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177 Cards in this Set
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- Back
L9 (module 1): The evolution of tourism in a global world (Generating region):
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Define globalization?
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-Tourism operates in conjunction with the world
-Tourism is open system -Contraction of space and time-increased connections -Development of infrastrucutre/planes and politics=connected -Local and national level analysed with global input -Change in generating region (worldwide now) |
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What is the compression of space and time?
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This is occurring at an accelerating pace:
-Increased interaction, information, transportation, business etc, tourism -Faster processes (cell Phones) -Increased information, and destinations more accessible -small time (know through media). |
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How are territories and societies interdependent?
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Tourism is victim of globalization: Cross areas should be protected.
ie: UNESCO World Heritage Areas, IWC Heritage global/political importance (ie: Milford Dart Ltd declined as threaten this heritage order) -Global Governeance of SubAntarctic Islands etc. |
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Give example of the 4 spatial scales of the tourism system:
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Global: NGOs, global governance (globalisation)
national: Cultural traits, resource use Regional: Regional governement, ecosystems Local: Tourists, workers, local govt. |
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How are impacts of tourism classed as uneven?
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-Different starting points, power uneven, uneven benefits and costs.
-Different communities lose out mor ethan others |
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What is the economic dimnesion of tourism ?
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-Extension/deepen multinational firms: eg: Transport, accommodation, airline alliances (Star Alliance)
-Initial eco ties/global workforces-tourism -Transnational alliances increased (ASEAN)-10 nations-tourism , transport, and accommodation-economic alliance. |
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What is the political dimension of globalisation of tourism?
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-Global political interdependence
-Decreased interdependence of national economies (C.C. and global scale tourism) -Global politics influences us all levels of tourism system -International regulations (trade barriers/ agreements)=UK tax on long haul flights from LONDON. |
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Describe the Air Passenger Tax and problems with it?
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When: 2009
What? Tax flights distance from London (increase distance increased price) -N.Z. tried to intervene in Nov, 2010 Problems: -Not fair-European econom helped -olitical: Influence us at global level -Increased taxes world (Europe), $ collection exercise, time tourism industry faces challenges need solving, attempt increase European power, very costly long haul, no environments incentive involved. |
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What is social and cultural globalisation?
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-Forces of political and economic globalization influence YOUR ability and desires of travel.
-Change identity: -National =multiple /flexible -Transnational communities-communities friends online /global (F.B.) -Changing motivations engage tourism: Leisure to escape to relax. -Search : Global communities, identity de/reconstruct, temporary lifestyle. |
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L10: (Module 1): Understanding tourist perceptions:
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What is the problem with the current descriptions of New Zealand international tourists?
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-Webpage: Tell us change in numbers, not key perceptions, but about demographics, activites, accommodation preferences, length of stay.
-C.C.: challenge all sociteites with tourism: Norwegians try carbon neutrality. |
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Talk about how tourism in NEw Zealand is highly energy intensive and give some facts on the CO2 problems with flying?
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-Tsm is high energy intesive industry- 5% CO2 (UNTWO, 2007).
-Transport =90% tourism contribution to C.C. -Air travel dominant contributor -Airtravel: high C.C. impact -Problems increased: 903 million (2007) to 1.6 billion tourists by 2020 (UNTWO, 2008). -Lots short breaks/long holidaying -CO2 (air) increased by > 15% of CO2 sources-2050. Solution: Need move to sustainable emissions path. |
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What is wrong with N.Z.'s geographical position and how does this relate to Co2 produced by those internationals visiting?
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-Geographcally isolated
-nbound (except Aussy/Fiji) are long haul fights -G.G. linked visitor orgin: Aussie: 37% initial N.Z. visitor=13% CO2 of air travel CO2 Europe: Approx 18% visitors=43% CO2 international air. |
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Ministry of tourism report: What dd they say abut how climate change has changed our long haul tourism and medium haul, nd what has happened to our clan, green image?
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-C.C. mtters to N.Z. turism: Markets think G.G., costs and consumer perceptions=issues.
2009 report: Decrease N.Z.'s long haul (over 12 mnths) : Asia decreased by 16%, Americas decreased by 12%, Europe decreased by 9%. 2 medium haul markets increased: Aussy increased 7%, Pacific Island increased 13%. N.Z.'s clean , green image: Mirage: under scrutiny. |
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What is Norway's view on CO2?
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-Carbon neutrality
-Decreased long haul to N.Z. -Indicator of climate concerns in Europe. |
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What is occurring with UK tourists relating to C.C.?
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- Effort t communicate to public need t decreae Carbon footprint eery day lives: holiday air travel
-hares (2009)=general awareness UK market: aviation and Climate Change. -Lack association between air travel and Climate Change -Any awareness ignored-plan holidays -Resistance measures constrain freedms t travel Hares (2009): -I.D. resistance altrnative modes airliners -Reluctance adapt holiday preferences because of C.C. |
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What are th Norwegian perceptions on climate change ?
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- Climte change concerns: significance change in human behaviour
-C.C. debate resolved: moved responses to issue (ski fields gone) -Climate change mainstream, not isolated problem for society |
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What are Norwegians attitudes towards air travel and why is their view controversial?
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-Norwegias fin it hard no to undertake air travel ( entenched)
-Reluctance coompromise long haul -V impotant: not stp travel with C.C (UK HAVE N ADDICTION-FEEL SLIGHTLY GUILTY) |
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Why wont internationals give up long haul air travel to N.Z.?
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-Dream holiday (many) once in ifetime
-Only nce -o real affect on C.C. |
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What is hypermobility and why is it a problem in todays society?
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Budget air backlash:
-Go t London for a theatre show -Huge polluter -Short haul (use train-alternative) |
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Whatis the continuum of travellers ad views on C.C.?
