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305 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are some general facts bout global tourism industry and for N.Z.?
-World's fastest growing industry
-NZ: x arrivals since 1994:2.7m, largest export sector: $10B economy 2013 (16% exports)
-Domestic=$14B
-Indirect 180,000 jobs
What are some negative impacts of mass tourism?
a) Planes: noise and air polluton
b) Congestion on roads and beaches-everywhre
c) Pressureson delicate ecosystems (ie: Corals aussy)
d) TOurist architcture doesnt suit local arcitecture
e) Conflict poor and rich- as gap increases
f) Diferent and poorer culture exploited to entetain tourists
g)COnfliLct with enviro and economy balancing
What are some examples for tourism growth, and what is main one at present?
Fuel costs, disposabe income potential tourist, terrorism, govt policy, skill/supply labour.

MAIN PROBLEM:
Increasing concerns impacts tourism by:
a) Communities/individuals
b) Enviro groups
c) Govts.
What is the main change in view concerning environmental effects from tourism industry?
Initially: 'Smokeless'industry (post WW2 wanted growth: World Bank, World TOurism Org)

Present: Worris damaging enviro:
-Antarctica-global warming andkill species
-Ozone depletion (>600m tons CO2 nd ozone deplete gases)

Improvements: Kyoto Protocol, cimate care initiatives decrease C.C. effects.
What are some other benefits and negatives of tourism?
Positives:
-Socially: World Peace (hilton hotels), endorsed by Pope John Paul 2 and JFK.

Negatives:
-Socialy: Seen as aimals- anoying. Poverty tourism (1/2 world are poor <$2 a day. TOurism increased developing countries (now 30% total-grow 1990 onwards) but benefits don stay locally. Water problems (1.1B have problems but tourists make worse).
-Protests: India-dung and rotten fish at tourists.

-Cultural: Watch people cremated for $ (culture lost source)

-Enviro: Mass rush in/out- not quality or sustainable tourism.
What are the 3 levels of planing for touism in the real world?
a) Planning atinternational level:ie: Silk road (Chinese and Central Asian had to negotiate thecost and whre go)

b) Planning at ntional level: NZ tourism strategy

c) Planning at regional/ local level: Hotel managemnt, town planning,

National and local plan for destination competitiveness. Ecotourism, recreation frameworks.
What are some roles of planning?
-Forecast change in econoies and #'s tourism (how to change)
-Manage crisis
Describe what Breaking Bad tourism is, the poblems/positives associated, and the services/attractions involed?
WHAT?
-Relationship between tourism, media and real destination.
-Caused tourism boom in Alberqueque, New Mexico (show flmed there).
-Allowed for other associated tourism products.

Issues:
-Drugs -not good name for area
- Encouraged increased drug use
-Reinforce areas bad image
-Create awareness drug problem.

Normal touism:
a) Fosters entrepreneurship/creates jobs
b) Occurs within real destiantion people live
c) Affects places image
d) Need manage by maximise good, min bad.

Breaking bad toruism products: (Break bad locations in area created)
a) Tours= trolley bus, limousine
b) Souvenirs: tshirts, bath salts
c) Food:Beer
d) Break bad hotel packages
What is dilemma here for destination manager?>
Use breaking bad in marketing (got boom) and destory image to certain extent or not and receive maybe less toruists but makes area better image over time.
L2: What is a destination?
...........................
Give an example of destinations at different scales?
Melbourne: City
Brunswick street: Famous and attractive street within Melbourne

BOTH IN AUSSY
Give 2 examples of definitions for geographic destinations?
1) Georgula (1970): TOurism occurs in destination area:attracts outsiderswith features both natural and man-made.

2) Mill and Morrison( 1992): Mix interdependent elements (all combine positive experience): destination is overall. Melbourne: Beer, mates, darts, music , atmosphere etc.
What are the 3 main components (3 A's) of tourism product?
1) Attractions: pull factors-man made and natural.
2) Amenities: Support facilities : toilets, parks etc.
3) Accessiblity: To and within (modes transport), ie: NZ is aging population- more mobile buses- influenced by socio demographic factors.
Explain the 3A's in more detail?
a)Attractions: natural and constructed, events.

b) Amenities: role-2 types:
Infrastructure: Local pop and visitors- sewage, power, IT.
Superstructure: Primarily for tourists: hospitality, info centres.

c) Accessibility: Geographical (planes)
Time, cost, frequency of flights.
Political: rawanda-safety etc.
What are Cooper et al (1998) 4 A's-Amalgams for destination operation?
1) Access
2) Attractions
3) Amenitites
4) Ancillary services (foreign exchange, banks, security)
What are the cultural appraisals as mentioned in Cooper et al (1998)?
Visitors considering destination- attraction worth $ and time? Depend on view of what wanted- Victorians didnt go mtns or beach as considered dirty etc.
What are the 10 A's of a successful destination?
1) Awareness: destination open for business or not?
2) Attractiveness:Range activities for diverse markets
3) Availability: Range holidays: packages and booking facilities
4) Access: To an within
5) Appearance: good 1st impression (phys attractive)
6) Activities: Range for different markets.
7) Assurance: Safety
8) Appreciation: People appreciated and liked as touist there
9) Action: Planf for desitnation- achieve and sustain better future
10) Accountability: if all goes wrong destination manager take blame and recovery.

NAOTHER POSSIBLE A: Affordability
What are 3 examples of destianations and their success and factors missing?
Qtown: Success= variety attractions, accommodation for all markets.
Missing= eed better roading and infrastrucutral development.

Bangkok, Thailand: Success= Cheap, cost affordable. Cultural
Missing: Health (water , rubbish) and safety (crime, prostitution)

Tanzania: Success= Wildlife, packages, culture, markets
Missing: Security, health , safety.
How is a destination sociologically created?
-Destinations created by mind and the undertaking of tourist activiites by tourist creates a destination anywhere in world.
Edenser (1998): Tourist space: produced social practice of tourist.
What are the 3 elements of tourism supply?
a) Primary elemtns: activity places ( more direct in place) and leisure settings (wider appearance)
b) Secondary: Support facilities/services
c) Additional elements
What ar the 2 types of tourism resources?
a) Principal resources: Key motivating factors- tourists travel decison process
b) Support resources: Supplement principal, not prime motive travel.
What are the 2 scholalryl reasons for destination importance?
Cooper et al (1993): reason travel-attractions
Leiper (2000): Reason travel located source region - what dont have we want (sun)
How are tourism destination regions defined:?
-Physically/climatically
-Functional regions (linkages)
-Program regions ( admin/ manage-convenience)
-Scale: internal/external dependencies
What is the role of labour in element of destination?
- tourism service product
-Workers provide/part product
-Service qulity improtant
-Intangible supply
How is tourism fragmented?
-Range industry suppliers with > or=1 component final product
-PARTIAL INDUSTRIALISATION (intermediaries need communicate/combine elements)
How is fragmentation of toruist industry overcome?
-Networking
-Strategic alliances
-Infotech
-Integration.
L3: Planning for Destination competitiveness:
...........................................................
Give an example of a destination that has attractions but has alot of outer problems preventing success?
Rawanda: coffee tourism-volcnaic soil appropriate for it
Problems:
-Quality accommodation/ labour
-Seasonality
-Unsustaianble coffee markets economically (kill plants
-Lack general infrastructure
-Negative govt influence.
-Tourism market strategy (lack experience/HR)

Destiantion image ruined: 1994 Genocide 1m people.
What is competitiveness?
-Experiences differ b/w individuals
-Comparative advantage ( add value to resources-jet ski on lake)
-Price competitveness (better for tourist), not comparative (resources given-lake etc) advantage
Levels of competitiveness?
Macro (national): economies: social, cultural, eco-affect performance

Micro (local level firms): Access t markets, customer benefits.
Give 2 examples of scolars defining destination competitiveness?
1) Dwyer et al: Price differentials: encompass exchange rates/economy of area.

2) D'Hauteserre (2000): Ability destination- maintain market position share and increase withtime .
Describe the hnting tourism example of Bulgaria?
-Niche tourism (few #)
-Highreturn (US$25000 for lion)
-Regional/peripheral devt with subcontractors etc
-Depends hunting type want to do as to if gor there.
-Local govt and national mustplan to get people there.
Give example of a new hunt tourist country?
Norway: moose on land: NOK$8B
How do we measure competitiveness, give example?
a) Visitor numbers
b) Market share
c) TOurist expenditure
d) Value added.

ie: NZ (EUR$5000) vs Bulgaria (EUR$2000), still pick NZ as better all round experience.
What are 2 models of destination competitiveness and what is their purpose?
1) Ritchie and Crouch (2000)-simple
2) Dwyer and Kim (2003)
-Managment /planning component, sustaianble tsm context.

