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177 Cards in this Set

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L9 (module 1): The evolution of tourism in a global world (Generating region):
...........................
Define globalization?
-Tourism operates in conjunction with the world
-Tourism is open system
-Contraction of space and time-increased connections
-Development of infrastrucutre/planes and politics=connected
-Local and national level analysed with global input
-Change in generating region (worldwide now)
What is the compression of space and time?
This is occurring at an accelerating pace:
-Increased interaction, information, transportation, business etc, tourism
-Faster processes (cell Phones)
-Increased information, and destinations more accessible -small time (know through media).
How are territories and societies interdependent?
Tourism is victim of globalization: Cross areas should be protected.
ie: UNESCO World Heritage Areas, IWC Heritage global/political importance (ie: Milford Dart Ltd declined as threaten this heritage order)
-Global Governeance of SubAntarctic Islands etc.
Give example of the 4 spatial scales of the tourism system:
Global: NGOs, global governance (globalisation)
national: Cultural traits, resource use
Regional: Regional governement, ecosystems
Local: Tourists, workers, local govt.
How are impacts of tourism classed as uneven?
-Different starting points, power uneven, uneven benefits and costs.
-Different communities lose out mor ethan others
What is the economic dimnesion of tourism ?
-Extension/deepen multinational firms: eg: Transport, accommodation, airline alliances (Star Alliance)
-Initial eco ties/global workforces-tourism
-Transnational alliances increased (ASEAN)-10 nations-tourism , transport, and accommodation-economic alliance.
What is the political dimension of globalisation of tourism?
-Global political interdependence
-Decreased interdependence of national economies (C.C. and global scale tourism)
-Global politics influences us all levels of tourism system
-International regulations (trade barriers/ agreements)=UK tax on long haul flights from LONDON.
Describe the Air Passenger Tax and problems with it?
When: 2009
What?
Tax flights distance from London (increase distance increased price)
-N.Z. tried to intervene in Nov, 2010

Problems:
-Not fair-European econom helped
-olitical: Influence us at global level
-Increased taxes world (Europe), $ collection exercise, time tourism industry faces challenges need solving, attempt increase European power, very costly long haul, no environments incentive involved.
What is social and cultural globalisation?
-Forces of political and economic globalization influence YOUR ability and desires of travel.
-Change identity:
-National =multiple /flexible
-Transnational communities-communities friends online /global (F.B.)

-Changing motivations engage tourism:
Leisure to escape to relax.
-Search : Global communities, identity de/reconstruct, temporary lifestyle.
L10: (Module 1): Understanding tourist perceptions:
..........................................
What is the problem with the current descriptions of New Zealand international tourists?
-Webpage: Tell us change in numbers, not key perceptions, but about demographics, activites, accommodation preferences, length of stay.
-C.C.: challenge all sociteites with tourism: Norwegians try carbon neutrality.
Talk about how tourism in NEw Zealand is highly energy intensive and give some facts on the CO2 problems with flying?
-Tsm is high energy intesive industry- 5% CO2 (UNTWO, 2007).
-Transport =90% tourism contribution to C.C.
-Air travel dominant contributor
-Airtravel: high C.C. impact
-Problems increased: 903 million (2007) to 1.6 billion tourists by 2020 (UNTWO, 2008).
-Lots short breaks/long holidaying
-CO2 (air) increased by > 15% of CO2 sources-2050.

Solution: Need move to sustainable emissions path.
What is wrong with N.Z.'s geographical position and how does this relate to Co2 produced by those internationals visiting?
-Geographcally isolated
-nbound (except Aussy/Fiji) are long haul fights
-G.G. linked visitor orgin:

Aussie: 37% initial N.Z. visitor=13% CO2 of air travel CO2
Europe: Approx 18% visitors=43% CO2 international air.
Ministry of tourism report: What dd they say abut how climate change has changed our long haul tourism and medium haul, nd what has happened to our clan, green image?
-C.C. mtters to N.Z. turism: Markets think G.G., costs and consumer perceptions=issues.
2009 report: Decrease N.Z.'s long haul (over 12 mnths) : Asia decreased by 16%, Americas decreased by 12%, Europe decreased by 9%.

2 medium haul markets increased:
Aussy increased 7%, Pacific Island increased 13%.

N.Z.'s clean , green image: Mirage: under scrutiny.
What is Norway's view on CO2?
-Carbon neutrality
-Decreased long haul to N.Z.
-Indicator of climate concerns in Europe.
What is occurring with UK tourists relating to C.C.?
- Effort t communicate to public need t decreae Carbon footprint eery day lives: holiday air travel
-hares (2009)=general awareness UK market: aviation and Climate Change.
-Lack association between air travel and Climate Change
-Any awareness ignored-plan holidays
-Resistance measures constrain freedms t travel

Hares (2009):
-I.D. resistance altrnative modes airliners
-Reluctance adapt holiday preferences because of C.C.
What are th Norwegian perceptions on climate change ?
- Climte change concerns: significance change in human behaviour
-C.C. debate resolved: moved responses to issue (ski fields gone)
-Climate change mainstream, not isolated problem for society
What are Norwegians attitudes towards air travel and why is their view controversial?
-Norwegias fin it hard no to undertake air travel ( entenched)
-Reluctance coompromise long haul
-V impotant: not stp travel with C.C

(UK HAVE N ADDICTION-FEEL SLIGHTLY GUILTY)
Why wont internationals give up long haul air travel to N.Z.?
-Dream holiday (many) once in ifetime
-Only nce -o real affect on C.C.
What is hypermobility and why is it a problem in todays society?
Budget air backlash:
-Go t London for a theatre show
-Huge polluter
-Short haul (use train-alternative)
Whatis the continuum of travellers ad views on C.C.?
1) C.C. denial (lots in UK)
2) C.C. unaware
3) Accept wthout changing behaviour (Norway)
4) Air travel consciene
5) Carbon neutral
What are some perceptions (or thins) that people relate the following things with?
1) Enviro
2) political
3) Social
4) Economical
1) C.C>, mine national prks
2) Terrorism events
3) Bird flu
4) financial crises
L1: (Module 2): Transportation Issues -Transit Section:
..............................
What is some background info about tourists internationally?
-Inbound tourism between 1990-2010: Increase tourist number and expenditure
-Inbound tourism by month: Peak at July/August as travel to Northern Hemisphere for their summer.