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1) C.C. denial (lots in UK)
2) C.C. unaware 3) Accept wthout changing behaviour (Norway) 4) Air travel consciene 5) Carbon neutral |
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What are some perceptions (or thins) that people relate the following things with?
1) Enviro 2) political 3) Social 4) Economical |
1) C.C>, mine national prks
2) Terrorism events 3) Bird flu 4) financial crises |
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L1: (Module 2): Transportation Issues -Transit Section:
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What is some background info about tourists internationally?
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-Inbound tourism between 1990-2010: Increase tourist number and expenditure
-Inbound tourism by month: Peak at July/August as travel to Northern Hemisphere for their summer. Inbound by month: Grography (Northern Hemisphere=summer) Natural (rtemperature) Institutional (school) |
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What are the main reasons for travelling/transport uses?
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Inbound: 2000:
-Mainly leisure, recreation, holiday=51% -2nd: VFR, health, religion, other= 27% -Business and professional=15% Inbound transport: -Air=51% Road=41% Water=6% Rail=2% |
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What are the main differences and similarities between tranport use domestically and internationally?
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Domestic: Mainly private car and van (90%) , then rent car/van (15%) , then domestic air (5%).
International: Private car/van (45%), Rent car/van (30%), domestic air (25%)=more variety |
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What are the trends for international tourists to specific regions of the world?
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Europe =biggest growing (lots between Europe)
-Asia/Pacific numbers large increase Overall: 528 mn (1995) to 946 (2010) to 1.6bn (2020) |
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Descirbe the 4 parts that the toruism system is broken up into?
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a) The Way: Medium -artificial -rds or natural-air
b) the terminal: -Accessibility to destinations, access to way and limit capactiy routes c) Carrying unit: -Aircraft, boats, cars, bus-rds. d) Motive power: Mostly depends oil |
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What are the scales, dimensions, and modes of tourism transport?
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-Transit region: tourism system: scales: international, national, regional, local.
-Analytical dimensions: eco, social, cultural, political, enviro. Demand and supply of tourist transport |
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What are some emerging issues in tourist transprot?
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-Tech/tourist transport (A380)
-Market/tourist transprot (layover vacations) -Policies and tourism transport -Transport as attraction-cruise -Safety. security and terrorism (decreae safety) |
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What are the three methods of human transport?
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a) Self propelled mode: Walk, tramp, rail trail
b) Augmented: Tech, tools to increase body performance-bike/ski. c) Fuelled mode: Motorised transport=car, plane, jet pack. |
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Give examples off 3 different types tourist transport?
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Water: Cruise, ferries
Air: Scenic, scheduled services Land: Car, bus, caravan |
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What are some demand factors invovled in tourist transport?
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Leisure trvel:
Price: leisure travel -price alternative products -Opp costs of leisure travel -Currency exchange rate -Travel costs -Disposable income levels -Other factoes: Demographics, regualtion, tech, attractions, safety/security. |
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Describe the use of air travel and facts?
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-Internationally > 2.2 billion/yr
-U.S. (2007)= 550,000 revenues > $150 billion -800 work N.Z. -Affects hotels, car businesses, attraction -Low cost carriers |
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What is a description of low cost carriers/
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-1 passenger class
-1 type airplane to decrease maintanence cost -2ndary airports -Pt to pt -Unreserved seats -Employees >1 job -Book internet -No bonuses |
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Describe railway tranportation (esp in N.Z.)?
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-Efficient, eco, high speed trains alternative to air.
-N.Z.: shrink (4 long distance left)-scenic journeys. eg: NZ=Tranz Scenic |
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Describe motor coach transport?
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-Intercity: low cost for rural areas more too, lower cost for lower incomes. Less important over time as more people own cars.
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Automtive travel?
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-Most popular -afford, flexible, convenience: U.S.=80%, N.Z. very high per capita ownership, rental increased use.
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Cruise transport?
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Fastest growing: 1980= Increase 8% per yr, increase fleets 7.67% (1990-2011) cruise #.
Increased ports -Dunedin 190 jobs. |
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L2 (Module 2): Tourist transport at the global level:
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Give some factual features of the international air travel industry?
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-High capital investment (A380=$US 389.9)
-Returns marginal -Ver regulated transport -Scrutinised alot in international media |
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What are the passenger number trends and where has the majority of air travel been occurring in the past 60 yrs around the world?
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-Increase numbers from 150 bn (km) 1992 to near 5000bn in 2010.
-Eco recessions/geopolitical instabilities decrease numbers within this too. Majority of air travel: a) North America b) Soth East Asia Lots between Europe an America, Europe and Aisa, Europ and Africa. |
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How has technology infleuced the range of air transport?
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-Increasing technology means increasing distance able travlled:
RANGE: a) 216 seats, 5855km maximum (Asia/Sth America)-Dubai b) 305 seats, 13420 km max (Europe-London) |
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Give an overview of NZ's air industry?
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-9000 pilots, 3839 aircraft
->8.4 million domestic passengers -3.7 million N.Z. arrivals -Civil Aviation Authority governemnt body for aviation -Air N.Z. (national carrier)-Auckland Airport is its base. |
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What is the split between domestic and international air travel with air N.Z., and describe their plane composition?
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-Air capacity: 49.8% International, 50.2% Domestic.
Planes: 159 =in service, 7=storage, 23=on order. |
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Talk about the target market, cricital success factors, and network type for the following:
-N/w carriers -Regional airline -Low cost carriers -Charter carriers |
1) N/w carriers:
-Large cover, try increase market share, from alliances -Market share (critical) -Hub and spoke 2) Regional airlines: -Small coverage, feeds large n/w, geog niches market -Crucial: share niche market -Smaller hubs, pt to pt. 3) Low cost air travel: -Specific niche market, demand price elastic -Strong self generated traffic growth (crucial) -Pt to pt 4) Charter carriers: -Tours and mass toruism flws to holiday resorts -Crucial: Seasonal load, relationship with tour operators -Pt to pt. |
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How has air transport heped in tourism development?