Purpose: -Illustrate broad range factors impact destination competitiveness
-Shows micro/macro levels
-How to imporve area :desitnation managers.
What are the 4 types within hunter typology? What are other crucial parts have for good cmpetitiveness?
Kellert (1996):
a) Sport (fenced shoot)
b)Meat (stock up/try it)
c) Nature (wilderness and independence with ecology)
d) Traditional
e) Trophy and culture: Innuits- stay with culture and shoot, lots $.-$10K


Other factors : Mix activities and entertianment=families: wine, cuisine, accommodation range- huts for hunters for diff experiences.

Support factors: superstructure
What are some problems associated with hunting tourism?
a) political:animal rights:non consumptive/consumptive-harms destination image, eco tsm.

Hunting views different everywhere:
Norway =lots $ shoot seal, N.Z.= $2500 fine for it s not popular.
Whatis point of govt and planners?
Planners: Quality assurance (guides registered), link wider tourism
-Regualtory/legal: border controls
-Spatial planning -zone areas
-Coordinate industry-networks
-Umbrella org to address issues
-Develop mid term strategy.

Govt:
-Firearms regulations
- Impotr sports dogs
-Export trophies. meat
-Hunter training of tourists
-Season and time constriants
Why is image an issue with hunting tourism?
-Gated hunt vs fair chase
-Hard integrate local activiites with hunting
-Hunters local area are lots (140 000 Bulgaria)-decrease #'s
How can destination enhance competitiveness?
-Diversify product
-Build network (seasonal complement)
L4: Models of tourist development
......................................
What is evolution of tourism destination linked to?
1) Attractions
b) infrastrutcture
3) Transport
d) Change tourist markets
What are stages of Butler 1980 tourist cycle/define it?
Define: Increase visitors product growth
-Visitors replace sales product
-Problems with involvement

1) Exploration
-Small number locals, personal local contact : Latin America

2) Involvement:
-Local inititatives, increase numbers, specific market/season, planning: Caribbean

3) Devt: Large numbers, outsider control, crack with weak plans, qulity decrease: Mxican Resorts

4) Consolidation: Increase visitors, rate decrase. Visitors>residents: Meditteranen

5) Stagnation: Peak volume reaches, lack popularity destination, revamp needed, : Costa Brava

6) Decline: Numbers lost: prevented if revitalise: Coast UK resorts

7) Rejuvenation: New market areas, develop product: Spain, England: Balckpool
What is point of Tourist area life cycle/cristicisms?
-Planning

Criticisms:
a) Hard id stages real life
b) Hard get good data
c) Planners respond incorrect signs
d) Aggregation-different things (resortsvs hotels) go different rates.
What is Handy's Principle?
Decline 1 product, plan increase another-new market: golf tsm.
What is physical -spatial model (Tentative beach resort model)? Give example
Smith 1992: 8 phases natural to urban beach:

a) Pre devt
b) Explorative tsm
c) 1st hotel
d) Strip devt
e) Business centre established
f) Hotels away beach
g) 2nd road
h) Separate CBD and RBD

eg: Pattaya Thailand:
1940s: Inaccessible fish village (rich thai baches)
1960s: Increased access Bangkok
1964: 1st hotel
1980s: Europ/Aussie, increase businesses area/iunvestment,.

Problems: Water shortage/pollution
Give resort areas in Otago/Southland that are developing/developed different stages?
1) Naseby: Central Otago- forest focused. Summer resort: local, domestic.

2) Tekapo: Formalised attractions, 1/2 industry: stopover: coachlines, FITs (dom/intal)

3) Wanaka: Increase accommodation: cirb to 5 star, 2 seasons : all seasons destination: dom/intal.

4) Qtown: Most devleoped: intal, lots attractions/accommodation.
Describe the resort development spectrum?
Prideaxu 2000:

-Examines tourism on supply side: infrastructure/human resources of destination

a) Role transport
b) Changes accommodation
c) Forescast employment/demand

Number of tourists increases -rejuvenate: demand/supply relationship.

5 phases:
1) Local tourism
2) Regional
3) National
4) International
5) Decline/rejuvenate/stagnate
How do we expand resort infrastructure/ new markets?
a) Increase investment
b) Construct infrastructrue: transport
c) Phys/ecol resort capaity constraints
d) Attract new markets
e) reduce political /eco constraints.
Give example of resort failure for expansion?
Invers airport runway increase for Aussy tourists-dont have things do there so didnt work.
What are advantages of resort devt spectrum?
-Know actions needed increase growth /phase

EG: Community want increase tsm:
a) Change promotion
b) Plan transport
c) Multiplier analysis: estimate service/ infrastructure needs
How to rejuvenate destinations and give example?
Revamp outdate: facilities,, image, low invest $, enviro damage.
BY INVESTMENT

eg: Blackpool-was once dying beach location (health tourism_), now invest=

-MICE (Meet, incentives, conventions, events)
-Casinos L.A. style
-N.Z. central otago rail trail. Eruopean canal boats.
Forward plan: Mid East with tsm to help reduce effects run out oil.
Why use gay torusim?
Help rejuvenate: they spend alot-events:pink $
L5: Carrying capacity
.........................................
What is carrying capacity and where has it been used?
-tool maintain social/enviro capacity -no decline popularity or experience for visitor and allow sustaianble enviro.

eg: Venice:
-3 m visitors /yr: tourists exceeded capacity 200 days of year, 7 busiest days=100 000 people (4x capacity)
What are some approaches to limit impact and go below capacity?
-Decrease tourist #'s (loss $ and jobs)
- Change tourist type
-Limit more desired: numbers as not as many $ and jobs lost.
What are origins of carrying capacity?
-Wildlife management: # maintain food supply and soil

1970's: Implemented into tourism recognise tourism related impacts/ aware detination life cycle idea.
What are 2 key components?
a) Quality of enviro
b) Qulity of visitor experience

: biol, social, biophys components
What are main problems with Carry capacity?
-hard operate
-Imprecise
-hard measure: concept really
-Researchers look at aspects in isolation too much and not holistically: ecol capacity (impact flora/fauna), phys (space), social( visitor experience), facility ( construct /develop)
What was revolutionary way carry capacity?
Lindsay (1986): Combined phys, biol, social and psyc capacity.
What are some applications in past of Carry capacity idea?
A) uSA/Canada: National parks- implement , but abandoned 1970s
B) Yugoslavia: capacity determined limits beach and H20 supply: defined accommodation number.
What is the numeric C.C. approach?
-Numeric, ceiling figure: max # tourists contained area.
What are 4 problems and solutions to do with c.c.?
a) impleemnting theory hard-not pracitcal=lack goals/objectives for managers, and elements outside control.
Sln: C.C. determined - must have actions mitigate situation

b) Sites dont necessarily have clear cut max carry capacity:
sln: Must specify standards for site.

c) Use visitor numbers-critical factor: volume of tourists only one of many factors
sln: Consider other factos-activity type, time etc.

f) Focus numbers not conditions:
SLN: Specify site standards.
What are some other things influencing how people perceive carry capacity?When is carrying capacity most useful?
-Dependent on type of encounter and frequency:

Canoeists: prefer less encounters- what determines satisfaction or not-where met and grp size met- their behaviour if courtesy, and where occurs.
When is carry capacity most effective?
a) Consesus: social/resource conditions
b) agreement: desired levels/ standrds
c) Know relaitonships: use levels and impacts (use level > visitor behaviour)
d) Management: Have political, legal, financial, and H.R. capability limit access
e) Gain outweigh loss: excluded visitors if implemented.
Case study: Cruise ship tourism
...............................
What is difference between adding value in weak and strong manners?
Weak: Add item and charge (ice cream to beach)
Strong: Mark price up of a package.
Define the cruise industry?
-Indirect and direct $ from carriage ship passengers.
-Mobile capital (move according to demand)
-Import/export( sepnd $ here)
-Add/extract value
What are 4 different types of cruise tourism?
a) Mass: Lots low profit
b) Expedition: low numbers, chartered, usually research (SubAntarctic Is)
c) luxury: 2x crew for passengers
d) resdiential: time share: The World.
What are two parts of tourism make it sustaianbale and why are they not at present?
a) infrastrucutral: Harbour dock/destination
b) operational: High sulfur diesel engines, dump rubbish.
Describe the concept of mobile capital for cruise ships?
Capitalism: Produce suruplus and pay rent
Rent: Internal ground rent (tax, services) vs external (berthage)

ie: Work out per sq metre prift and rebuild accordingly.
what is difference between vertical and horizontal integration?
Vertical: Own process begin to end (airline to hotel)

Horizontal: Own all of 1 thing: ships.