Inbound by month:
Grography (Northern Hemisphere=summer)
Natural (rtemperature)
Institutional (school)
What are the main reasons for travelling/transport uses?
Inbound: 2000:
-Mainly leisure, recreation, holiday=51%
-2nd: VFR, health, religion, other= 27%
-Business and professional=15%

Inbound transport:
-Air=51%
Road=41%
Water=6%
Rail=2%
What are the main differences and similarities between tranport use domestically and internationally?
Domestic: Mainly private car and van (90%) , then rent car/van (15%) , then domestic air (5%).

International:
Private car/van (45%), Rent car/van (30%), domestic air (25%)=more variety
What are the trends for international tourists to specific regions of the world?
Europe =biggest growing (lots between Europe)
-Asia/Pacific numbers large increase

Overall: 528 mn (1995) to 946 (2010) to 1.6bn (2020)
Descirbe the 4 parts that the toruism system is broken up into?
a) The Way: Medium -artificial -rds or natural-air
b) the terminal: -Accessibility to destinations, access to way and limit capactiy routes
c) Carrying unit: -Aircraft, boats, cars, bus-rds.
d) Motive power: Mostly depends oil
What are the scales, dimensions, and modes of tourism transport?
-Transit region: tourism system: scales: international, national, regional, local.
-Analytical dimensions: eco, social, cultural, political, enviro.
Demand and supply of tourist transport
What are some emerging issues in tourist transprot?
-Tech/tourist transport (A380)
-Market/tourist transprot (layover vacations)
-Policies and tourism transport
-Transport as attraction-cruise
-Safety. security and terrorism (decreae safety)
What are the three methods of human transport?
a) Self propelled mode: Walk, tramp, rail trail
b) Augmented: Tech, tools to increase body performance-bike/ski.
c) Fuelled mode: Motorised transport=car, plane, jet pack.
Give examples off 3 different types tourist transport?
Water: Cruise, ferries
Air: Scenic, scheduled services
Land: Car, bus, caravan
What are some demand factors invovled in tourist transport?
Leisure trvel:

Price: leisure travel
-price alternative products
-Opp costs of leisure travel
-Currency exchange rate
-Travel costs
-Disposable income levels
-Other factoes: Demographics, regualtion, tech, attractions, safety/security.
Describe the use of air travel and facts?
-Internationally > 2.2 billion/yr
-U.S. (2007)= 550,000 revenues > $150 billion
-800 work N.Z.
-Affects hotels, car businesses, attraction
-Low cost carriers
What is a description of low cost carriers/
-1 passenger class
-1 type airplane to decrease maintanence cost
-2ndary airports
-Pt to pt
-Unreserved seats
-Employees >1 job
-Book internet
-No bonuses
Describe railway tranportation (esp in N.Z.)?
-Efficient, eco, high speed trains alternative to air.
-N.Z.: shrink (4 long distance left)-scenic journeys. eg: NZ=Tranz Scenic
Describe motor coach transport?
-Intercity: low cost for rural areas more too, lower cost for lower incomes. Less important over time as more people own cars.
Automtive travel?
-Most popular -afford, flexible, convenience: U.S.=80%, N.Z. very high per capita ownership, rental increased use.
Cruise transport?
Fastest growing: 1980= Increase 8% per yr, increase fleets 7.67% (1990-2011) cruise #.
Increased ports -Dunedin 190 jobs.
L2 (Module 2): Tourist transport at the global level:
.........
Give some factual features of the international air travel industry?
-High capital investment (A380=$US 389.9)
-Returns marginal
-Ver regulated transport
-Scrutinised alot in international media
What are the passenger number trends and where has the majority of air travel been occurring in the past 60 yrs around the world?
-Increase numbers from 150 bn (km) 1992 to near 5000bn in 2010.
-Eco recessions/geopolitical instabilities decrease numbers within this too.

Majority of air travel:
a) North America
b) Soth East Asia
Lots between Europe an America, Europe and Aisa, Europ and Africa.
How has technology infleuced the range of air transport?
-Increasing technology means increasing distance able travlled:
RANGE:
a) 216 seats, 5855km maximum (Asia/Sth America)-Dubai
b) 305 seats, 13420 km max (Europe-London)
Give an overview of NZ's air industry?
-9000 pilots, 3839 aircraft
->8.4 million domestic passengers
-3.7 million N.Z. arrivals
-Civil Aviation Authority governemnt body for aviation
-Air N.Z. (national carrier)-Auckland Airport is its base.
What is the split between domestic and international air travel with air N.Z., and describe their plane composition?
-Air capacity: 49.8% International, 50.2% Domestic.
Planes: 159 =in service, 7=storage, 23=on order.
Talk about the target market, cricital success factors, and network type for the following:

-N/w carriers
-Regional airline
-Low cost carriers
-Charter carriers
1) N/w carriers:
-Large cover, try increase market share, from alliances
-Market share (critical)
-Hub and spoke

2) Regional airlines:
-Small coverage, feeds large n/w, geog niches market
-Crucial: share niche market
-Smaller hubs, pt to pt.