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-Techdevt aircraft engineer-decreased operating costs
-Political relationships b/e > or = 2 countries/regions dictate flow tourists between places |
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What occurred between Shaghai and Taipei airportS?
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Before 6/2010:
-No direct flight -Need connect via Hong Kong -Shanghai to HK to Taipei -7.9 hr journey After 6/2010: -Agreements reached between governments -Shanghai to Taipei (80mins) |
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How has air transport help tourism development with Westernised areas and talk about China?
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-Expansion of air n/w introduction of toruism into non-Western ares:
Air N.Z. to China: -Added 2 new direct flights to China: Beijing and Shanghai in 2012 -Why? Respond to 20% increase Chinese visitor -Already 5 present -China fastest growth market |
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How does air N.Z. expanding air service help domestic service?
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-Increases domestic service too
Air N.Z. express class service since mid 2002. Success: -Internet sales -Fare saving < or = 50%, 20% av. -Increased 6 million passengers last yr. |
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What economic events changed sir transport over time?
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Increased: Introduction of B747 in 1970
Decreased: -1975: Decrease Arab oil -1983: Economic recession -1991: Gulf War -2001: Asia Financial Crisis |
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What do aeropolitics do for tourism industry?
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-Regulate and governance: accessibility and connectivity
-Based international trade -Political balance between protectionism and liberalization |
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Wat do regulations mean?
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-Complex sets arrangements, politics dictates air routes
-Airlines given flight permission to fly to destinations via Airline Service Agreements -ASA= parallel with economic trade policies b/w countries. |
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L3 (Module 2): Tourist transport at global level (Air transport flight freedoms):
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Waht is the 1st freedom?
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The right of airline A (Air N.Z.) to fly over territory of B (Aussie) withut stopping.
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What is the 2nd Freedom?
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Right of airline A to make technical (refuel) stops in territory of B (Aussie) without uplift or discharging traffic
-Bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASA's)/ countries exchange 1st 2 Freedoms= party to International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA) |
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What are the 3rd and 4th Freedoms?
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3rd: Right airline discharge traffic from A (N.Z.) to B (Aussie)
4th Freedom: Right airline A pick up traffic at B (Aussie) and carriage them to A: ASA between A/B. |
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5th Freedom?
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-Right airline A to pickup/discharge traffic beteen B and C (connect service originate/end at A)
B: Intermiediate point- respect A/C exchange and C (Singapore) Beyond point respect A/B exchange. 5th Freedom rights? B/w B and C, A exchanged twice. with B (A/B), and separately with C (A/C). |
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Why is the 5th Freedom important for N.Z.?
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-Gains access to foreign carriers to N.Z. from Aussie or other countries (otherwise may not visit N.Z.-good for tourism industry).
-Increases access, increases markets (US via Aussy) -Emirates: Dubai to SYD to N.Z. -Middle part= increased numbers get in, need markets through supplying numbers. -Bad air N.Z. as less opportunities to fly more places (but increased number of tourists-good for N.Z.) |
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What is the 7th freedom?
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Ailine: N.Z. pickup CHinese and discharge Sydney-not required to come back to Auckland
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What is the 8th Freedom?
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Right N.Z. operate international service between A and B, then domestic -another country-rare only if very close economically.
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What is the 9th freedom?
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-Operate fflights domestically within another country (not really occurring)
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What is deregulatin of air transport and how is it beneficial?
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-1980's/90's: trend to open up skies. Was once strict so had awkward flights with very low numbers and thus cost was high to use air transport.
After deregulation: -Change in ways/frequency-service to help keep numbers up and help acviation: hub to spoke services (more numbers, decreased cost) -Compete with designated links. 3 flights 1 day, not 1 flight every 3 days. |
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What is the two sides of the air transport governemtn approach spectrum, descirbe these and give examples?
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Protecionist: Governments sont allow foreign carriers to access resrict ownership/cpntrol : NORTH KOREA
Full Liberalization: Govts allow foreign interests opearate/own majority of airlines/allow foreign airlines unlimited access to local markets. N.Z: Increased access, increase eco benefits and make arrangements with China etc. This is positive beacuse: N.Z. Toruism Transprot Strategy 2008: "Essential to open up skies: eco prospects, maintain and improve international air and maritime links-open skies. Opens up new markets and trade/tsm opps. |
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What is the problem with air transport and CO2 emissions/ natural disaster prone?
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-Globl CO2 emissions by sector: International aviation =1.9% (badtransport)-emissions trade scheme/ EU (emissions tax-rejected)
-Air: susceptible to enviro (weather): ash and storms: as: causes motors to stop and catastrophe. That is concerning as lots major routes over major active volcanoes! |
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L4: (Module 2):Tourist transport at national level
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What was the point of EU's air carbon tax scheme and what was problem with it?
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-Lots backlash
2015: Try to increase technology to decrease CO2 emissions -Try to screw over those outsied Europe and help European economy. |
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What were the implications of the Chilean volcanic eruption?
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-Ash across the Pacific > 9000km. Many flights cancelled.
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What is the difference between the transport modes used by domestic tourists compared to international tourists?
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Domestic:
Car/van=85% Air=6.6% Taxi=0.8%/train/commercial ferry International: -Car/van=36.5% Airplane=20% Commercial ferry/boat=12.6% Coach tour=11.3% |
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What are FIT's , what percent of travellers are they, and why are they good for tourism businesses in N.Z.?
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-1 traveller/small group in contrast to large , organised grp.
