions. |
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what is osmolality units?
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mOsm / kg of H2O
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What is the units for osmolarity?
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mOsm / L of H2O
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what is the value for plasma osmolarity?
osmolality? How do you keep them straight? |
osmolarity
280-300 mOsm/L H20 osmolality 28-300 mOsm/Kg H20 /L=inverse L (for osmolaRity) /Kg = (osmolaLity) |
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what is the osmolarity of an isoosmotic solution to plasma?
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280-300 mOsm / L H2O
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What could be the osmolarity of a solution hypoosmotic to plasma?
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250 mOsm/L of H2O
Hypo=less hypososmotic = low osmolarity=less solutes=more water |
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What could be the osmolarity of a solution that is hyperosmotic to plasma?
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325 (anything above 300)
hyper = higher osmolarity =more solutes=less water |
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When you think of body fluid balance and regulation what should come to mind?
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hormones!!
ADH, vasopressin Aldosterone (renin-angio-aldos) Natriuretic peptides (AN and brain N |
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What changes in plasma activate the thirst center (hypothalamus)?
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decrease in plasma vol 10-15%
increase in plasma osmolarity 1-2 % drop in bp |
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What will tell the posterior pituitary to release ADH?
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increased blood osmolality
decreased bp or atrial volume receptors indicated lower blood volume |
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What does ADH do?
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anti-diuretic hormone.
Tells the kidney tubules to become more permeable to water and to hold onto Na+ to hold water in body. makes more concentrated urine |
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what is a + Na balance?
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more Na in ECF therefore water follows Na, so increase in ECF volume = increased bp
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go thru renin-angiotensigen II-aldosterone system.
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kidneys detect decrease in bp, release renin
renin stimulates angiotensinogen -->angiotensin I in bloodstream angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (via ACE) in lung Angiotensin II promotes vasoconstriction and adrenal cortex to release aldosterone aldosterone retains Na and thus water in kidneys bp rises |
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What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide?
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Increases the excretion of Na to lower bp
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what are three things angiotensin II does?
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tells hypothalamus THIRST
tells post. pituitary GO ADH tells renal cortex GO ALDOSTERONE (aldosterone tells kidney, keep Na and thus H2O) |
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What type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis comprised of?
What does this type mean about its function? |
stratified squamous keratinzed epithelium
stratified=wear and tear keratinized = prevent water loss / protection |
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What is the major cell type of the epidermis?
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keratinocytes
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What are keratinocyte stem cells?
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the makers of the first row of cube to columnar shaped kerationcytes on the basal lamina (basment membrane level).
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The closer keratinocytes are to the basale lamina, what happens in these cells actively?
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mitosis
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What are lamellar bodies in keratinocytes?
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lipids that get released to form a lipid layer
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What's happening in keratinocytes that are flattening out in the stratum granulosum?
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They have granules and are releasing the lamellar bodies to make a water barrier.
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What do the most superficial keratinocytes look like?
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no more nucleus
flattened. translucent packed with keratin filaments |
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What's the turnover in epidermis from basale lamina to desquamation?
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20-30 days
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what's a tonofilament?
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The precursor to keratin filaments in epidermis cells
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How long does it take for keratinization?
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4-6 hours
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What are ichthyoses?
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diseases related to thickening of roughest outermost keratinocytes--stratum corneum
won't desquam don't make good keratin overactive mitosis of basal keratinocytes |
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psoriasis
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overactive mitosis and proliferation
increased thickness of epidermis 7 day renewal cycle |
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what could be causing psoriasis?
4 things: |
1. adenyl cyclase is missing the off switch
2. overactive growth factors 3. abnormal papillary vasculature 4. abnormal T-cell infiltration to epidermis |
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how is psoriasis treated?
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corticosteroids, emollients, keratolytic agents
biologically targeting of limiting the T-cell activity also decreases lesion formations |
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What are the major keratin monomers of the epidermis?
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K5 and K14 (basal keratinocytes)
K1 and K10 (stratum spinosum that replace K5 and K14) |
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What are some diseases that are due to keratin defects?
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EBS (epidermolysis bullosa simplex) =weak keratin K5 and K14 filaments that lyse easily. Small blisters form on skin
EH (Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis) defective K10 keratin thick scaly blisters |
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What are melanocytes?
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pigment producing cells of skin
make melanin via tyrosinase and use cytocrine secretion to inject keratinocyte with the melanin shields nucleus and DNA from UV |
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What are Langerhans cells?