3) Low cost air travel:
-Specific niche market, demand price elastic
-Strong self generated traffic growth (crucial)
-Pt to pt

4) Charter carriers:
-Tours and mass toruism flws to holiday resorts
-Crucial: Seasonal load, relationship with tour operators
-Pt to pt.
How has air transport heped in tourism development?
-Techdevt aircraft engineer-decreased operating costs
-Political relationships b/e > or = 2 countries/regions dictate flow tourists between places
What occurred between Shaghai and Taipei airportS?
Before 6/2010:
-No direct flight
-Need connect via Hong Kong
-Shanghai to HK to Taipei
-7.9 hr journey

After 6/2010:
-Agreements reached between governments
-Shanghai to Taipei (80mins)
How has air transport help tourism development with Westernised areas and talk about China?
-Expansion of air n/w introduction of toruism into non-Western ares:

Air N.Z. to China:
-Added 2 new direct flights to China: Beijing and Shanghai in 2012
-Why? Respond to 20% increase Chinese visitor
-Already 5 present
-China fastest growth market
How does air N.Z. expanding air service help domestic service?
-Increases domestic service too
Air N.Z. express class service since mid 2002.

Success:
-Internet sales
-Fare saving < or = 50%, 20% av.
-Increased 6 million passengers last yr.
What economic events changed sir transport over time?
Increased: Introduction of B747 in 1970

Decreased:
-1975: Decrease Arab oil
-1983: Economic recession
-1991: Gulf War
-2001: Asia Financial Crisis
What do aeropolitics do for tourism industry?
-Regulate and governance: accessibility and connectivity
-Based international trade
-Political balance between protectionism and liberalization
Wat do regulations mean?
-Complex sets arrangements, politics dictates air routes
-Airlines given flight permission to fly to destinations via Airline Service Agreements
-ASA= parallel with economic trade policies b/w countries.
L3 (Module 2): Tourist transport at global level (Air transport flight freedoms):
.................................
Waht is the 1st freedom?
The right of airline A (Air N.Z.) to fly over territory of B (Aussie) withut stopping.
What is the 2nd Freedom?
Right of airline A to make technical (refuel) stops in territory of B (Aussie) without uplift or discharging traffic
-Bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASA's)/ countries exchange 1st 2 Freedoms= party to International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA)
What are the 3rd and 4th Freedoms?
3rd: Right airline discharge traffic from A (N.Z.) to B (Aussie)
4th Freedom: Right airline A pick up traffic at B (Aussie) and carriage them to A: ASA between A/B.
5th Freedom?
-Right airline A to pickup/discharge traffic beteen B and C (connect service originate/end at A)
B: Intermiediate point- respect A/C exchange and C (Singapore) Beyond point respect A/B exchange.

5th Freedom rights?
B/w B and C, A exchanged twice. with B (A/B), and separately with C (A/C).
Why is the 5th Freedom important for N.Z.?
-Gains access to foreign carriers to N.Z. from Aussie or other countries (otherwise may not visit N.Z.-good for tourism industry).
-Increases access, increases markets (US via Aussy)
-Emirates: Dubai to SYD to N.Z.
-Middle part= increased numbers get in, need markets through supplying numbers.
-Bad air N.Z. as less opportunities to fly more places (but increased number of tourists-good for N.Z.)
What is the 7th freedom?
Ailine: N.Z. pickup CHinese and discharge Sydney-not required to come back to Auckland
What is the 8th Freedom?
Right N.Z. operate international service between A and B, then domestic -another country-rare only if very close economically.
What is the 9th freedom?
-Operate fflights domestically within another country (not really occurring)
What is deregulatin of air transport and how is it beneficial?
-1980's/90's: trend to open up skies. Was once strict so had awkward flights with very low numbers and thus cost was high to use air transport.

After deregulation:
-Change in ways/frequency-service to help keep numbers up and help acviation: hub to spoke services (more numbers, decreased cost)
-Compete with designated links. 3 flights 1 day, not 1 flight every 3 days.
What is the two sides of the air transport governemtn approach spectrum, descirbe these and give examples?
Protecionist: Governments sont allow foreign carriers to access resrict ownership/cpntrol : NORTH KOREA

Full Liberalization: Govts allow foreign interests opearate/own majority of airlines/allow foreign airlines unlimited access to local markets.

N.Z: Increased access, increase eco benefits and make arrangements with China etc.

This is positive beacuse: N.Z. Toruism Transprot Strategy 2008:
"Essential to open up skies: eco prospects, maintain and improve international air and maritime links-open skies. Opens up new markets and trade/tsm opps.
What is the problem with air transport and CO2 emissions/ natural disaster prone?
-Globl CO2 emissions by sector: International aviation =1.9% (badtransport)-emissions trade scheme/ EU (emissions tax-rejected)
-Air: susceptible to enviro (weather): ash and storms: as: causes motors to stop and catastrophe. That is concerning as lots major routes over major active volcanoes!
L4: (Module 2):Tourist transport at national level
..........................
What was the point of EU's air carbon tax scheme and what was problem with it?
-Lots backlash
2015: Try to increase technology to decrease CO2 emissions
-Try to screw over those outsied Europe and help European economy.
What were the implications of the Chilean volcanic eruption?
-Ash across the Pacific > 9000km. Many flights cancelled.
What is the difference between the transport modes used by domestic tourists compared to international tourists?
Domestic:
Car/van=85%
Air=6.6%
Taxi=0.8%/train/commercial ferry

International:
-Car/van=36.5%
Airplane=20%
Commercial ferry/boat=12.6%
Coach tour=11.3%
What are FIT's , what percent of travellers are they, and why are they good for tourism businesses in N.Z.?
-1 traveller/small group in contrast to large , organised grp.