Carnival Corporation done both: multiple names protect repuatation.
What are some economic sustaianbility issues of cruising?
a) change market sectors (few Germans-change younger DISNEYfamilies)
b) COst new ships (need lots capital)
c) Long time order to earn (4 yrs create)
d) Change operational enviro (ie: Venice-not want crusies)

Lose $ as smartphones ruin reputation quickly with something done worng.
What are some social sustaianbility issues?
Host vs guest vs workers
a) Alaskan town operates only in cruise season
b) philippine staff underpaid.
Enviro sustaianbility issues?
Negative perceptions of cruise industry reinforced by negative enviro events: costs $$.
What are the economic related activiites to do with cruise ?
a) Direct passenger spend
B0 Multiplier (low-short stay)
c) Stimulate local community:depends people however
d) Ship spend-host berthage.
e) leakage: people caputred onboard so low, price maker-price taker: Taieri Gorege railway take down signs as cruise ship annoyed with not able mark up, dependency of area on cruises, demand devt.
What are some further social activities that occur due to cruise?
a) health: disease
b) Sense identity
c) Host social organisations
d) dependency and artificiality.
What is some negative enviro activity from cruises?
a) Degrade air and H20
b) Infrastrucutre
c) Wildlife effect: kill and destroy, habituation.
d) oil spills
e) Demand remote areas
Case Study: CHINESE CRUISE TOURISM DEVT
................................
What is a development of infrastrucutre that is good for Chinese sea-bourne vessels?
-China bail out Panama builders, and idea to build Nicaragua canal to get right of way.
What are 2 factors sparking increase travel from Chinese?
a) Push factors: Escape weather, pollution, overcrowd.
b) Increase income and work breaks.
What has incresed accessbility for cruising in Asia lately?
1) Chinese vessels able travel to Japan and Sth Korea after Taiwan.
2) From 2014: Taiwan allow international ships sail direct from there to China.
What do the loosening up of regulations mean for Chinese cruising?
-Itineraries based economic factors
-More flexible Asian cruise product

With increased outbound tourists:
a) less inclined want cheaper, shorter cruises (4 to 7 days)
b) Take time but Chinese passenger etiquettes meet Western idea.
What is problem with etiquette differences with China and how can this be resolved with cruise tourism devt?>
-Chinese unaware of how act according to different product: ie- Budget is loud, lots drinking, spend little vs luxury-no children and relaxed.

Hence: prospect invetment from Chinese:
Holland America Line: expand to CHina/ China buys exist Norwegian Cruise Line in area: vertically integrate product=
a) Existing mature markets retained whilst Asian developed (profit used)
b) Develop Asian specific etiquettes
L13: GUEST LECTURE: Marijuana tourism:
...................................
Where is marijuana legal?
Colorado: Jan 1st, 2014
uruguay-1st country: 2013: legalised sale, cultivation and distribution.
How do laws and tourism mix?
Laws shape society and at destination level:

ie:
-Allow gambling-L.A. attracting tourists.
-Amsterdam: red light district
-Anti-gay laws (Russia, Uganda): go to prison-gay tourists dont go there, instead U.S. to get married: Hawaii.
What was it like before some areas -U.S. etc made marijuana legal?
-It was tolerated in some areas:

Amsterdam: coffee shops
N.Z.: not allowed even for medicainal purposes
India: Health/wellness-spiritual side
Morocco: hashish: medical bar-like version
Jamaica: Rastafarian religion
Aussy: Decriminalised marijuana
U.S.: federal ,not state law says illegal.
What occurred in Colorado for their marijuana law reform?
-Jan 1st 2014:
-Colorado 1st state U.S. sell regulated /taxed recreational weed to over 21's.
-Resulted $ into Colorado: tax, decrease problems illegal-selling)
What can recreational marijuana use help with in U.S. espeically?
-Post traumatic stress disorder.
What was the 1996 medical marijuana Bill?
Doctors right give marijuana to patients -medical use. Now U.S. testing legalisation.
What was Rick Steves (Tourism presenter on tv) view on marijuana?
Pro-marijuana:

-Advocates legalising in Washington too: safer doing it at house, legal: save $ by tax and less lockups for taxpayers.
What was Amendment 64?
Petition law-go to electoral parliament once >50% Colorado voted for marijuana legalisation.

-21+ consume/possess
-Permits govts to regulate /prohibit
-Excise tax
-1st $40m tax to public school construction
What has marijuana legalisation meant for tourism in Colorado?
Amendment 64 passed:

-happy as means on top 60m visitors, get extra $17b/yr from tourists.
-Adds extra sell point to travle Colorado: Ski resort and have weed too.
-Start Ganjapreneurship: Marijuana focused tourism operations, events.
What are my 420 tours?
-Mass somking weed tours
-Marijuana themed packages: Colorado green tours.
Spiro: mtn ski resort with marijuana
N.z and marijuana?
I think its bad as could cuase too many social problems: weed in hands wrong people etc.
L6: A Ceonceptual framework:
..................
What are the 3 key elements of tourism?
a) Dynamic
b) Destination
c) Consequential
What is point in framework?
-Let us know how/why things occur.
What is framework run on (feedbacks to it)?
Demand!
What is within dynamkic part of model?
a) Demand
b) Tourism forms
What is in destination element?
a)Tourist and tourist behaviour:
-Stay time, activity types, seasonality, satisfaction level, socio-eco characteristics.

b) Tourist destination
c) pressure generation
d) Carry capacity

e) Destination characteristics: enviro processes, eco structure, political org, level/type tourist devt.
What is in consequential part of model?
a)Consequences tsm:
-Economic, physical, social.

b) Measurement and control:
-Finance
-Management strategy/ policy
c) info carry capacity guidelines
d) engineer controls
What are the 4 main types of tourism and what are they based on?
a) Drifeter (backpacker)
b) Explorer
c) individual mass tourist
d) Group mass tourist

Based n: types activities
How are impacts/consequence different in different areas (phys, eco, social)?
Economically: $100 worth more to some communities rather than others, and distribution of this is different (all go to govt or not-corruption).

-Political organisation
-Social strucutre/ prganisation-determine how handle tourism influx (bad base= negative conseuqneces)
- If lots day trips: lots negative enviro impacts (exceed carry capacity)
-Socio-eco of tourist: $ spent, types people
What does the framework recognise (6 things-impacts)
a) Complexity /role other variables
b) impact interaction
c) Impacts vary time- change demand/ structureal changes to industry
d) Impact interaction: host, tourist, destination enviro
e) Assess impacts- all phases travel.
What changes demand (within dynamic part)?
Varies with:

-Income
-Escape tendency
-Mobility
-Education
-Leisure
-Air travel costs
-Industry organisation.
What is carrying capacity within the destination element and what are influences on it?
-Number people use destination within acceptable alteration of physical, social, econoical character of destination or it decreases quality of stay in all of these aspects.

Influences:
a) Tourist characteristics
b) Destination area/people characteristics-eg: Package tourist, or ones interact alot with host community increase problem.
What are socio eco characterstics of tourist>
-Age/.sex
-Ethnicity
-Income
-Motivation
What are 5 ways classify characteristics of destination area and population:
a) Enviro processes: Climate, topography
b) economic structure: Local devt, investment patterns.
c) political organisation: Green ideas, influence of natonal, local, and regional.
d) Level tourist devt: Attractions, ccommodation, degree local involveement and tourism.
e) Social structure/org: Local pop. demographics, religions.
Why do tourism impacts vary?
-According to physical and ecological characteristics of area:

eg: Do economically good, but bad socially/enviro.
eg: Seal colony catlins: If go nearby bad.
L12: Governance, tourism organisations and destination planning in N.Z.
....................................
What are 5 principles for local management of tourism from Dredge (2006)?
a) Sutaianbiltiy

b) Good governance (Institutional arrangement -rule/regulation, oragnisations work independently but together=success, structures/processes in place manage tourism impacts: institutional arrangements)

c) Positive cultures

d) Informed and rigorous planning

e) Local govt involvement.
What is the difference between government and governance?
- Governnce is broader: includes government and non state actors too: business, community, voluntary sectors.

eg: DQ, all tourism industry , enviro groups etc Share governance role with governemnt in Queenstown.
What is governance?
(Rhodes, 2000): New processes of governing /new methods society governed.

Stokers, 1998): - Action, manner, or system of governing- public and private sectors integrate.-a) Sutaianbiltiy

b) Good governance (Institutional arrangement -rule/regulation, oragnisations work independently but together=success, structures/processes in place manage tourism impacts: institutional arrangements)

c) Positive cultures

d) Informed and rigorous planning

e) Local govt involvement.
How does good dovernance lead to sustainable tourism?
-Effective governance key follwo through sustaianble tourism.

-Diverse actor range participation in tsm decisions: enhances democratic process and sustaianble devt as result.

-Allows for 3 pillars of sustaianble devt be met: Eco, enviro, social.

Central otago: Revise plan- get communities input.
What is good governance classified as?
Dredge et al (2006)?