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phagocytes (T cell stimulators)
antigen presenting cells (think allergic rxs |
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Explain the structural characteristics of dermis.
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vascularized
lots of matrix (irregular collagenous CT--mostly extracellular collagen and elastic fibers) have fibroblasts |
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What are dermal papillae?
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fingerlike projections of dermis into epidermis.
increase surface area to strengthen interface between dermis and epidermis and provide blood source |
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compare the papillary layer with the reticular layer of the dermis?
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papillary is loose irregular collagenous CT, has ridges and papillae
reticular layer has dense irregular collagenous CT with much thicker collagen bundles. Thicker than papillary layer |
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Describe the dermal blood supply.
Why is it structured this way? |
cutaneous plexus and subpapillary plexus
capillary loops arise from subpap and extend into dermal papilla convective heat loss (heat gets carried to surface and released through all the loops) nutrients get delivered via the dermal blood supply to the epidermis here |
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Describe how an arteriovenous shunt works to help with thermoregulation?
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these shunts are innervated by sympathetic nerves.
They will vasoconstrict and the blood won't reach the surface and thus will retain heat in response to cold. |
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What are Meissner's corpuscles?
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"stacks" of cells in dermal papillae-- mechanoreceptors sensitive to light touch
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What are the sensory cells in the dermis?
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meissner's corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles |
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Where are pacinian corpuscles located and what do they do?
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reticular layer of dermis and they are deep pressure receptors
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What are ruffini's corpuscles?
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deep dermis sensory receptors
mechanoreceptors that respond to tension |
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What is hair made out of?
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keratin
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what is the hair papillae?
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the bulb of dermis that bulges into the hair root to feed it blood and make it divide
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hair root sheath...
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is a soft keratin little blanket for the forming hair. Stops at sebaceous gland
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anagen
catagen telogen |
anagen=hair growth
catagen=brief period when growth is halted telogen= long rest period ~3 months |
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sebaceous glands
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develop as an outgrowth of hair root sheath
lobular, ducted holocrine excretion (cell dies and releases its junk, Lipids (sebum) in this case |
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Eccrine sweat glands
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simple coiled tubular exocrine glands all over the body in the dermis
thermoregulation |
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apocrine sweat glands
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coiled tubular exocrine glands
axillary, areolar and anal regions BO--sympathetic innervation. Not heat related |
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what is an "effective" osmole?
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a molecule that creates osmotic pressure because it is impermeable to the membrane
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explain how a penetrating solute can change the tonicity of an isotonic solution.
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even if you put a cell in an isosmotic solution (both cell and solution have same number of solutes) if one is permeable to the membrane it will do down it's concentration gradient and change the osmolarity of that compartment and H2O will adjust accordingly.
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What is the equilibrium potential for Na+?
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+60 mv
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What is the equilibrium potential for K+
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-90mV
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What is the equilibrium potential for Ca2+?
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>100mV
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What is the equilibrium potential for Cl-?
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-50mV
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Why is Resting potential of most cells ~ -70mV?
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It is due to the varying permeablities of Na, K and Cl. Combining all of their equilibrium potentials brings you to ~ -70mV
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In membrane potential, which ion is the most dominant permeable contributor?
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K due to constantly open K channels
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What is happening during depolarization?
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inside of membrane is becoming more positive (less negative, towards the threshold number
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What is happening during hyperpolarization-?
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inside of membrane is becoming more negative > -70 mV
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What is happening during repolarization?
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the membrane is settling back down to resting membrane potential numbers. Inside is becoming more negative
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What is conductance?
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how easily an ion flows through it's respective channel through a membrane
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What is periodic paralysis due to?
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mutation in skeletal muscle Na+ channels
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What is malignant hyperpyrexia?
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Ca2+ channels are mutated, results in hypermetabolic state
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How is cystic fibrosis related to membrane channels?
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defective Cl- channels mess with exocrine function of epithelial lung cells
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What type of channel has a mutation in epilepsy?
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Na+ channels
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What is the trigger zone on an axon?
What type of channel is there? What's the mV value? |
axon hillock
Na+ voltage gated channels (activation and inactivation) threshold is -55 mV |
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Describe the pathology behind hypo and hyper kalemia with regard to action potentials.
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hypokalemia means a more intense stimulus is required to hit threshold. stimulus that should fire an AP don't.
Hyperkalemia is the opposite. Things that shouldn't fire, do. |
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what is saltatory conduction?
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conduction of AP seems to "jump" between nodes on myelinated axons due to less charge leakage by myelinated regions and also less Na+ Channels to open.
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