Trend in N.Z. domestic tourists:
NZ: > 80% domestic=private /company cars/vans main transport.
-Increased $ for businesses (more diverse consumption than grp person-patterned). FIT's direct positive effect on economy.
What will influence of oil be in future for tourist travel?
China, India, and Latin America increased oil consumption between 2007 to 2035.
-America (decreased oil as have saturated market demands but still want cars)
What is the fuel price at the moment, and what implications will this have for future?
$2 per liter, this may cause a change in behaviour-ie: if people decide to do long haul travel or not.
What is staycation and decribe how/why vacation has changed to this over time?
Staycation: Period of time individual/family stays and relaxes in home, day trips to areas attractions-domestic (backyard pool, local festivals)

Why?
-As travel costs increase, became more popular (U.S. financial crisis between 2007 and 2010).
-Popular in UK in 2009 as pound was weak.
EXAM QUESTIoN: How does staycation affect industry -use toruism system model to address all parts (presume to use an example for this)?
The Great British Staycation Boom:

Imapct tourism industry (tourism system approach):

Generating regions: Decreased outbound travel demand

-Transit:
Decreased internaitonal air transport
Increased domestic/ regional/ local transport

Destination regions:
-Negative impact international tourism industry
-Potential positive impact domestic tourism industry:
Holday parks and caravans, 2nd hmes.


UK: 15% decrease in British outbound travel to N.Z., Mexico, France etc.
-Go to traditional hotspots (Edinburgh)
-Also increase inbound toruists.
Why do local tourism organizations want staycation promoted?
Retain currency
-Replace tourism $ lost from decreasing external visitors
-Maybe long term trend
-UK Govt promoted in 2012.
How has technology changed tourism transport?
-Alternative fuel sources: solar power, bio fuel.
-More fuel efficient engines,"",= hybrid. Increased efficiency.
-Make lithium batteries G.G. intensive though
-Biofuel -bad food Africans etc.
What has happened to Geraldine tourism as negative effect of technology?
-Tech bad-GPS bypasses town on way to CHCH, decrease $ into businesses in town: annoyed residents in camping ground (lose $).
L5 (Module 2): Tourist transport at national level
..........
what is the early history of coach travel in N.Z.?
-Governemtn tourist bureau started low cost travel (1946)
-Went hotels owned by govts Hotel corporation then to N.Z. wide tours
-Overseas torusits (25000 in 1960 to 48000 in 1964)
How many people travelled using coach , and % international tourists, whats difference between top and bottom markts?
2007-2008:
-1.27 million visitors travelled
-56% intenrational
Top market:
Luxury, leather, tv , internet
Bttom: Hop on/off, backpackers, pass for months.
Give some facts about cruise transport in N.Z. in 2010/11?
-Accommodated 34 ships, 138200 passengers and crew to nelsonl Prt Chalmers, Miford Sound.
-Average of 14% annual growth since 1996/97.
-Increased pressure on infrastructure, service providers, and enviro (suck up local H20 is negative for local community).
Give some examples of cruises into N.Z.?
Crystal Cruise:

-12 days (Auckland Is. to Sydney)
-2-4000 passengers, pick up passengers in Sydney as N.Z.'s too small to supply numbers necessary.

Holland American Line:
-14 days: Sydney to N.Z. to Aussy
-Also alternavtive longer route.
What are the economic impacts in Port Chalmers with having cruise ships come into harbour?
-Created 190 jobs
->175000 passengers and crew (09/10) and 306000 (2011/12) expected
Eco: -$16.5 m (09-10)
-$28 m (2011-12)
-Need increased investment to maintain
How do we do math to work out if cruise industry is positive economically for N.Z.?
Direct: Initiail, immediate eco benefit: buy coffee
Indirect: People emplyed to supply the product sold directly (Africa)
Induced: Effects spending local economy: ie: employee of cafe goes and buys somethng at supermarket.
What are the impacts of cruises at local level and for marne area?
--Use lowest quality fuel
-Limited control over waste discharge into sea
-CO2
-Excessive consumption which is encouraged
-Mass visits t fragile island ecoysystems

Marine:
-Health isues (norovirus)
-Marine accidents
-Enviro issues
-Labour issues

Problem areas: Water management, waste, waste water, air emissions management.
ESSAY QUESTION: What major environmental problems can be caused by cruise sector?And what measures can be taken to reduce these?
Problems: Bad wasteater management: dup out into sea, water mangement, over use in food, lack recycling, Co2 emission, wasting resorces, lack recyling

Solutions: (MSC-Oasis):
-H20: High quality de salinization,water tested before injected and wasted into boat. Regular monitoring

-Decrease packaging -use food needed=70% decrease food input
-Recyclable separated onshore
-Avoid landfills -80% recyclable
-Play 1 hr filmcabins show enviro awareness
-Bad waste removed by licensed holder

Waste mangement:
-Waste separated-recycle
-Incinerate at sea
-Hazardous kept safe.

waste H20 management:
- Tech purifies it (tests quality)-dump at distance/ speed away from shore.
-Discharge wwaste to ports

Machine H20:
-regulated (dont use too much)

Air emissions:
-Diesel/electric engine-high pressure fuel decrease noise and emissions
-15% more enrgy with solar panels
-Green rof
-Shut engines down at port
-3000 tons CO2 elimination
-Increase benefits /yr
-Clean exhaust.
L6 (Module 2): Tourist transit at regional and local levels:
.........................................
What different perspectives can we view regional or local transport, how are these scales blurred
?
-Perspecitves:
Spatial
Time
Socio-cultural
Political/administrative
Psychological

Blurred as transport allows them to be.
What are some ideas for redeveloping tourism transport modes?
-Change in size/scope of region
-N.Z. lacks public transprot (only coach lines and railways)