-Structures/processes governance provide opportunities- constructive dialogue, info share, communicate, shared decisions.
-Involves public and private sector talks: NGOS, community groups.
What are the key elements of good governance? Acronym: ATPREE
Accounatibility: For bad decisions

Transparency: On decisions

Participation: All stakeholders

Realationship management : Eco vs enviro interests solved/compromised

Efficiency: Need do fast (Sydney airport-40 yrs)

Equity: Equal say all
What is role of government in tourism?

Acronym: CPLESPSP
1) Co-ordiantion: bring sectors together

2) Planning: Growth tsm-effects

3) Legislation/ regulation: RMA-Shotovr Jet and Maritime regulations

4)Entrepreneur: Airport investment: Air N.Z.

5) Stimulation
6) Promotion: Tsm N.Z. pools $ do this, attractive destination due to ease of visas and investment attraction.

7) Social tourism: Subsideised Russian worker holidays : social tourism-help poor.

8) Protect public interest: Invest $ wisely, ensure clean enviro.
What do the following acronyms stand for?

NTO
NTA
RTo
DMO
NTO= National Tourism orgnaisation

NTA= National Tourism Agency

RTO=Regional Tourism orgnaisation

DMO= Destiantion marketing/management organisations.
What is the current structure for tourism in N.Z. (governance)?
a) Central level (tourism N.Z.)

b) regional level (Regional Tourism orgs (RTOs)

c) local level (Local toruism operators)
What is the current structure of central govt?
a) Toruism N.Z.:

-Public/private
-Destination brand devt
-International marketing/research

Tourism group: Ministry Business Innovation and Employment:
-Policy devt
-Tourism facilities
-Research /stats

Others: DOC etc.
What is the history of tourism promotion in N.Z.?
-1901: 1st NTo.

Originally: NTO= ownership, management, promotion

Now: Policy advice and promotion (separated role-not effective like DQ)

eg: ROTORUA: Once was all 3 parts integrated: more effective.
how has our tourism promotion been governed?
-Public private partnership

NZ Tourism Board act 1991:

100% Pure N.Z., International events.media, trade

TOURISM N.Z.: Best return on investment in Aussie.
What is role Tourism Strategy group?
Policy:

a)Access (air, visas)

b)Enviro: Ministry for Enviro, DOC.

c) workforce strategy: NZ Tourism Strategy 2010: ensures sector =people/skills for growth.
What is current governance at regional level?
26 RTO;s
-$25m
-Fundeded locally
What is current governance-Maori RTOs?
-N.Z. Maori Tourism Council: -Maori tourism supply info/support:

Maori Regional Tourism Organisations:
ie: Maori in Tsm Association Rotorua.
What is the main roles of RTO;s?
-Marketing/promote-image
-Product/business devt advice
-Resrarch (marketing)
-Increase prifts/decrease seasonality
-Fund and make local community cohesive
-Monitoring (impacts) : community, eco, enviro.
-Training
-Techno support/infrastructure
-Business advice

Falls between ends of spectrum:

a) Advisory, non statutory, voluntary
b) Decisions, statutory body, funded, mandate
What are 'new' RTOS considered to be like?
-NZ TORUISM STRATEGy 2010:
-More co-op Tourism N.Z.
-Jint fun
-Link Central/regional
What is the strucutre of RTO's?
a) Structure of Boards:
-Represtn
-Links
-Resources

b) Manage, fund
c)Memebership

Usually involve multiple parties: (Catlins tourism body):

-Community
-Clutha District
-Catlins tourism industry
-DOC
-Ngai Tahu
What are some international marketing alliances?
DEFINE: 2 or more RTO's

ie: Coastal Otago Southland
What are some local level promotion groups?
- South Catlins promotions
-Informal, voluntary
-Lack funding.
What are indicators of (DMO) performance?
-Market performance indicators

a)Visitor stats
b) Consumer based brands
c) Quantitative marcom evaluations
-Destiantion awareness (top mind awareness) \

-Do questionnnaire:
a) number visits to N.Z.,
b) Total visitor expenditure in N.Z.
Regional:
a) % National visitor nights spent region

Local:
a) % regioanl visitor nights in local area.
Give example of RTO targets accord to performance indicators?
Targeted desired outcomes:
a) growth domestic visitor nights
b) Sunday occupancy and growth ratses.

Collected by surveys completed by accommodation sector.
L14: RMA Legislation
...............................
What was international influence for RMA and what was its purpose?
RMA (1991):
-Influenced Brundtland Report-World Commission for Enviro and devt.

Purpose: Sustainable manage-natural/physical resources. Enables communitites provide social, eco, cultural nees/health and safety.
3 main purposes of RMA?
a) Sustain natural and physical resources for future generations

b) Safeguard life support capacities air, water, soil, ecosystems.

c) Avoid, remedy, mitigate adverse effects of activities on enviro.
Why is RMA hard for tourism industry?
Balance between opportunitites for devt and need protect enviro.
Why is RMA important to tourism?
-Industry requires enviro quality maintenance.
-Shapes how tourism businesses design, locate and scale their devt.
-Restricts use resources" noise, water use etc.
-Protects resource- determines where/how can be used.
What are matters of national importance RMA recognises?
-Preserve natural character coast, wetlands, lakes, rivers
-Outstand natural features
-Indigenous vege/fauna
-Public access coast, lake, rivers
-Maori relationships enviro
Who administers the RMA?
Ministry for Environment: assigns responsibilities to-

a) Regional, district, city councils
b) DOC
c) Historic Places Trust


ie: DCC, Southland DC, ORC
What are the main roles of each level of govt concerning the RMA?
Central:
-Overview, monitor
-National standards/policy statemetns

Regional:
- Overview at this level
-Regional plans
-Air/water pollution

Local:
-Land use manage
-District plans
What are legislation at different governement levels for enforcing the RMA?
Central:
a) National Policy std (option)
b) national enviro std (Option)
c) N.Z. coastal policy statement

Regional:
a) Regional plans (option)
b) Regional Policy statement
c) Regional Coastal Plan

Local:
a) District plans
What are resource consetns and what do they allow managers to do?
- Allow action contravenes section RMA
a) I.d. if activity cause adverse enviro effects
b) Determines typr, scale, interrelationships of effects.

-Overall decision weighs up: if effects avoided/reduced, if benefits outweigh.
What are 5 different consent types? (have conditions)
a) land use

b) Subdivisiaon big for tourism land developer/resort owner)

c) water permit

d) discharge permit (cruise ship ect)

e) Coastal permit

-Some activities still prohibited
What is the assessment of effects on the environment?
-Similar to EIA (enviro Impact assess)
-Schedule 4 RMA

Enviro=
a) Ecosystem, people/community
b) Natural and physical resources
c) amenity values
d) Social, economic, aesthetic , cultural.
What should Assess enviro effects contain?
a) Full description proposed activity: actual/potential effects enviro-avoided, remedy, mitigate.

b) Monitoring required: alternative lcoations/metohs-is significant enviro effects.

c) I.D: of/consult parties affected.
What is ivolved in the consent process?
-Authroity depends on consent.

a)level info
b)Notify/non-notified
c) Submissions
d) prehearing meetings
e) hearings
f) Appeal: Enviro Court.
What is an example of opposition to a proposal for consent?
Golf Course Wanaka (Glendhu Station):
-Submission from environmental society (Upper Clutha Enviro Society)- accord to natural landscape values being damaged.
-Course designed by Sir BOb Charles.
-Adverse effects public enjoyment natural and lanscape values area- gateway to Mt Aspiring National Park-inappropriate in this remote location.
-Advertised in newspaper their view- stated for people to submit.
What is another example of a denied resource consent?
-Cinema Paradiso: Deinied because:

a) In wrong zone-rural
b) Noise, rural outlook.

Plan=
Relocate quirky community picture theatre to outskirts town Wanaka. Wanted two-screencinema with flashpacker accommodation.

Denied because:
-Project would have greater than minor adverse effects-doubted could be mitigated. Beacuse in wrong zone: Invade neighbour privacy (>300 people at time)
What is view on Queenstowns Mountaineer Hotel?
-Historic place (fascade protected-QLDC District Plan)
-Historic Places Trust: require conservation Plan.

PLAN:
-Redevelop site contain Mountaineer Hotel. Keep fascade, demolish and redevelop rest.
VIEWS:

Planner support- $30m redevlopment downtown Qtown- Historic Places Trust say must be subject to conservation plan.

Problems:
_Historic places trust-high risk to assume imapct on historic heritage will be minimal.
-Therefore: need conservation plan presented before plans submitted.
-Submission by Historic Places Trust.
What occurred with Shotover Jet boat operations?
-They made exclusive rights for the Shotover River at which they pay for.
What occurred between K-Jet and Thunder Jet in Qtown?
2010:

Problem: Whether Thunder jet could operate on Kawarau River.

Outcome: Thunder Jet allowed operate there now.

