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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did Lenin view the Great War (World War I)?
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as an opportunity for a revolution
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In what manner did Russia enter the War?
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patriotically, with the czar leading the troops
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How was the czar overthrown?
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Due to economic and military difficulties, a mob stormed Petrograd and seized power. The czar abdicated.
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Who took over after the czar abdicated?
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First Prince Lvov, and later Alexander Kerensky, led a provisional government.
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How did the Soviets treat Kerensky and the provisional government?
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"with complete mistrust", per Lenin's orders
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How did Lenin view the mob overthrow of the czar?
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He was disappointed that he was unable to be there.
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How did Lenin return to Russia, and how did that affect his campaign?
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The Germans paid for a train to send Lenin back to Russia because he wanted to end the war with Germany, but this made Lenin appear a tool of the Germans. The provisional government labeled him a spy.
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What did the Kerensky government do about the war?
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They kept on fighting.
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How did Lenin escape the Kerensky government?
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He shaved his distinctive beard and fled to Finland.
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What was Kerensky's major error?
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When General Kornilov threatened to attack the capital following a misunderstanding of directions, Kerensky armed the Bolsheviks to defend himself, paving the way for the October Revolution.
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How did Lenin return to Russia (the second time)?
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He snuck back, ordered a coup overnight, and the Soviets declared him the new ruler.
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What did Lenin first do while in power?
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He pulled out of the war and reversed the February Revolution, turning Russia into a communist state.
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What happened after the assassination attempt on Lenin?
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He executed over 500 of his opponents in revenge.
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How many people mourned Lenin at his funeral, and how many have gone to see his enbalmed body?
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750k; 100M
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What are the two deviations Leninism takes from Marxism?
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The industrial stage was skipped (Russia was still agricultural), and Lenin introduced the idea of Democratic Centralism, in which a small elite lead the revolution and govern the country on the behalf of the proletariat.
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What group was Lenin a part of originally?
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the Russian Social Democrats, in the Leninist faction (duh)
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What did the Leninist faction believe?
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Russia was ready for a revolution, Democratic Centralism works, all enemies should be purged, and they should not cooperate with other anti-czar factions.
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What did the non-Leninist faction believe?
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Russia was getting closer to a communist revolution, but was not there yet, a broad group of people should lead the revolution, core principles should be followed, and cooperation with other groups is allowed.
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Where did the Bolsheviks get their name?
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At a meeting in Brussels, the non-Leninists walked out, so the Leninists took a vote and declared themselves the Bolsheviks (the majority), labelling the non-Leninists the Mensheviks (the minority).
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How did the Leninists use the Bolshevik/Menshevik division to their advantage?
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Bolsheviks really weren't the majority, but by phrasing it that way, they were made to seem bigger than they were.
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What are two examples of Russia's devastation during the Great War?
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Inflation went up 5X (400%) while wages remained similar, and lots of people died (2 million in 1916 alone!).
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Who was blamed for the troubles during the Great War?
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Tsarina Alexandra, who was a German
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What did the February Revolution consist of?
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Bread riots led a mob to overthrow the government, and establish a provisional government led by the Mensheviks, Republicans, and pro-Army factions.
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Why did the February Revolution happen in March, and the October Revolution in November?
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Russia was still on the Julian calendar, while the rest of the world had switched over to the Gregorian calendar in the 18th Century, so there was around a month's difference between the two.
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When did Russia switch to the Gregorian calendar?
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early 1918, under Lenin
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What did Lenin do to consolidate power?
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He allowed elections to take place and elect a constituent assembly, the members of which he then captured and executed.
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When did the Bolsheviks rename themselves the Communists?
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January 1918
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What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk do?
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In it, Lenin gave up Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia as independent nations as a consequence for losing World War One.
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What was sovnarkom?
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a time period in late 1917 in which an interim government ruled Russia
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What is the era from 1918 to 1921 in Russia called?
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War Communism
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What two groups did the Communists oppose during War Communism?
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the Whites (Proventialists, Mensheviks, Republicans, and pro-army factions) and the Foreign Powers (US, UK, and Japan)
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What are two reasons why the Communists were able to defeat their enemies during War Communism?
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They are united, while their enemies are not, and they have Leon Trotsky as a military leader, a parallel of George Washington.
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As Lenin's health declined, who appeared to be his successor and why was that wrong?
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Trotsky appeared to be in line to inherit the government, as he was popular, a good speaker, and a hero, but Stalin had appointed his friends to government posts, so he had more support from those in power.
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What did Lenin do economically during War Communism?
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He abolished private trade (1918), distributing excess food to city dwellers, and nationalized factories and businesses with more than 5 employees.
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When was War Communism?
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1918-1921
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What happened to the Russian economy during War Communism?
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It stayed in its nosedive: In 1922, coal was at 27% and crop harvest at 60% of levels in 1913.
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Why did Lenin's War Communism economy tank?
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loss of incentives, territory and life, and pillaging of the countryside during war
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Who ran the Russian economy during War Communism?
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the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh)
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What did the VSNKh do?
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centralized transportation and food
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Name the four Russian secret police organizations and the years they began in.
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Cheka 1917
OGPU 1923 NKVD 1934 KGB 1954 |
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When was the NEP carried out?
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1921-1924
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What is the era from 1921 to 1924 in Russia called?
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Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)
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What did the NEP consist of?
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Private trade was re-legalized, allowing peasants to sell surpluses and some factories were re-privatized.
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What effects did the NEP have and not have?
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It didn't avert the 1921-2 famine or industrialize Russia, but it did increase the grain harvest by around 50%.
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How and when did Russia become the USSR?
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In 1922, Ukraine and Georgia returned to Russia, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was proclaimed (it's also the CCCP in Russian).
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When did Lenin die?
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1924
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