Trend in N.Z. domestic tourists: NZ: > 80% domestic=private /company cars/vans main transport. -Increased $ for businesses (more diverse consumption than grp person-patterned). FIT's direct positive effect on economy. |
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What will influence of oil be in future for tourist travel?
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China, India, and Latin America increased oil consumption between 2007 to 2035.
-America (decreased oil as have saturated market demands but still want cars) |
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What is the fuel price at the moment, and what implications will this have for future?
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$2 per liter, this may cause a change in behaviour-ie: if people decide to do long haul travel or not.
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What is staycation and decribe how/why vacation has changed to this over time?
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Staycation: Period of time individual/family stays and relaxes in home, day trips to areas attractions-domestic (backyard pool, local festivals)
Why? -As travel costs increase, became more popular (U.S. financial crisis between 2007 and 2010). -Popular in UK in 2009 as pound was weak. |
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EXAM QUESTIoN: How does staycation affect industry -use toruism system model to address all parts (presume to use an example for this)?
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The Great British Staycation Boom:
Imapct tourism industry (tourism system approach): Generating regions: Decreased outbound travel demand -Transit: Decreased internaitonal air transport Increased domestic/ regional/ local transport Destination regions: -Negative impact international tourism industry -Potential positive impact domestic tourism industry: Holday parks and caravans, 2nd hmes. UK: 15% decrease in British outbound travel to N.Z., Mexico, France etc. -Go to traditional hotspots (Edinburgh) -Also increase inbound toruists. |
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Why do local tourism organizations want staycation promoted?
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Retain currency
-Replace tourism $ lost from decreasing external visitors -Maybe long term trend -UK Govt promoted in 2012. |
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How has technology changed tourism transport?
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-Alternative fuel sources: solar power, bio fuel.
-More fuel efficient engines,"",= hybrid. Increased efficiency. -Make lithium batteries G.G. intensive though -Biofuel -bad food Africans etc. |
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What has happened to Geraldine tourism as negative effect of technology?
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-Tech bad-GPS bypasses town on way to CHCH, decrease $ into businesses in town: annoyed residents in camping ground (lose $).
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L5 (Module 2): Tourist transport at national level
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what is the early history of coach travel in N.Z.?
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-Governemtn tourist bureau started low cost travel (1946)
-Went hotels owned by govts Hotel corporation then to N.Z. wide tours -Overseas torusits (25000 in 1960 to 48000 in 1964) |
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How many people travelled using coach , and % international tourists, whats difference between top and bottom markts?
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2007-2008:
-1.27 million visitors travelled -56% intenrational Top market: Luxury, leather, tv , internet Bttom: Hop on/off, backpackers, pass for months. |
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Give some facts about cruise transport in N.Z. in 2010/11?
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-Accommodated 34 ships, 138200 passengers and crew to nelsonl Prt Chalmers, Miford Sound.
-Average of 14% annual growth since 1996/97. -Increased pressure on infrastructure, service providers, and enviro (suck up local H20 is negative for local community). |
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Give some examples of cruises into N.Z.?
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Crystal Cruise:
-12 days (Auckland Is. to Sydney) -2-4000 passengers, pick up passengers in Sydney as N.Z.'s too small to supply numbers necessary. Holland American Line: -14 days: Sydney to N.Z. to Aussy -Also alternavtive longer route. |
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What are the economic impacts in Port Chalmers with having cruise ships come into harbour?
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-Created 190 jobs
->175000 passengers and crew (09/10) and 306000 (2011/12) expected Eco: -$16.5 m (09-10) -$28 m (2011-12) -Need increased investment to maintain |
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How do we do math to work out if cruise industry is positive economically for N.Z.?
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Direct: Initiail, immediate eco benefit: buy coffee
Indirect: People emplyed to supply the product sold directly (Africa) Induced: Effects spending local economy: ie: employee of cafe goes and buys somethng at supermarket. |
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What are the impacts of cruises at local level and for marne area?
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--Use lowest quality fuel
-Limited control over waste discharge into sea -CO2 -Excessive consumption which is encouraged -Mass visits t fragile island ecoysystems Marine: -Health isues (norovirus) -Marine accidents -Enviro issues -Labour issues Problem areas: Water management, waste, waste water, air emissions management. |
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ESSAY QUESTION: What major environmental problems can be caused by cruise sector?And what measures can be taken to reduce these?
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Problems: Bad wasteater management: dup out into sea, water mangement, over use in food, lack recycling, Co2 emission, wasting resorces, lack recyling
Solutions: (MSC-Oasis): -H20: High quality de salinization,water tested before injected and wasted into boat. Regular monitoring -Decrease packaging -use food needed=70% decrease food input -Recyclable separated onshore -Avoid landfills -80% recyclable -Play 1 hr filmcabins show enviro awareness -Bad waste removed by licensed holder Waste mangement: -Waste separated-recycle -Incinerate at sea -Hazardous kept safe. waste H20 management: - Tech purifies it (tests quality)-dump at distance/ speed away from shore. -Discharge wwaste to ports Machine H20: -regulated (dont use too much) Air emissions: -Diesel/electric engine-high pressure fuel decrease noise and emissions -15% more enrgy with solar panels -Green rof -Shut engines down at port -3000 tons CO2 elimination -Increase benefits /yr -Clean exhaust. |
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L6 (Module 2): Tourist transit at regional and local levels:
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What different perspectives can we view regional or local transport, how are these scales blurred
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-Perspecitves:
Spatial Time Socio-cultural Political/administrative Psychological Blurred as transport allows them to be. |
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What are some ideas for redeveloping tourism transport modes?
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-Change in size/scope of region
-N.Z. lacks public transprot (only coach lines and railways) Solutions: -Need to reinvent /reuse old systems: -Urban light railway :Europe, Asia, Nth America -Reuse old corridors (heritage tourists) -Reinvent /use: infrastructure and operational systems -Heritage develop senior (go back in time) |
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What was Paris' initiative with bikes?