Resource consents:
-Thunder Jet seek extend exist consented boat trips include lower Shotover-where Kawarau River joins flow and extend numbers on boats. Supported by Maori, DOC, Fish and Game Otago.

Issues: Safety concerns by k Jet. Harbourmaster agreed. Although visibility increased and capactiy deemed fine.
What occurred with Treble Cone Skifield Gondola?
Proposal: 3.3km rise 945m under 11 mins, carry 2000 people hour ($20m)
-900 submissions

OUTCOME: RESOURCE CONSETNGRANTED 2010
What occurred with Cardrona Gondola proposal?
-Enviro society submitted opposition.
-$15m skifield gondola. Subject to resource consent: filed with Lake Hayes Environmental. Built side Pisa range. Follow road path ish, and carry 1000 people/hr.

PROBLEM FOR COMPANY:
-Detailed 300 page proposal: cost $300,000 filed with Lakes Environmental. Thought not needed as road all good.

-Landscape and historic heritage.


OUTCOME: Granted 2008.
What occurred with mercure Hotel development? Why is it an example of how RMA has slowed process down?
Describe:

-Development $5m annex extension to Mercure Hotel-Princes St Dunedin.
-65 4 star room accommodation, 35 car parks.

PROBLEM:
-Stemmed from: Inner city residents opposed as 26m would block views and sunlight and fact that buildings height and extension not deemed legal.
-Proposal not considered to retain character (Historic Places Trust view)
-Cannot go ahead in meantime: Enviro Courtsays devt would be unlawful.
-Hence: Decide- create new resource consent, amend or stop redevelopment.
-Making new proposal-still open submissions.
What is Hilton proposal in Dunedin entail?
Hotal Princes St
-Former Chief Post Office
-Resource consent application -hotel/penthouse addition.
How does RMA impact at larger landscape scale?
Wakatipu Basin (qtown): Through district plan: determines rural/ urban subdivision/building.
What did RMA allow in town of Arrowtown- issues with this too?
-Arrowtown town boundary:

Issues: Urban sprawl, heritage, crowding, services, rates.
Solution: Form tight boundary around Arrowtown.
Outcome: Boundary restricting development in Arrowton.
L15: Sustainable tourism and indicators:
.........................
Why would indicators for sustaianble tourism be good for Catlins tourism?
-Plan to reduce effects of tourism on community and allow them to be successful in the long-term.
What are historical trends in tourism planning?
4 main phases (mainly Govt related):

Increase role:
-Regional devt
-Enviro regulation
-Marketing ($100m/yr tsm N.Z.)

Decrease in role:
-Supply tsm infrastructure

Public-private partnerships.
What is the state role in planning?
-Market failure, imperfection, social need

Fail protect enviro:
-Goal conflict
-Multiple users
-Tragedy of commons : No individual ownership -all overuse/exploit and crashes.
What are 4 main traditions in tourism planning?
GETZ (1987):

1) Boosterism
2) Eco industry-orientate approach
3) Physical spatial approach
4) Community approach

Each have weakness-hence want undertake sustainable tourism.
What does 1)boosterism mean?
-Dominant since mass tourism
-Simplistic: more tourism wanted (ignore negatives)
-Non-plan
Small industry
-Residents not involved
-2 grps support=politiicans/financial gainers.
What does 2)Economic-industry approach mean?
Tsm=industry: economic goals.
-Employs (allows for downturn other industries)
-Restructure economy
-Devt
-FX

Focus marketing, segment for $.
-Little care ecol/social
What does 3) Land-use/physical/spatial approach mean for planning?
-Geography (zoning-what done/where).
-Planning makes land use better

Looks at:
-Carry capacity, enviro thresholds, EIA, manipulate tst patterns (decrease enviro damage)
-Tsm plans based natural resources.

Negatives: Ignores economic
What does 4) community approach mean for planning?
-Since 70s=social impacts
-Involve community: local control (Murphy,1985)=satisfy them=satisfy tourists.
-Tsm based goals/priorities residents (bottom up)
What is sustaianble tourism classified as?
Control tourism impacts:

-Grow toruism led impacts/problems
-Problems=alternative response for enviro and host friendliness=tsm devt, plan and policy.

Demand- enviro senstive practices grew 1980s, based on (western society processes long-term):

a) Increase tsm devt impact knoweldge
b) Sustaianble devt idea-meet needs now, positive future.
What are three elements i.d. and linked to sustaianble tourism?
a) Host population needs
b) Tourist satisfaction
3)Safeguard enviro.

Positive for community/enviro long term.
What is the focus of sustainability goals?
Hard know:

-Individuals through to nations
-Tst experience, business income, resident lifestyle.

Overall goal (balance)=
-Economically viable
-Enviro senstive
-Culturally appropriate
What are actions needed to ensure sustaianble devt occurs/ is maintained?
a) Policies: Vertically/sectorally integrated
b) monitoring
c) indicators-of change
d) Controls +/or incentives
What are indicators of sustaianble tourism?
-Useable/meaningful measures- correspond managers infor needs/ stakeholders.
-Relate ecol, social, eco, planning enviros
-Only recently used (lack use-Qtown: strive for targets, dont measure problems)
Why is developing effective tourism indicators challenging?
-Multi-sectoral industry
-Mass diversity/move tsts
-External forces/sectors.
What are some WTO successful toruism indicators?
a) Site protection- accord to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (ecological)

b) Social impact -ratio tourists to locals

c) Local satisfation: social

d) Toursim contribution to local economy: Proportion total eco activity generated by tsm only- economic.
What are problems with indicator bias?
-Different stakeholders diff priorities- reflect indicators use.
What is cause bias of indicators on country scale?
-At different levels (rional, national, local)- priorities are different:

eg: Regional Council has waste management as most important overall indicator (ecological preference)

Local Council= Tsm contribution to local economy as their 1st (mostly economic preference)

Regional Tsm org: Consumer satisfaction (mostly economic preference)
What are some composite indices- overall market measure- thresholds act as alarms if something wrong? Give example where this used-these measures?
a) carry capacity: ability site support tourism levels

b) Site stress: Measure levels impact in site ( natural/cultural due tsm and other industry stresses)

c) Attractivity: Qualitative measure-site attributes make attractive -tsm chane time.

Eg:Lake Balaton , Hungary:

Carry capactiy index: based on access beach, number oficial beds, park/rd capacity, change local attitude.

Site stress: Based on- number tsts, number tsts square m, loal response, damage.

Destinaton attractivity index: Based water quality, water access, attraction variety, visitor response.
How do authorities go about putting indicators into practice?
-Research: resource, locals
-Community consult/co-op
-Tsm planning frameworks (carry capacity: Tsm Optimisation Management Model)
What are 7 stages in indicator development and implementation?
1) Project desing

2) Scope issues/ objectives

3) Develop/screen indicators

4) Fine tune monitoring

5) Interpret results -action plan

6) Implement action/ communicate results stakeholders

7) Review/improve systems
Why is indicators staged process?
-Develop objectives/ subobjectives
-I.D. indicators/evaluate/select

-Good and bad indicators: judge effectiveness-must pass all categories to pass and be used overall -checklist almost (categories include: relevance, reliable, feasible, stable, trend, scope).

-indicators have acceptable ranges: established by stakeholders.
L16: Community based approaches to tourism:
.............................
What are community-based tourism development approaches?
-Accepted by host community: social, economic, physical.
-Link to sustaianble tourism

Blank (1989): Destinations of most visitors- where toruism occurs: meaning devt and management -brought effectively to bear-communities.
How to undertake community based tourism devt?
a) Common ground industry and community
b) Measures involve community- processes/ decisions for devt.

BOTTOM -UP approach.
How is community a basic planning unit?
-Accepted as part planning.
-Local control over industry devt deicisons/processes

MURPHY (1985):
Satisfied locals= satisfied tourists= sustaianble tourism: mitigates negative socio-cultural impacts).

-If meets needs locals=distinctive.
What are the arguments for community participation in tourism development process?
Tosun and Timothy (2013):

1) Vital implement plans/ strategies for tourism

2) COntributes sustaianble tsm devt

3) Increases tst satisfaction

4) Toruism professionals design better plans (community know resources thoroughly)

5) Contributes fair distribution of costs/benefits among community members.

6) Satisfy locally i.d. needs

7) Strengthens democratisation process- tst destinations.
What are some examples of locally inappropriate tourism developments?
Cooke (1982)- British Columbia:

- Tourists lack respect local/ethnic traditions/values
-Uncertain tst devt future
-Locals =fell little control
-Residents feel looked after behind tourist-infrastructure/facilities.
-Host community growth> wanted
-Natural resource conflcits

Cookes recommendations:
-All tsm plan based locals wants
-Local attractions must be backed by residents.
What was the outcome of the resident desire for tourism in Catlins?
Totall deisred= 19.2%
Desired=50%
Totally undesired: 5.4% (smallest)

-Mostly= wouldnt mind tsm-ongoing planning.
What should tourism development aim to do?
a)Framework raise living standards locals- through eco benefits-tsm

b)Develop infrastructure/provide facilities-residents/torusits

c) Devt programme- consistent: cultural, social, eco views govt/locals.