Solutions:
-Need to reinvent /reuse old systems:
-Urban light railway :Europe, Asia, Nth America
-Reuse old corridors (heritage tourists)
-Reinvent /use: infrastructure and operational systems
-Heritage develop senior (go back in time)
What was Paris' initiative with bikes?
-Use more to decrease traffic jams. They had hire bikes for $1.50 per turn for 30 mins/
-Canada tried to repeat what done there.
-Need make sure that there is enough infrastrucutre to make it safe to ride.
What are the pros and cons of developing a cycle tour?
regional/local:
Negatives: Stay in region as pace and energy too musch to go outside
Vehicle vs bike war
-Disused /exist infrastructure

Positive: Cheap to develop and great return on investment.
What were the facts concerning the N.Z. Cycle trail project, what were the prime Ministers view and why did he see it in a positive light?
Facts: Feb 2009= $50 million
Ministry tourism responsible

PM's view:
-Vision: Lasting economic, social, and enviro positives: n/w great rides= $18:$1 return

Eco: Create jobs
Enviro:Green training
Plitical: Votes for election so John Key got behind proposal

Provides: Attractions, facilities, services, marketing.
What is the history of the Central otago railway?
1879: Start (intend-gold, ran out before starte)
1921: Finally reached Cromwell (235km)
-Used for general freight and people (horitculture/ag supplies to port Chalmers)
-1976: passengers ceased.
OCR reinvented: What happened to railway after closing down almost?
-1979: Otago Excursion Train Trust 1st excursion to Cromwell
-Next decade=1000's passengers
1987: Trust Taieri Gorge Ltd -tourists.
July 1989: DCC took over Middle March and Doc took over Middlemarch to Clyde
What were the positives and info on the rail trail tour company: Luxury rail tours?
-Community/ regional impact
-> 10500 whole distance /yr
-200000 visits to trail

20% international (mainly Aussie)
86% businesse say increases pride in community
84% increased services/facilites
75% increase employment
L1: (module 3):Destinations
.........................
What is a destination?
Metelka (1990): Geographic location person travelling to

Holloway (2009):
-Natural (mtns)
-Constructed (Dubai)
-Event (F1)
-Attraction (Disneyland)

-Can leave own territory /stay home-couch.
What are the destination pull factors?
1) Geographical proximity: Distance decay=closer (more tourism flow closer)
2) Accessiblity: Physical-airline, political: North korea
3) availability: Attractions- Niuae Air N.Z. once week, lacks attractions
4) Cultural ties: N.Z. and Aussy have lots with family (VFR)
5) Avaialability of services: Shops, banks, infrastructure
6) Affordability: New Caledonia cheaper than go to France
7) Peac, stability, and safety: Rawanda-genocide: difference between actual and perceived risk
8) Pro-tourism policies: Pacific Islands: pro tourism.
how do destinations vary-give examples and why?
a) Europe: Change due to China, Spain/France-good serveice, access.
b) Asia: Standout: China went from 303 visitors in 1968 to millions now going to Shanghai and Hong Kong.
c) the Americas: Nth, Central, South-ver strong and Caribbean.
d) Africa: Bf Northern conflicts nth and sth conflicts, decreased upper, allg sth (south africa with better safety)
e) Oceania: Lots traffic transpacific
How make place go to destination?
-Construction particular identities images, represent place
-Places become commodities-prodeuced and consumed. Migrants -desired skills, students and investment, firm location/relocate.
Describe Butler (1980)'s tourism destination life cycle:
1) Exploration: Discover still fe visits and remote, beautiful area.
2) Involvement: Community provides clean H20, electricity, few shopes facilitating tourism
3 (develop)/4 (Consolidate: Developer builds hotel
5 (stagnate)/6(decline): Costa del sol-reached carrying capacity-ability sustain visitors before appeal drops.
7) Rejuvenation: Costa del Sol: needs strategic allow rejuvenation.
Give an example of destination branding?
Places have own branding: Vanuate: Discover what matters: happiest country on the planet.
What is a brand?
Name and symbol (log/trademark)-i.d.'s differentiates in competitive tourist world.
Manage existing brand, work with to change the perceptions.
Why do they set human charactiersitcs for branding?
-Increases self esteem/ consistency
-Monitor and communicate stories (N.Z. and LOTR)
-Image markers
-Come up with characterisitcs match tourist types.
What scales can a tourist destination be promoted?
National: Tourism New Zealand, Tourism Australia (Large $)
Regional: RTO's eg: Destination Queenstown
Local: Destination Melbourne place
Attraction specific: Promote business: Gibbston Valley wine.
Problems with destination promotion?
-Competition rivalry-stakeholders
-Find acceptable-identity
-Underdeveloped identities
-Destination composition-not 1 product
-All different interests try to construct I.D.

Tsm Dunedin:
-Urban, natural, heritage-show diversity. Larnach Castle, bike, Museum, Coast.
Destinations: hosts persepctive:
-Not just another product
-Places to live, work and play
-Strong sense of attachment/ownership
-Must be sensitive to culture of area.
L2 (Module 3): Tourism destinations: Controllable and uncontrollable factors
..................................
What are the issues that the tourism industry has control over?
1) Destination development
2) Destination governance
3) I.d. and understand the use of destination businesses (whether tourist related)-classify these
4) Built destination attractions
What aspects of destination development do they have control over?
-Holisitc branding, pull factors, n/w, identify/ classify businesses, choose top attractions
-Eco growth (visitor # and $)
-Create experiences associated with area
What are the different scales of tourism governance?
a) National: Tourism strategy grp, RMA
b) Regional and local: District /regional councils
c) industry (TIANZ: lots lbby power)
Identify and understanding of tourism businesses: what types businesses are there?
-Accommodation
-Transport
-Food
-Recreation/culture/entertianment
-Retial stores
-Other
How do we classify the destination businesses?
Type 1: Not significantly tourism business: commercial relaitonship with customers- tourists no business orientation to tourists ( general reatil)