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-Use more to decrease traffic jams. They had hire bikes for $1.50 per turn for 30 mins/
-Canada tried to repeat what done there. -Need make sure that there is enough infrastrucutre to make it safe to ride. |
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What are the pros and cons of developing a cycle tour?
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regional/local:
Negatives: Stay in region as pace and energy too musch to go outside Vehicle vs bike war -Disused /exist infrastructure Positive: Cheap to develop and great return on investment. |
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What were the facts concerning the N.Z. Cycle trail project, what were the prime Ministers view and why did he see it in a positive light?
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Facts: Feb 2009= $50 million
Ministry tourism responsible PM's view: -Vision: Lasting economic, social, and enviro positives: n/w great rides= $18:$1 return Eco: Create jobs Enviro:Green training Plitical: Votes for election so John Key got behind proposal Provides: Attractions, facilities, services, marketing. |
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What is the history of the Central otago railway?
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1879: Start (intend-gold, ran out before starte)
1921: Finally reached Cromwell (235km) -Used for general freight and people (horitculture/ag supplies to port Chalmers) -1976: passengers ceased. |
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OCR reinvented: What happened to railway after closing down almost?
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-1979: Otago Excursion Train Trust 1st excursion to Cromwell
-Next decade=1000's passengers 1987: Trust Taieri Gorge Ltd -tourists. July 1989: DCC took over Middle March and Doc took over Middlemarch to Clyde |
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What were the positives and info on the rail trail tour company: Luxury rail tours?
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-Community/ regional impact
-> 10500 whole distance /yr -200000 visits to trail 20% international (mainly Aussie) 86% businesse say increases pride in community 84% increased services/facilites 75% increase employment |
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L1: (module 3):Destinations
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What is a destination?
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Metelka (1990): Geographic location person travelling to
Holloway (2009): -Natural (mtns) -Constructed (Dubai) -Event (F1) -Attraction (Disneyland) -Can leave own territory /stay home-couch. |
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What are the destination pull factors?
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1) Geographical proximity: Distance decay=closer (more tourism flow closer)
2) Accessiblity: Physical-airline, political: North korea 3) availability: Attractions- Niuae Air N.Z. once week, lacks attractions 4) Cultural ties: N.Z. and Aussy have lots with family (VFR) 5) Avaialability of services: Shops, banks, infrastructure 6) Affordability: New Caledonia cheaper than go to France 7) Peac, stability, and safety: Rawanda-genocide: difference between actual and perceived risk 8) Pro-tourism policies: Pacific Islands: pro tourism. |
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how do destinations vary-give examples and why?
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a) Europe: Change due to China, Spain/France-good serveice, access.
b) Asia: Standout: China went from 303 visitors in 1968 to millions now going to Shanghai and Hong Kong. c) the Americas: Nth, Central, South-ver strong and Caribbean. d) Africa: Bf Northern conflicts nth and sth conflicts, decreased upper, allg sth (south africa with better safety) e) Oceania: Lots traffic transpacific |
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How make place go to destination?
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-Construction particular identities images, represent place
-Places become commodities-prodeuced and consumed. Migrants -desired skills, students and investment, firm location/relocate. |
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Describe Butler (1980)'s tourism destination life cycle:
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1) Exploration: Discover still fe visits and remote, beautiful area.
2) Involvement: Community provides clean H20, electricity, few shopes facilitating tourism 3 (develop)/4 (Consolidate: Developer builds hotel 5 (stagnate)/6(decline): Costa del sol-reached carrying capacity-ability sustain visitors before appeal drops. 7) Rejuvenation: Costa del Sol: needs strategic allow rejuvenation. |
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Give an example of destination branding?
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Places have own branding: Vanuate: Discover what matters: happiest country on the planet.
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What is a brand?
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Name and symbol (log/trademark)-i.d.'s differentiates in competitive tourist world.
Manage existing brand, work with to change the perceptions. |
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Why do they set human charactiersitcs for branding?
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-Increases self esteem/ consistency
-Monitor and communicate stories (N.Z. and LOTR) -Image markers -Come up with characterisitcs match tourist types. |
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What scales can a tourist destination be promoted?
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National: Tourism New Zealand, Tourism Australia (Large $)
Regional: RTO's eg: Destination Queenstown Local: Destination Melbourne place Attraction specific: Promote business: Gibbston Valley wine. |
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Problems with destination promotion?
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-Competition rivalry-stakeholders
-Find acceptable-identity -Underdeveloped identities -Destination composition-not 1 product -All different interests try to construct I.D. Tsm Dunedin: -Urban, natural, heritage-show diversity. Larnach Castle, bike, Museum, Coast. |
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Destinations: hosts persepctive:
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-Not just another product
-Places to live, work and play -Strong sense of attachment/ownership -Must be sensitive to culture of area. |
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L2 (Module 3): Tourism destinations: Controllable and uncontrollable factors
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What are the issues that the tourism industry has control over?
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1) Destination development
2) Destination governance 3) I.d. and understand the use of destination businesses (whether tourist related)-classify these 4) Built destination attractions |
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What aspects of destination development do they have control over?
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-Holisitc branding, pull factors, n/w, identify/ classify businesses, choose top attractions
-Eco growth (visitor # and $) -Create experiences associated with area |
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What are the different scales of tourism governance?
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a) National: Tourism strategy grp, RMA
b) Regional and local: District /regional councils c) industry (TIANZ: lots lbby power) |
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Identify and understanding of tourism businesses: what types businesses are there?
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-Accommodation
-Transport -Food -Recreation/culture/entertianment -Retial stores -Other |
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How do we classify the destination businesses?