Different therefore for urban vs rural communities too.
What are limitations of community involvement?
-Attitudes towards tourism develop, lack sharing these.

Political nature planning makes hard:

-Public participation implies control over planning and decision= conflict community and relevant govt.

-Conflict may arise if community has opposing view.
What is the meaning of community?
-Lots different views:

a) Geographic perspective: Human relationship with physical enviro (Maori)

b) Bond-people/place

c) Sense of place : Qtown landscape, Dunedin Scottish heritage

What defines a local?

Murphy (1985):
-" Groups people reside same region with common interests and identity."
-Includes public/private affected by tsm devt.
What are different aspects of community culture?
-Tangible vs intangible

Attributes: (tangible)
-Language , cuisine, lifestyle

Intangilbe:
-Beleifs, ethics, attitudes.
What is the problem when it comes to trying to invovle everybody in community tsm devt (what scale to involve)?
-Hard to get all people, and where do you cut off:

ie: Qtown- Do we go to Otago, N.Z., overseas with those who have holiday homes there.

ie: Auschwitz- #1 destination Poland- had involve world ad Wolrd Heritage site.
Why is there problems around the community not being homogenous in nature?
-Homogenous: means same and with similar views.

- Need same values and goals: seldom case- stakeholders/interest groups ahve different motives.

PROBLEM: Leads to conflict and indecision. Meaning gvots weary local consultation.

ie: Mitre peak- cant ask world about World Heritage sit: too hard.
Does community involvement actually work?
-No: those with vested interests, power, and allegiances= determine strategies.
-People most affected could be least involved.
-Communities operate top down fashion: ruling elits, govt authorities, board members=POWER!!!!!
Therefore, what should be invovled for fair community tourism involved planning?>
Catlins: who should plan for tourism?

1) Clutha District COuncil
2) Activity/attraction prioviders
3= Accommodation providers
3=Transport providers
3=General residents
What is the problem with way planning occurs in the Catlins district?
-Tourists lack say and importance: havent asked their opinion before- so arent specifically targeting product to consumer.
How are Maori involved tourism devt?
National mandate:

-Treaty Waitangi 1840
-Conservation Act, RMA, Local Govt Act
What are limitations to community participation at different levels?
Operational levels:

-Centralise public admin
-Lack co-ordination
-Fragment industry
-Lack info to locals

Strucutral:
-Attitudes-professionals
-Lack expertise
-Elite domination.
-Lack legal system/trained H.R.
-High cost community participation
-Lack finance

Cultural:
-Limited poor input
-Low levels awareness by locals
What are 7 obstacles to public participation in tourism planning?
Jenkins (1993):

1) Public difficulty understand complex/technical plan issues

2) Misunderstand decision making

3) Difficulty inputting in decisions.

4) Lack energy citizens

5) increased costs-time, staff, money.

6) Prolong decisions

7) Lack decision efficiency
What is arnsteins ladder of citizen participation- and where on it do we want to be?
1) Manipulation( Nonparticipation), 4) Consult (Tokenism), through to 8) Citizen control (citizen power).

-Currently: Decisions made at 1-3 but pretend to consult alot.
L17: Challenges facing tourism in Africa. Insights from Tanzania.
................................
How many countries are in Africa?
54 total (53 UN)
What is the tallest mountain in Africa within Tanzania called?
Kilimanjaro- East side (between Kenya and Mozambique)
What are some facts about Tanzania? Geography, land area, population, languages, religion, climate, currency, govt?
Geog: E.Africa bw Kenya and Mozambique
Land area: 4 times N.Z. (945,087)
Population: 48m
Languages: main Swhahili, English
Religion, Ingienous, Xian, islam
Climate: Tropical (dry/ rainy_
Currency: Tanzanian SHilling
Govt: Democracy=peaceful
What are some major game animals people come to see?
1.8m Wildebeest
300,000 zebra
500,000 Gazelles

-Out on big grass plains, diverse wildlife: zebra, elephant, bird. Serengeti Plains: Cheetahs, Hippos, lions.

Have safaris to see all the wildlife.
What are the tourism offers there?
It is a resource rich country:

-Game viewing
-Beach holidays
-Walking safaris
-Canoe
-Film
-Mtn bike
Business tsm
-Trophy hunt ($17,000 to kill elephant)
What is major tourism attraction though?
Seeing big 5:

- lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, leopard, and rhinoceros
Safari tourism, game viewing.
What is occurring with filming in Tanzania?
-Wildlife filming is very popular.
Why is Tanzania good for hikining?
Mt Kilimanjaro- tallest in Africa, second in the world.
Give some more detail about different tourist types?

Cultural, canoeing, walking safaris, sport fishing/diving, business tourism, trophy hunting
Cultural: Have unique culture-drums, dances, animal rituals.

Canoeing: Occur some protected/larger water bodies.

Walk safaris: occur with ranger protection- protected areas and adjacent local communities.

Sport fishing/diving: Diving well worth it- get some large fish (pointy nose fish)

-Business tourism: Dar and Arusha: conventions/corporate meetings.

-Trophy hunting: Game reserves/ game controlled areas.
What is the manageemnt structure like for Tanzanian tourism?
a) Tanzanian National Parks(TANAPA): Manages 16 national parks: conseerve, photo safaris.

b) Division-wildlfie: Manage game reserves/controlled hunting. Licensed hunt/conservation.

c) Ngorongoro Conservation area Authority (NCAA): manages Ngorongoro Craters/enviros. Conserve wildlife, safeguard rights indigenous, develop tourism.

d) Local govt: Manage wildlife manage ares- conserve, phot tourism, development.
What is the importance of tourism in Tanzania?
-Main source FX
-Unique/cultural resources-demanded=women sell skills crafts: increase eco power society-develops other sectors.
-Jobs semi-skilled managerial roles.
-Opportunity for youth/ women.
-Good for other non-tsm sectors: stimulates indirect multiplier effect earnings (ag, conservation, transport)
-Stimulate culutre/enviro conservation.
-Good national image.
What are the top 3 source markets for Tanzanian tourism?
1)Italy
2) UK
3) USA

2006.
What is the main purpose of visiting Tanzania for tourists?
1) Leisure and holidays (81%)
2) VFR (8.5%)
3) Business (4.7%)
What are the main challenges for tourism in Tanzania?
1) Leakage: foreign owned facilities/import-goods

2) Overdependence intal tsm

3) Lack air connections

4) Corruption (bribes-devt)

5) Conflicting interests stakeholders (villagers vs conservationists)

6) Lack finance for tourism

7) Poor infrastrucutre/access (within/to)

8) Visa restrictions

9) Planning lacking

10) Low tsm skills

11) Neighbouring country political instability

12) Poor/confuse image-negative perceptions.
L18: Destination Image
.........................
What has the recent trend been with destination imaging?
-Past 30 yrs: growth commercialisation destinations=tsm value
-Image influences visitation
-Marketers establish, re-enforce or re-evaluate destination image: target markets.
Describe the transition from place promotion to place marketing?
Promotion: Places compete for resources, activities and residents/ services and facilities.
eg: Victorian seaside resorts (wanted investment)

Marketing: promotion led to marketing in post-industrial, service cities. Desired investment and visitation.
What is the ideal re-invention of a tourism destination?
-Change exist perceptions, enhance positive and reduce negative perceptions.
Why is destination marketing different to other marketing of products?
Destinations are intangible: goods and services produced at time of consumption. Intangible good compared to toaster.
What are the special characteristics concerning the tourism product? Acronym: IIPHVS
1) Inseparability (consume=production)

2) Intangibility

3) Perishability: lost if not taken

4) heterogeneity: providers part overall tsm product.

5) Variability: Service varies depend on person.

6) Substitutability: Non tsm vs tsm spnding.
How do we sell the destination best?
-Treat as package: facilities /services-multi-dimensions.
-Treat as product (destination=sold by promotion agencies)
-Turn into simple commodity (commercialise) =cohesive and unified identity that sells!
What causes tension with host community concerning marketing destination?
-Mis-represent them
What is the key objective in tourism marketing?
-Project images to become desirable as can't test drive product.
-Destination positively/ distinctive positioned minds consumers.
Must be sure image and reality match, OR=
DISSATISFACTION.
How are images constructed/how can they be confusing?
Confusion: Thailand-multiple iamges fo what to expect (sex tourism, elephants, beaches).
-Images= made tangible and intangible aspects-create genius loci (place spirit)
What therefore is the destination image?
-Impression place
-Perceptions area
-Beliefs, ideas , impressions-person has of destination.
-individual and commonly shared.
How are images formed/ what are some image formation agents (Acronym: USOAOOCC)?
-Simplify information related to place.
-Agents act individually or together-different levels=image.