Type 2: In tourism business, not tourism bodies/ industry singnificantly ( restuarant)

Type 3: Those businesses in tourism and also participate signinifcant degree in toruism industry (Industrialised): experiences such as Sydney Opera House, Lanarch Castle: if all businesses were like this, toruism industry would be fully industrialised.
How can tsm industry control building of destination attractions?
-Attractions are eith built or natural
-Cu;tural: (pre historic, historic, contemporary)
-Built- (Ownership, image, context etc involved)
-Must make sure it is sustainable: make sure good numbers, brings in proft and helps community and the local enviro.
What are the issues have less control over?
1) Natural destination attractions
2) Tourists
3) Free destination resources
4) Destination values
5) Queenstown
What is uncontrollable about naturla destination attractions?
-Natural sites (topography, climate ,H20, wildlife, vege).
-Natural events (bird migration ,solar eclipse)
NZ: Try work with DOC to increase access.
How can we not control tourists and their beleifs about a destination?
-Experience destination is shaped by good management and:
-Internalise psyc/physical drivers (may not disclose these)
-Expectations (hard see change in these)
-Haphazard events( sex toruism in Thailand)

Must learn likes/dislikes tourists (hard) in order to improve destination into future.
What are problems with free destination resources and give example of management of these?
-Free inherent. natural resources (clean air and space)
-Incidental industries (waste managment)

Bali 2050 project: Work with locals to clean up beaches in South Asia.
How to deal with tourism destination values? Give example of how tourist marketers use it to the advantage?
- Entrenched in location

Bhutan: Bhuddist values/Kingdom strict on torusim: King 1972: (development with values)
-Dont want eco growth, just happiness, but need eco to allow health and education that brings happiness

SLN: Tourist companies used this to advantage: brand accord to these values-seen as unique.
Give some governance and development issues associated with tourism in Queenstown at present?
1) Stagnation/maturity
2) Highly industrialised (part 3)
-naturla landscape which is an attraction becoming damaged
- Young, adventure seekers-cause problems like crime assoc with drinking need be sorted out.
-Council work with companies to look after enviro.
L3 (Module 3): Tourism businesses:
..............................
What are/describe the key principles that impact upon tourism businesses?
a) Seasonality: Seasonal/temporal change in demand. Diversify products to decrease loss ( skifield mountainbike track, plan ahead to cut back staff-seasonal)

b) Quality/ accreditation: Qualmark -qulity sign, different secotrs with different stars. Downside is they lose individuality , hard distinguish/increases scrutiny if get low mark.

c) Sustainability: Social media (F.B.-marketing use/engage with customer/=d) marketing.

e) Distribution: Direct buyer to supplier (Hilton website to client)

f) Leadership: Usually formal, but Air N.Z. is less formal
g) External shocks: E/q backpackers decreased-destination responds using media, PR, marketing.
h) HR issues
i) Issues-scale
j) Change in customer.
How does scale influence or change decision making within the tourism industry?
Scale: Affects decisions to do with: Marketing, leadership strategies, sustainability practices.

Transnational companies:
-Operate across national barriers:

eg: Airlines (Star/ 1 World Alliances)
Strategic advantages:
-Cost positive customers/ businesses
-Brand recognition
-Standard guarantee
-Customer loyalty
-leadership important smaller scale
-Alliances positive: brand recognition, language access etc,.
What are the issues associated with high promotional costs for generating region (get destinations idea) and way solve?
-Participation of destination marketing (airlines, tour operators, hotels)
-Innovation
-Distribution channel managed
-Headquarters removed from actual production
What are some issues and advantages of being a small to medium sized enterprise?
-Is majority of tourism sector
Eg: Independent hotels, museums, local attractions, B and B's.

Strategic advantages:
-Lanarch Castle/museum: same issues but better control of distribution and marketing compared to bigger tourism operation.
-Niche strategy, speicialisation, rapid adaption ability, comparative ease market entry.
What are lifestyle entrepreneurs and what characterises the,?
-Typically small B and B's
-Strategic business objective
-2ndary income/ none at all
-Profit maximising not priority

Northern SpainFrance:
-Open up lifestyle business: have to however operate alot, once thought would be good lifestyle turens into more work than desired!
What are some HR issues witihn tourism businesses?
-Recruitment, selction, appointment, retianing staff
-Part timecausal labour-Ongoing training and development
-Salaries
-Motivations

Ski Resorts: Hard to retain, train and motivate quality staff.
What is the # 1 reason why people leave their jobs?>
Bosses: Not enough recognition for what they are doing: formal or informal-tick to success-make people feel good for helping business thrive, and thus will work harder into the future.
What are the problems and what has been occurring with changing toruist?
-Move good s and service to experiences (2000 tourists need experiences on holidays)
-Customisation: key to think about the:
Designation of tangible elements (room layout , signs, interpretation)
Design intangible elements (entertain, humour, mindfulness)
Hard to generalise , but modern tourism business customer often?
-Tech savvy (impacts marketing style/ distribution decisions)
-Envior awareness (eg: impacts expereince desgin practices)
-Quality driven: impacts deicsion on accreditation
-Exposed to media (PR decreaed if dont react well to external shock!)
L4: (Module 4): Who makes all the decisions? Governance
......................................
How do we define governance, what does it include, and relate it to the tourism context?
World bank definition: Manner of power exercised -management of country's ecoonomy (social resources for development)

Tourism governance: Steering, regulating, mobilizing action-institutions, decisions make rules and establishing practices. Asks society/ group opinion

Includes: Hierarchy-govt, n/w of actors beyond govt, communities and markets. ALSO: Plicies, laws , rules , procedures-collective power: good governance.