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Type 1: Not significantly tourism business: commercial relaitonship with customers- tourists no business orientation to tourists ( general reatil)
Type 2: In tourism business, not tourism bodies/ industry singnificantly ( restuarant) Type 3: Those businesses in tourism and also participate signinifcant degree in toruism industry (Industrialised): experiences such as Sydney Opera House, Lanarch Castle: if all businesses were like this, toruism industry would be fully industrialised. |
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How can tsm industry control building of destination attractions?
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-Attractions are eith built or natural
-Cu;tural: (pre historic, historic, contemporary) -Built- (Ownership, image, context etc involved) -Must make sure it is sustainable: make sure good numbers, brings in proft and helps community and the local enviro. |
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What are the issues have less control over?
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1) Natural destination attractions
2) Tourists 3) Free destination resources 4) Destination values 5) Queenstown |
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What is uncontrollable about naturla destination attractions?
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-Natural sites (topography, climate ,H20, wildlife, vege).
-Natural events (bird migration ,solar eclipse) NZ: Try work with DOC to increase access. |
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How can we not control tourists and their beleifs about a destination?
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-Experience destination is shaped by good management and:
-Internalise psyc/physical drivers (may not disclose these) -Expectations (hard see change in these) -Haphazard events( sex toruism in Thailand) Must learn likes/dislikes tourists (hard) in order to improve destination into future. |
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What are problems with free destination resources and give example of management of these?
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-Free inherent. natural resources (clean air and space)
-Incidental industries (waste managment) Bali 2050 project: Work with locals to clean up beaches in South Asia. |
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How to deal with tourism destination values? Give example of how tourist marketers use it to the advantage?
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- Entrenched in location
Bhutan: Bhuddist values/Kingdom strict on torusim: King 1972: (development with values) -Dont want eco growth, just happiness, but need eco to allow health and education that brings happiness SLN: Tourist companies used this to advantage: brand accord to these values-seen as unique. |
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Give some governance and development issues associated with tourism in Queenstown at present?
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1) Stagnation/maturity
2) Highly industrialised (part 3) -naturla landscape which is an attraction becoming damaged - Young, adventure seekers-cause problems like crime assoc with drinking need be sorted out. -Council work with companies to look after enviro. |
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L3 (Module 3): Tourism businesses:
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What are/describe the key principles that impact upon tourism businesses?
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a) Seasonality: Seasonal/temporal change in demand. Diversify products to decrease loss ( skifield mountainbike track, plan ahead to cut back staff-seasonal)
b) Quality/ accreditation: Qualmark -qulity sign, different secotrs with different stars. Downside is they lose individuality , hard distinguish/increases scrutiny if get low mark. c) Sustainability: Social media (F.B.-marketing use/engage with customer/=d) marketing. e) Distribution: Direct buyer to supplier (Hilton website to client) f) Leadership: Usually formal, but Air N.Z. is less formal g) External shocks: E/q backpackers decreased-destination responds using media, PR, marketing. h) HR issues i) Issues-scale j) Change in customer. |
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How does scale influence or change decision making within the tourism industry?
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Scale: Affects decisions to do with: Marketing, leadership strategies, sustainability practices.
Transnational companies: -Operate across national barriers: eg: Airlines (Star/ 1 World Alliances) Strategic advantages: -Cost positive customers/ businesses -Brand recognition -Standard guarantee -Customer loyalty -leadership important smaller scale -Alliances positive: brand recognition, language access etc,. |
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What are the issues associated with high promotional costs for generating region (get destinations idea) and way solve?
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-Participation of destination marketing (airlines, tour operators, hotels)
-Innovation -Distribution channel managed -Headquarters removed from actual production |
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What are some issues and advantages of being a small to medium sized enterprise?
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-Is majority of tourism sector
Eg: Independent hotels, museums, local attractions, B and B's. Strategic advantages: -Lanarch Castle/museum: same issues but better control of distribution and marketing compared to bigger tourism operation. -Niche strategy, speicialisation, rapid adaption ability, comparative ease market entry. |
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What are lifestyle entrepreneurs and what characterises the,?
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-Typically small B and B's
-Strategic business objective -2ndary income/ none at all -Profit maximising not priority Northern SpainFrance: -Open up lifestyle business: have to however operate alot, once thought would be good lifestyle turens into more work than desired! |
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What are some HR issues witihn tourism businesses?
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-Recruitment, selction, appointment, retianing staff
-Part timecausal labour-Ongoing training and development -Salaries -Motivations Ski Resorts: Hard to retain, train and motivate quality staff. |
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What is the # 1 reason why people leave their jobs?>
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Bosses: Not enough recognition for what they are doing: formal or informal-tick to success-make people feel good for helping business thrive, and thus will work harder into the future.
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What are the problems and what has been occurring with changing toruist?
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-Move good s and service to experiences (2000 tourists need experiences on holidays)
-Customisation: key to think about the: Designation of tangible elements (room layout , signs, interpretation) Design intangible elements (entertain, humour, mindfulness) |
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Hard to generalise , but modern tourism business customer often?
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-Tech savvy (impacts marketing style/ distribution decisions)
-Envior awareness (eg: impacts expereince desgin practices) -Quality driven: impacts deicsion on accreditation -Exposed to media (PR decreaed if dont react well to external shock!) |
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L4: (Module 4): Who makes all the decisions? Governance
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How do we define governance, what does it include, and relate it to the tourism context?
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World bank definition: Manner of power exercised -management of country's ecoonomy (social resources for development)
Tourism governance: Steering, regulating, mobilizing action-institutions, decisions make rules and establishing practices. Asks society/ group opinion Includes: Hierarchy-govt, n/w of actors beyond govt, communities and markets. ALSO: Plicies, laws , rules , procedures-collective power: good governance. Operates at all scales ( local etc: Tsm central otago/N.Z.) intenrationally UNTWO. Trend: increased emphasis on social learning, actors share knowledge, ideas and inspirations-visions of future. |
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Why does conflict occur within governance?