AGENTS:

a) Unsolisited (unasked) organic: From friends and relatives

b) Solicited: Friends /relatives (ask)

c) Organic: Actual visit

d) Autonomous: Independent reports

e) Overt induced 1: Traditional forms advertising

f) Overt induced 2: Info received from tour operators, wholesalers, organisations.

g) Covert induced 1: Second party endorsement-traditional advertising

h) Covert induced 2: 2nd party endorsement-unbiased reports=newspapers.
How do images form in a process like manner?
a) organic image:
-Motivate to travel
-Activate info search/process (could evaluate alternatives-select detn-visit detn and form complex
-Induced image
What are some negative images of destinations?
-Restrucutre tourist destinations.

eg: Turkey-image influenced by events 50 years ago. Lots negative images-how to get rid of these?
Why is it difficult to concentrate an image to the tourist?
-Formed by wide variety of information.
-Lack of control over how perceive too- not physically there to tell.

eg: Local newspaper can be very detrimental.
What is the role of destination maangers in developing destination image?
-Research image
-Maintain credibility-info sources (media)
-Travel agent trips (positive source info)
-Tourist brochures: organic images.
What is branding?
-Applied to destinations: I.d. goods/services-of one seller/grp sellers, differentiate this from competitiors.
What is a destination branding and how does marketing of it work?
-Name, symbol, logo, word mark, graphic=i.d./ differentiates destination.
-Conveys positive expereicne for tourist
-Reinforces for tourist positive memories when seen.

OUTCOME: Try pull tourists to that destination.
What are some other functions of a brand and what is a problem with a faulty brand?
-Reduces search costs, perceived risk.
-Relationship built around symbol.
-Allows for market segment targeting.
-Facilitates repeat visitation-loyalty.

Problem: Can misrepresent and cause annoyance and bad repuation from tourist.
What is job of logos?
-Facilitate DMOs market activities-image and identity.
-Awareness/ communicate attributes desired.
-Accurately represent image/attributes.

eg: Clutha Country: Where everyone says hello- good as it shows down to earth, safe and friendly place to visit.
What are problems and solutions to problems with logos for tourism as discovered by Blain et al study 2005?
-DMOs lacked differentiation-not unique sell points.

Solution: Continual evaluate logo effectiveness=essential. Need to test before released! (only 36% in study did)
What is problem with branding a country?
- Political process: how citizens want to be depicted=tiem and money intensive to invovle lagre variety stakeholders.
PROBLEM: Can end in hostility=locals feel misrepresented.

eg: Members of DMO rarely represented as much as should be-they are long term positive memebers that should be consulted more.
What is a good example of where a brand should have been pretested before revealing to public?
AUSSIE: " where the bloody hell are ya?"
-$180M campaign.
-Banned UK (bloody=swear word)/ Canada (beer mentioned)
-Not funny-Japan.
-needed to do more market research here.
What is an example of a brand in N.Z. that has been successful, and why was it successful?
100% PURE NEW ZEALAND: Efficient and effective-good tourism and trading.

Success:

-Tourism N.Z. - extensive stakeholder consultation= Air N.Z., RTOS etc
-Extensive overseas research went into developing brand.
-They kept one brand for all areas world instead 'catering' for them= very successful.
How has 100% Pure N.Z. brand been challenged?
-Pressure enviro: dairy cows etc- hasnt impacted tourism market though!
What is two things make brand successful?
-Good design obviously but long term and consistent use.
L19: Tourism , Crime and Security
...................................
How does crime link into tourism?
-Has negative effect on tourism destinations image: seen as unsafe to venture there.
-Bookinfs fall as result.

eg:
Algiers (kidnap of 32 people: European tourists)
-New Zealand tourist murdered-Kenya.
-Bookings fall after tourist attacks (NZ-W. Coast kidnaps)
How important is safety to travellers?
-Very important in their abiltiy to enjoy and want to return to a destination.
Give an example of where tourism is deemd unsafe still, even after scary time passed?
Rwanda: Try to change to positive ecotourism, problems with genocide tinging reputation.
-Associate area with death and not new, promising tourism ideas.
How have New York and Rio de Janeiro tried to change perceptions of safety?
New York:
1990= 2262 murders (once known as murder capital), policing initiative (1000's more police) by 2008: 523.

Outcome meant more tourism in the area: From 1997-2007: number tourists each year increased 26% to 46m.
-Due to safer perception


RIO DE JANEIRO:

-World cup 2014
Problem: There is a perception of it being unsafe-drug related crime: impact visitor numbers.
-Thought crime increase (but is young population and growing so not actually-more crime reported too as policing ghetto areas

-Impact upon sports tourism.
What did Lovelocks (2003) personal travel experience survey of N.Z. travel agents find according to their feeling of danger?
-Highest fear travelling was victim of crime, 2nd= motor accident,
3= political unrest.
How is safety considered in destiantion choice?
2005 study: Travel Industry Association of America (TIA)

Top reason when select destination=consider safety there.
What are some types of crimes against tourists?
a) planned crimes: terrorism (statement through violence)
b) Opportunity crimes (against anyone-gratification: psychological, sexual, economic)
What are some areas ecperiencing terrorism and political instability?
a) North Africa: foreign tourists killed/kidnapped -Muslim extremists

c) Afghanistan war: effect surround region=India.
What was the affect of September 11 (2001) on global tourism?
-Global international arrivals down 1.3%
N.Z.. intal arrivals down 9.7% Nov 2001.

Overall: Change way perception-air travel 9safety-psychological issue)
What are some current political conflicts affecting tourism?
Egypt

Fiji (coup-1987: intal arrivals down 75%, occupancy rates drop 10%).
What is the role of travel advisories and how can this be abused?
-Advise citizens about destination safety.
Abuse: Misinfo=prevent citizens going there.
How can crime and violence be seen as an attraction?
-Previous war/terrorist sites now attractions:

a) Gallipoli-ANZAC
b) Vietnam

- Attractions seen as crimes in the past not present (jncrease arrivals):
a) Dunedin prison
What are some attractions that use crime as an attraction?
-Ned Kelly (Aussie): Famous outlaw: $ visitors interested crime.

-President Kennedy assasination= drive in car and get commentary.
What are the 4 different types of tourism crime?
1) Crimes against tourists

2) Crimes by tourists

3) Offences: Occur through illegal servicing -demands created by tourists.

4) Criminal activities relate to growth /devt destination=exhibits tsm dependent economic base.
What is the relationship between tourism and crime?
-Tourism seen as socially deviant. Tolerated due to tourism underlying (ie: drug taking, public drunkenness).

a) Host community perceptions:
-Wide perception more tourism=more crime.
-Tourism perceived contribute to increase individual/organised crime (hard prove)
-Tourist destinations higher crime rates than national.
What makes toruists targets?
-Portable wealth
-Involved risky behaviour
-Ignorant
-Perceived aggressive/insensitve to locals
-Notions safety from home-police brought with


Other factors:
-Strucutrally-concentrate tourists=targets crime.
-Culutral
-Criminals capitalise friendliness tourists (smile and actually bad)
How do law enforcement agencies react to tourists?
-Help them out alot... espcially if conventional tourist, less so if unconventional (Cohen, 1996).
What was found with Australian case study- 3 largest tourist destinations: Cairns, G.C., Sunshine Coast?
Crime and destination d
What are some lessons to be learnt according to improving safety and tourism return?
-Safety and relative crime absence =competitive advantage
-Need be proactive- ensure management frameworks address issues/methods crime prevention
-Crime influences destination image
-Crisis manage/recovery important destn manage/plan.
L20: Crisis Management:
................................
What are some examples of crisis that can affect the tourism industry?
a) Natural (Tornados)

b) Financial (Asian Financial Crisis)

c) Political: Coup Fiji
Why is tourism more vulnerable than other industries to crisis?
a) fragmented and dominated by independent SME's

b) Stakeholders various sizes

c) Tsm volume

d) Interedpendence

e) Impacted by external factors/pressures

f) needed alot economically

Can sometimes lack networking to reduce crisis.
What is a crisis?
-Disruption= physically affects whole system/ its assumptions and core.

Dependent on:
-Complexity
-Scale
-Surprise element
-Internal/external
Key elements:
a) time pressure
b) Control level
c) Threat level
d) response options
define crisis?
Root of an event -some extentself inflcited-bad management-fail adapt.