Operates at all scales ( local etc: Tsm central otago/N.Z.) intenrationally UNTWO.

Trend: increased emphasis on social learning, actors share knowledge, ideas and inspirations-visions of future.
Why does conflict occur within governance?
Different grous all seek to secure favourable policy decision. ie: Business interest groups- national vs state, tourists:
Give an example of bad tourism practices within N.Z.?
Tourism Queenstown: Develop 4WD in indigenous area, not well received as locals not asked (hard to ask all).
Why is tourism governance important?
a) Set direction
b) Meet goals
c) Consider all points of view fairly
d) $ used correct places

Regions: Develop marketing focus where governance is required.
Make brand:
Tourism Central Otago= decrease $-focus management (rd signs- enhance tourist experience)
e) Effective dialogue with region
f) Imprve area-pollution
g) Crisis management (floods): effective/rapid management (floods)-effective/ rapid mangement-visitros kept out them repromotion -CHCH.
What is good governance? (EXAM)
1) Sustainable use of resources= not destroy destination life cycle (decreased building of Hotels in Queenstown)
2) Follow laws: fair, be careful decrease corruption
3) Participatory: Include men and women, all groups in decision making processes.
4) Take into consideration all stakeholders: Accountable for any negative reactions
5) Transparency: Follow rules
6) Responsive: react to problem within appropriate time scale: ie: Binge drink and crime in Qtown-need react asap.
7) Equitable/inclusive: All (especially vulnerable) groups increased through policies (jndigenous, marginalised-need more access).
What is governance at the organisational level?
-Organisational governance: laws/customs apply to organisation and need boards corporation
-Leadership: Need achieve good governance
What makes a good leader?
Poitive reinforcement, leadership, emotions, body language, trust followers (judge), character (connective), sense purpose. direction, empath and a good teacher.
What is governance at local and district level?
-Network span public/private sectors=increased importance shape local tourism plan/development
-Council led governance-partnership local tourism organisation-works ith locals.
-Global-may affect governance at this local level.
What is governance at regional level?
-Tourism governanve here brings communities together, local govts, industry stakeholders, cohesion and market relevance.
-Brand , infrastructure development, lobbying, training, partnership development, on site implementation national policies-functions of regional tourism governance.

N.Z. RTO;s: tangible , long term : cant be measured in traditional corporate/ market terms: provide leadership and vision for tourism sector, demonstrate expert knowledge product development, domestic and international market/sustainability.

-Members RTO governance boards: non tourism members with other interests.
What is governance at national level?
-Beritelle, Bieger and Laesser (2007): Rules /mechanism develop policies/business strategies combine organization and individuals.
-Collect strong influence national destination governance: Chinese scared harmony=influences Chinas national policies.
What are some tourism related rights associated with international governance- describe the UN Millenium goals?
-Un declarations human rights/leisure
-Global code -ethics tourism
-Sports right
-Artistic/culutral rights ofcitizens

UN Millenium goals::
1) Eradicate poverty/hunger
2) Univeral primary education
6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria etc
9) Allow conditions that=happiness.
What are some problems associated with tourism governance?
-Lack of compliance: Easter penalty cafes open when not meant to
opposite of the is Shotover Jet-overcoply after accidents
-Conflicted interests: public, private , local, indigenous.
L5: (Module 3): Governance # 2- tourism:
.................
What is the key role of governance? ie: definitions:
-officials with own preferences/capacities-affect pblic policy, set political institutions operating in relation to civil society (Nordlinger, 1981)
-Govt. exercises power
Give examples of institutions at different scales?
International: UN/UNWTO
National: Toruism strategy group / tourism N.Z.
Regional: Tsm Central Otago/Dunedin
Local: Dunedin City Council
What are the roles of the national governance groups: Tourism strategy group and tourism new zealand?
TOurism strategy: Tourism research/ tourism policy suggestions
Tourism New Zealand: Promotes New Zealand to world: $84 million governemnt funding 2011/12.
What are RTO'S (Regional governance):
-Governmnet funded bodies that are responsible for managing /marketing regions domestically and internationally

EG: Tourism Dunedin-funded Dunedin City Council and local industry. Objectives to stimulate investment, employment opps, market city.

Eg: Destination Queenstown: Funded by industry: objective of marketing.

MAORI RTO's : Represent interests Maori tourism operators.
Local N.Z. governance: Give some examples around Dunedin and what they do?
Dunedin City Council:
-Urbn plan
-Waste management
-Parking
-Envior health policies for town
-Local business support
-Abide by government regulations

I-Site: -N.Z.'s official visitor info n/w, 80 offices nationwide: promote local businesses and info to tourists.
-Direct go to best attractions.
What is the role of industry and community groups in governance of tourism?
-State: not only institution involved in governance=collective power at all scales.
-Industryinfluences training and quality assurance of tourism
-Communities affect legislation regard equal employment.
What are some examples of groups that involve N.Z. industry governance?
-Tsm industry Assoc N.Z., Hospitality Association N.Z. (leadership/advocacy governance)

-Other grps:TIANZ, N.Z. tourism export Council, Qualmark (quality control/train governance rolse)
-Hospitality Standards Institiution (HSI)
-Hotel Council N.Z. (HCNZ),
-Aviation , tourism and travel training organisation (ATTO).
What is an example of TIANZ influencing tourism/government policy?
-Increase visiotr infrestrucutre