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Different grous all seek to secure favourable policy decision. ie: Business interest groups- national vs state, tourists:
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Give an example of bad tourism practices within N.Z.?
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Tourism Queenstown: Develop 4WD in indigenous area, not well received as locals not asked (hard to ask all).
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Why is tourism governance important?
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a) Set direction
b) Meet goals c) Consider all points of view fairly d) $ used correct places Regions: Develop marketing focus where governance is required. Make brand: Tourism Central Otago= decrease $-focus management (rd signs- enhance tourist experience) e) Effective dialogue with region f) Imprve area-pollution g) Crisis management (floods): effective/rapid management (floods)-effective/ rapid mangement-visitros kept out them repromotion -CHCH. |
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What is good governance? (EXAM)
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1) Sustainable use of resources= not destroy destination life cycle (decreased building of Hotels in Queenstown)
2) Follow laws: fair, be careful decrease corruption 3) Participatory: Include men and women, all groups in decision making processes. 4) Take into consideration all stakeholders: Accountable for any negative reactions 5) Transparency: Follow rules 6) Responsive: react to problem within appropriate time scale: ie: Binge drink and crime in Qtown-need react asap. 7) Equitable/inclusive: All (especially vulnerable) groups increased through policies (jndigenous, marginalised-need more access). |
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What is governance at the organisational level?
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-Organisational governance: laws/customs apply to organisation and need boards corporation
-Leadership: Need achieve good governance |
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What makes a good leader?
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Poitive reinforcement, leadership, emotions, body language, trust followers (judge), character (connective), sense purpose. direction, empath and a good teacher.
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What is governance at local and district level?
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-Network span public/private sectors=increased importance shape local tourism plan/development
-Council led governance-partnership local tourism organisation-works ith locals. -Global-may affect governance at this local level. |
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What is governance at regional level?
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-Tourism governanve here brings communities together, local govts, industry stakeholders, cohesion and market relevance.
-Brand , infrastructure development, lobbying, training, partnership development, on site implementation national policies-functions of regional tourism governance. N.Z. RTO;s: tangible , long term : cant be measured in traditional corporate/ market terms: provide leadership and vision for tourism sector, demonstrate expert knowledge product development, domestic and international market/sustainability. -Members RTO governance boards: non tourism members with other interests. |
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What is governance at national level?
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-Beritelle, Bieger and Laesser (2007): Rules /mechanism develop policies/business strategies combine organization and individuals.
-Collect strong influence national destination governance: Chinese scared harmony=influences Chinas national policies. |
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What are some tourism related rights associated with international governance- describe the UN Millenium goals?
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-Un declarations human rights/leisure
-Global code -ethics tourism -Sports right -Artistic/culutral rights ofcitizens UN Millenium goals:: 1) Eradicate poverty/hunger 2) Univeral primary education 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria etc 9) Allow conditions that=happiness. |
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What are some problems associated with tourism governance?
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-Lack of compliance: Easter penalty cafes open when not meant to
opposite of the is Shotover Jet-overcoply after accidents -Conflicted interests: public, private , local, indigenous. |
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L5: (Module 3): Governance # 2- tourism:
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What is the key role of governance? ie: definitions:
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-officials with own preferences/capacities-affect pblic policy, set political institutions operating in relation to civil society (Nordlinger, 1981)
-Govt. exercises power |
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Give examples of institutions at different scales?
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International: UN/UNWTO
National: Toruism strategy group / tourism N.Z. Regional: Tsm Central Otago/Dunedin Local: Dunedin City Council |
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What are the roles of the national governance groups: Tourism strategy group and tourism new zealand?
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TOurism strategy: Tourism research/ tourism policy suggestions
Tourism New Zealand: Promotes New Zealand to world: $84 million governemnt funding 2011/12. |
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What are RTO'S (Regional governance):
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-Governmnet funded bodies that are responsible for managing /marketing regions domestically and internationally
EG: Tourism Dunedin-funded Dunedin City Council and local industry. Objectives to stimulate investment, employment opps, market city. Eg: Destination Queenstown: Funded by industry: objective of marketing. MAORI RTO's : Represent interests Maori tourism operators. |
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Local N.Z. governance: Give some examples around Dunedin and what they do?
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Dunedin City Council:
-Urbn plan -Waste management -Parking -Envior health policies for town -Local business support -Abide by government regulations I-Site: -N.Z.'s official visitor info n/w, 80 offices nationwide: promote local businesses and info to tourists. -Direct go to best attractions. |
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What is the role of industry and community groups in governance of tourism?
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-State: not only institution involved in governance=collective power at all scales.
-Industryinfluences training and quality assurance of tourism -Communities affect legislation regard equal employment. |
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What are some examples of groups that involve N.Z. industry governance?
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-Tsm industry Assoc N.Z., Hospitality Association N.Z. (leadership/advocacy governance)
-Other grps:TIANZ, N.Z. tourism export Council, Qualmark (quality control/train governance rolse) -Hospitality Standards Institiution (HSI) -Hotel Council N.Z. (HCNZ), -Aviation , tourism and travel training organisation (ATTO). |
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What is an example of TIANZ influencing tourism/government policy?
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-Increase visiotr infrestrucutre
EG: Mondayising holidays (public): -Anzac Day/Waitangi -This is to increase visitation -$35 million (domestic) -increase $ sepnt -Extend passport to Aussy also to make more seamess border. |
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What are some community groups that have a voice in tourism industry?