Financial Crisis
Define Disaster?
Enterprise confronted= sudden, unpredictable catastrophic change-little control.

eg: Tsunami
Define ripple effect?
Crisis cause other cirses-impact other systems due to connections.
Define risk?
The probability comething happens that impacts upon objectives.
What layers does a crisis affect/ it is maanged by?
a) Local managers and staff

d) national and local govt authorities

f) International govt and intergovernment agencies.
What is a toruism crisis?
-Unexpected event affects traveller confidence-interferes with ability operate normally (UNWTO, 1998).
What are the different categories in which tourism occurs? ACRONYM: EPSETC
a) Economic: recession

b) Political: War

c) Socio-cultural: Crime

d) Environmental: Natural disasters

e) Technological: Computer system failure

Commercial: Govt intervention
How can destinations manage a crisis?
Define: Prepare for/manage process-crisis inception to resolution -minimize damage.
What is Faulkners (2001) model of crisis?
has different stages:

a) crisis /disaster prevention and planning: Proactive strategy

b) Strategic implementation:
-Strategy evaluation and strategic control
-Crisi communication and control
- Resource management
-Understand/collaborate with stakeholders-internal/external.

c) Resolution, evaluation and feedback:
Resolve to pre crisis stage.
Learn and feedback what worked.

Must be able to monitor and change strategy overall.
Wht are crisis event stages in Faulkner (2001) model of crisis?
1) pre-event stage: try prevent disaster

2) prodromal: Crisis about to hit

3) Emergency: Incident hits= try limit damage

4) Intermediate: Short term needs dealt with-restore basics

5) Long term (recovery): Long term clean up, repair, reinvest.

6) Resolution: Normal/improved state
What are some preventions and planning before disaster?
-Enviro collect data=

-Forecast
-Issues/scenario analysis
-Emergency plan

Pro-active planning= reduce risk, time wastage, poor resource management, reduce impacts.
How do we implement strategies for crisis management?
-Choose/implement adequate strategies
-Crisis communication plan
-Control/reallocate resources
-Work with stakeholders
How can crisis act positively in terms of resolution, evaluation and feedback?
-Turning points for destination: proactive planning/prevention

LEARNING!
What are the different aspects within the holistic managerial context in crisis response?
a) Strategic management:
-Understand internal/external triggers, develop resources/plans

b) knowledge management:
-Enviro monitoring
-Sense and detect
-Organisational/individual learning

c) Risk evaluate/ resource mobilisation:
-Assess risk

d) People management:

e) Program communication:
-Public relations

f) Learn/recovery:
-Awareness, training

Need have positive media network.
What are facts about Impact of Indian Ocean tsunami in Phuket, how as immediate response undertaken, how was media distorted?
Boxing Day Tsunami 2004:

Facts:
-Death: >270,000, injured 1/2m, 5m disturbed.
-Physical damage conc Indonesia
-Infrastrucutre most severely damaged Thailand, Sri Lanka, Maldives

Response of tourists:
a) Jan 2005= 27% drop inbound flights, 85% decline intal tsts.
-500 enterprises (3000 jobs) collapsed

Immediate response efforts:
a) Emergency Operations Centre: established/ centralizes-coordinate response.
-Temporary accommodation/ 1st aid
c) Cokmunication facilities, food, water, tents etc

Media distortion:
Actual sitatuion:
Away impact zone=normal life continued: >80% hotels/ businesses unaffected, high accessibility remained.International tourists from 35 countries still visited.

Media perception:
-Reinforce scale, chaos/tragedy-small proportion Phuket affected
-Public fear: contract disease.
How was tourism restored?
Tourism restoration:
--Major beaches cleared
-Reconstruction
-Public plea toruist return-adverts, discount, incentives
-Re-establish brand
-National/provincial emergency financial aid.
-Tsunami early warning system installed.

Problem: residents considered planning cared only for tourists.
What are some lessons from Phuket?
-Manage risk-all hazards approach
-Pro-active network/ resource devt.
-Warning, awareness and media relations
-Resilience /vulnerability reduction.
L21: Ethical destinations:
.........................
Why are there ethics for tourism?
-Tourism involves interactions: social, eco, cultural, ecol:

Occur en-route to/in destination- someone else's backyard.

Problem:
-Visitor values place/host less than origin.
-Interactions: power differential-tourist/industry over host.

Outcomes:
-Result harms/benefits

Hence: Need ethics to reduce selfishness of tourist/harm to hosts.
What is ethical tourism?
-torusim management= beenfit all parties: econoically, environmentally, socially.
- All stakeholders apply good behaviour principles (justice, fairness, equality) to interactions.

Balances:
Social tourism (Cultural tourism)
Environmental tourism (Green tourism)
Economic tourism (Fair Trade tourism)
What is perception of ethics by public, both with products and tourism?
-27% from UK tourist study=ethics highly improtant when choose to travel
-59%=pay more for holiday: money guaranteed better conditions in host area (enviro, eco, social)=5% extra prepared pay

eg: Founder of Body Shop -ethical product: good wages, fair price.
What is ethics?
-Habitual mode of conduct: for greater good.
What is morality?
Beleifs of right and wrong, good/bad: guide actions, define values, shape behaviour.
How are ethics and morals related?
Ethics-study rules, standards, pprinciples dictate conduct. Rules based moral values.

ie:
Ethics= know shouldn't cheat on wife.
Moral: Moral man wouldn't.
How do we set out moral standards-what is tool we use?
-need accept different perspectives/ frameworks- assist ethical decision making.
What are 4 different ethical frameworks?
1) Intuitionism
2) Teleology (consequentialism)
3) Deontology
4) Virtue ethics
What does the intuitionism ethical framework consist of-what are weknesses too?
-Know through experience/ w/o reference to reason/test
-Developed by Ummanuel Kant: philosopher: all humans have ability-reason/ express duty and rights.

OVERALL: Basic approach: whats right and wrong
Problem: People frequently disagree about moral intuition.
What is involved in teleology or consequentialism ethical framework?>
-End based theories-focus= OPTIMAL OUTCOME (good over evil)

3 main types (teleological):
a) Utilitarianism
b) Hedonism
c) Egoism
What does the utilitarianism part of teleology consist of? Give example of this applied in real life- In Hong Kong?
Pursuit happiness/avoid pain=all decisions.
-Actions= Good if increase pleasure overall group too.

Eg: HONG KONG:

Plan: Build new airport on Lantau Island- large landscape change-naturall and relocate people from villages -generatiosn- relied fish livelihood (ethical?)

Utilitarianism argument: New airport needed -increase flights in, revenue good for overall community=development for betterment of majority.
-Current airport couldnt support increases tourists- keeping it bring costs and large loss revenues.


Under utilitarianism:
-Evaluate action accord greatest good for greatest number people.
-Can be applied anywhere. See if action good or not.
What are some problems with utilitarianism?
-Only pleasure and fun for masses-accommodated. Minority disadvantaged economically /socially b/c of devt.
-Inability address social injustice to minority (increased suffering for marginalised groups): focus on ends and not means to address ends.
What are virtual ethics framewor/what is problemk?
-Doesnt judge actions right/wrong-judges character person doing action:
-Person decisons: based- actions make good person. Focus person, not action.
should make moral decisions based good person.

Weakness: -Vagueness-relation to character traits/ how decide traits virtuous.
What is the social contract theory?
-Persons moral obligations depend societal contract (idea all accept)

Rgihts: Apply to world

Universal Declaration Human Rights (1948)-ensure poverty stricken or prostitutes not abused etc.
How do human rights relate to tourism, and how were they initally expressed?
Initally: Expressed: Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code at World Tourism org meet Sofia 1985.

-Focus human rights-rest/ leisure travel: recent addition-host rights considered.
What is moral (or cultural) relativism?
-Universal set morals apply-all?
-Do ethical norms change accord destination and source markets?
What are some examples of bad ethical tourism in toruists outbound from China and those visiting Australia?
Outbound China:
-Package deals- operators costs lowered via commission: zero-fare tours (lots shops)

Australia:
-Misrepresent product, defualt on contract, change itinerary, make tourists spend unnecessarily, low service, low skill guides etc.
What are some unethical behaviours of tourism intermediaries and suppliers?
Antecedent: ethical norm in toruism industry of source market.

Impacts:
-Local business denied market access-unethical practicies
-Consumer dissatisfaction- visit- unethical consumer practices

Outcomes: Business closes
Reduced employment

Tourist idea- Negative word mouth
Low repeat travel
What is relativism?
Moral relativism is grounded in approval of ones society.
-opposing view (moral absolutism: assumes moral issues measured- 1 universal standard w/o regard culture differences.

ie: Commission tours ethical in China, unethical in Australia.
What is an example of bad French marketing?>
Used photo of beach from Cape Town: When olympics on trying to promote travel there.
-French tourism marketing in trouble-unethical.
Discussion questions
1) in case above, if beaches used promotional images are similar to beaches that meant to portray, is it really ethical issue?

2) Is it ethical for destination marketers-use digitally manipulated images to enhance attractiveness of destinations?

3) If destinations and communitis benefit from increased tourism spend result from use such images in markeeting, does this outweigh ethical problems associated with use?