EG: Mondayising holidays (public):
-Anzac Day/Waitangi
-This is to increase visitation
-$35 million (domestic) -increase $ sepnt
-Extend passport to Aussy also to make more seamess border.
What are some community groups that have a voice in tourism industry?
-Maori community
-Social organisations
-Migrant Action Trust
-N.Z. Disability Support n/w.
What did otago Conservation Board have against campervans?
-Wanted the government to completely ban them as they dumped toilteries /waste sides rd.
-Need make new rules!
L6 (Module 3): Tourism impacts on the individual
....................................
How many tourists travel per year?
1 billion, engaging in holidays for seek something unusual -sense of purpose/meaning away from home.
What are new tourists requiring?
-Western wolrd: high depression/anxiety rates
-Need travel for wellbeing-leisure travel-wellbeing/relax.
Industry: Healthy food, sustaianbility
-Increased demand for fitness improvement, helthy lifestyle, utrition counselling, healing, preventative medicaine

Meidcal tsm: Increase since 2005 ( $3 billion)
Define indivudal well-being?
-Poisitve emotions
-Engagement
-meaning (purpose)

WHO: State of complete positive physical, mental and social well being without disease.
-Tourism industry: trouble defining and catering to allow for happiness travel.
Define health?
3 elements:
a) Subjective
b) Bilogical (blood pressure)
c) Functional (accessibility)

Cater for these
What are some examples of tourist experiences that also entail wellbieng?
-Poitive emtions: club/party experiences
-Engagement: Mindful touirst experiences, culutral settings
-Meaning: Volunteer tourist experiences developing contries

If psychologically pleases: happiness and leisure- positive. Do less, enjoy more, shop for meaning. Relate marketing t happiness able be recieved.
What are the 3 parts of health tourism?
1) Prevention
2) Disease
3) treatment
What are some tourist experiences as prevention for bad health?
-Spa experiences and rejuvenation
-Massage, aromatherapy, yoga
-Retreats CEOs to Hawaii
-Parks/green spaces

-Prevent get sick: park/nature reserves to increase wellbeing
N.Z.: Could market national parks -to upper and middle class white women.

Aussy: spas
-Women indulge-double life naughty.
What are some negative health problems when travelling?
-Sunburn, heat exhaustion, jet lag, std's (HIV), depression

-All temporary usually
What are some tourist experiences as treatment?
Medical tourism:
-Cosmetic surgery (Thailand)
-Luxury accommodation, experiences
-Hospitals up to international standard: eyes, dentist
-Large numbers travel for this-detox sap etc
-Visiotr experience marketed as fun to travel to and experience Thailand
How to measure tourism impacts on individual toruist?
Use standard visitor satisfaction surveys and health/ well being measures

OR:
-Life satisfaction /depression questions
-Desirable perfect days at destination
-Travel blog analyses

And market towards improving this to cater for them.
Describe what vacation Rules: A guide to travel says by Sebastian Filep and Rod Cuthbert?
-Insight visitor emi=otions trigeers
-Tourists should focus more on emotional goals-travel
-36 vactation rules: successful travel- help toruism business understand visitor
-Out mtns lakes, green and blue rule-positive
-Do less enjoy more
-DO something new
-Meet locals:

N.Z. good for all these things!!
L7 (Module 3): The data revolution-Why it matters to you?
..............
What are the issues of complexity within the tourism industry?
-Impacts within and outsied the tourism system
-Impacts are positive and negative and peceived f=differently by hosts, tourists, and tourism industry.
Define socio cultural impacts?
-Outcome social relationships occurring b/w tourists and hosts as reuslt of contact. Nature of these encounters influences understanding /misunderstanding-caused by tourism processes (Wall and Matheisa, 2006)

Social Impacts: Change in quality of life- residents tourist destinations, consequence tourism in destination
Culture: Behaviour, knowledge, values, traditions for generations (Wall And Mathieson)
What are 2 ways to look at culutre in tourism context?
Tourist: Culture/subculture
Destination: has subcultures/culture

Cultures together=culture shock
What are some examples of socio-culural imaocts (positives , costs and culutral norms)?
+'s: -Promotion cross culutral understanding
-Incentive to preserve culture/ heritage
-Promote social well-being and stability

Costs:
-Commodification
-Increased crime
-imitation of tourist behaviour

Cultural norms:
-N.Z. Maori culture-look after visitor marae, horses, Maori Ancestry-lots cultural experiences.
How to manage socio-cultural impacts at macro, micro levels?
Macor (large scale):
-Education
-Diplomacy
-Globalisation and migration

Micro level (small scale):
-Manage authenticity (real vs. stages provision)
-Mangae accessiblity and tourist movements
-Manage infrastructure
What can good micro and macro management lead to?
-Tourist-host friendships. More even distribution of employment opportunirties for host communities
-Local culutral ownershi
-Better education for hosts
-Better health care fore hosts.
Defining / give examples of enviro impacts?
-Enviro: land, air, water , fauna intertiwned with people aspect.

Tourism impacts: Land, air, water, flora, fauna.

EG:
-Damage to vege and soil
-Alter wildlife habitats
-Deforestation
-Pollution of air , littering, aethetic etc.
How is impact tourism on natural enviro mangaed in N.Z. (who through)?
-Enviro Protection Authority
-DOC
-Councils (Dunedin City)
-Other organisations
Talk about Cornwall as a case study for tourism area, and the impacts of tourism in that area?
-Very busy U.K. torusit resort
-4 million tourists per year, bringing in $1.2 billion


History: 1800;s : Industrial revolution in England, machines.
-Caused social need to holiday and relax
-Cornwall was beauty, location, history, religious -Jesus visited.
-SW area England: good lifestyle

Now:
-Hotels, attractions, location, and restaurants (Rick Stein)


+: Crucial to the area for past 50 years-how embraced is how it is positve: attractions working with enviro in positive way: change in community too as makes more lively and better place to live

-: Lots visitors cause congestion, carpark charges, prices up in cafes etc.
-Lots 2nd homes bought from people London: make housing unaffordable for locals. Need develop this weel to reduce these.