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-Maori community
-Social organisations -Migrant Action Trust -N.Z. Disability Support n/w. |
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What did otago Conservation Board have against campervans?
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-Wanted the government to completely ban them as they dumped toilteries /waste sides rd.
-Need make new rules! |
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L6 (Module 3): Tourism impacts on the individual
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How many tourists travel per year?
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1 billion, engaging in holidays for seek something unusual -sense of purpose/meaning away from home.
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What are new tourists requiring?
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-Western wolrd: high depression/anxiety rates
-Need travel for wellbeing-leisure travel-wellbeing/relax. Industry: Healthy food, sustaianbility -Increased demand for fitness improvement, helthy lifestyle, utrition counselling, healing, preventative medicaine Meidcal tsm: Increase since 2005 ( $3 billion) |
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Define indivudal well-being?
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-Poisitve emotions
-Engagement -meaning (purpose) WHO: State of complete positive physical, mental and social well being without disease. -Tourism industry: trouble defining and catering to allow for happiness travel. |
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Define health?
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3 elements:
a) Subjective b) Bilogical (blood pressure) c) Functional (accessibility) Cater for these |
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What are some examples of tourist experiences that also entail wellbieng?
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-Poitive emtions: club/party experiences
-Engagement: Mindful touirst experiences, culutral settings -Meaning: Volunteer tourist experiences developing contries If psychologically pleases: happiness and leisure- positive. Do less, enjoy more, shop for meaning. Relate marketing t happiness able be recieved. |
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What are the 3 parts of health tourism?
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1) Prevention
2) Disease 3) treatment |
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What are some tourist experiences as prevention for bad health?
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-Spa experiences and rejuvenation
-Massage, aromatherapy, yoga -Retreats CEOs to Hawaii -Parks/green spaces -Prevent get sick: park/nature reserves to increase wellbeing N.Z.: Could market national parks -to upper and middle class white women. Aussy: spas -Women indulge-double life naughty. |
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What are some negative health problems when travelling?
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-Sunburn, heat exhaustion, jet lag, std's (HIV), depression
-All temporary usually |
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What are some tourist experiences as treatment?
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Medical tourism:
-Cosmetic surgery (Thailand) -Luxury accommodation, experiences -Hospitals up to international standard: eyes, dentist -Large numbers travel for this-detox sap etc -Visiotr experience marketed as fun to travel to and experience Thailand |
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How to measure tourism impacts on individual toruist?
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Use standard visitor satisfaction surveys and health/ well being measures
OR: -Life satisfaction /depression questions -Desirable perfect days at destination -Travel blog analyses And market towards improving this to cater for them. |
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Describe what vacation Rules: A guide to travel says by Sebastian Filep and Rod Cuthbert?
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-Insight visitor emi=otions trigeers
-Tourists should focus more on emotional goals-travel -36 vactation rules: successful travel- help toruism business understand visitor -Out mtns lakes, green and blue rule-positive -Do less enjoy more -DO something new -Meet locals: N.Z. good for all these things!! |
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L7 (Module 3): The data revolution-Why it matters to you?
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What are the issues of complexity within the tourism industry?
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-Impacts within and outsied the tourism system
-Impacts are positive and negative and peceived f=differently by hosts, tourists, and tourism industry. |
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Define socio cultural impacts?
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-Outcome social relationships occurring b/w tourists and hosts as reuslt of contact. Nature of these encounters influences understanding /misunderstanding-caused by tourism processes (Wall and Matheisa, 2006)
Social Impacts: Change in quality of life- residents tourist destinations, consequence tourism in destination Culture: Behaviour, knowledge, values, traditions for generations (Wall And Mathieson) |
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What are 2 ways to look at culutre in tourism context?
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Tourist: Culture/subculture
Destination: has subcultures/culture Cultures together=culture shock |
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What are some examples of socio-culural imaocts (positives , costs and culutral norms)?
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+'s: -Promotion cross culutral understanding
-Incentive to preserve culture/ heritage -Promote social well-being and stability Costs: -Commodification -Increased crime -imitation of tourist behaviour Cultural norms: -N.Z. Maori culture-look after visitor marae, horses, Maori Ancestry-lots cultural experiences. |
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How to manage socio-cultural impacts at macro, micro levels?
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Macor (large scale):
-Education -Diplomacy -Globalisation and migration Micro level (small scale): -Manage authenticity (real vs. stages provision) -Mangae accessiblity and tourist movements -Manage infrastructure |
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What can good micro and macro management lead to?
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-Tourist-host friendships. More even distribution of employment opportunirties for host communities
-Local culutral ownershi -Better education for hosts -Better health care fore hosts. |
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Defining / give examples of enviro impacts?
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-Enviro: land, air, water , fauna intertiwned with people aspect.
Tourism impacts: Land, air, water, flora, fauna. EG: -Damage to vege and soil -Alter wildlife habitats -Deforestation -Pollution of air , littering, aethetic etc. |
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How is impact tourism on natural enviro mangaed in N.Z. (who through)?
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-Enviro Protection Authority
-DOC -Councils (Dunedin City) -Other organisations |
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Talk about Cornwall as a case study for tourism area, and the impacts of tourism in that area?
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-Very busy U.K. torusit resort
-4 million tourists per year, bringing in $1.2 billion History: 1800;s : Industrial revolution in England, machines. -Caused social need to holiday and relax -Cornwall was beauty, location, history, religious -Jesus visited. -SW area England: good lifestyle Now: -Hotels, attractions, location, and restaurants (Rick Stein) +: Crucial to the area for past 50 years-how embraced is how it is positve: attractions working with enviro in positive way: change in community too as makes more lively and better place to live -: Lots visitors cause congestion, carpark charges, prices up in cafes etc. -Lots 2nd homes bought from people London: make housing unaffordable for locals. Need develop this weel to reduce these. |