Total Lab 2

Front 1

Locate the Brachiocephalic trunk

Back 1

Front 2

Locate the Superior vena cava

Back 2

Front 3

Locate the Right pulmonary artery

Back 3

Front 4

Locate the Ascending aorta

Back 4

Front 5

Locate the Pulmonary trunk

Back 5

Front 6

Locate the Right pulmonary veins

Back 6

Front 7

Locate the Right atrium

Back 7

Front 8

Locate the Right coronary artery

Back 8

Front 9

Locate the Right ventricle

Back 9

Front 10

Locate the Inferior vena cava

Back 10

Front 11

Locate the Left common carotid artery

Back 11

Front 12

Locate the Left subclavian artery

Back 12

Front 13

Locate the Aortic arch

Back 13

Front 14

Locate the Ligamentum arteriosum

Back 14

Front 15

Locate the Left pulmonary artery

Back 15

Front 16

Locate the Left atrium

Back 16

Front 17

Locate the Auricle

Back 17

Front 18

Locate the Left coronary artery

Back 18

Front 19

Locate the Left ventricle

Back 19

Front 20

Locate the apex

Back 20

Front 21

Locate the aorta

Back 21

Front 22

Locate the left pulmonary artery

Back 22

Front 23

Locate the Auricle of the left atrium

Back 23

Front 24

Locate the left atrium

Back 24

Front 25

Locate the left ventricle

Back 25

Front 26

Locate the apex

Back 26

Front 27

Locate the superior vena cava

Back 27

Front 28

Locate the right pulmonary artery

Back 28

Front 29

Locate the right pulmonary veins

Back 29

Front 30

Locate the Right atrium

Back 30

Front 31

Locate the Inferior vena cava

Back 31

Front 32

Locate the Right coronary artery

Back 32

Front 33

Locate the Coronary Sinus

Back 33

Front 34

Locate the Right ventricle

Back 34

Front 35

Locate the superior vena cava

Back 35

Front 36

Locate the Pulmonary trunk

Back 36

Front 37

Locate the right atrium

Back 37

Front 38

Locate the right pulmonary veins

Back 38

Front 39

Locate the fossa ovalis

Back 39

Front 40

Locate the Tricuspid valve

Back 40

Front 41

Locate the right ventricle

Back 41

Front 42

Locate the chordae tendineae

Back 42

Front 43

Locate the Inferior vena cava

Back 43

Front 44

Locate the aorta

Back 44

Front 45

Locate the left pulmonary artery

Back 45

Front 46

Locate the left atrium

Back 46

Front 47

Locate the left pulmonary veins

Back 47

Front 48

Locate the mitral (bicuspid) valve

Back 48

Front 49

Locate the aortic valve

Back 49

Front 50

Locate the pulmonary valve

Back 50

Front 51

Locate the left ventricle

Back 51

Front 52

Locate the papillary muscle

Back 52

Front 53

Locate the Interventricular septum

Back 53

Front 54

Aortic stenosis - Systolic or diastolic?
List the cause and characteristic sounds

Back 54

systolic
Cause: turbulent blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve as blood is ejected from the left ventricle
Characteristic Sound: WOOSH

Front 55

Mitral valve prolapse - Systolic or diastolic?
List the cause and characteristic sounds

Back 55

systolic
Cause: blood regulates back from left ventricle into left atrium during systole.
Characteristic Sound: LUB-WOOSH-DUP

Front 56

Aortic regurgitation (aortic insufficiency) - Systolic or diastolic?
List the cause and characteristic sounds

Back 56

diastolic
Cause: aortic valve doesn't close completely, blood flows back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole
Characteristic Sound: LUB-DUP-WOOSH

Front 57

What are AV (Atrioventricular Valves)?

Back 57

• prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract
• chordae tendineae anchor AV valves to papillary muscles (prevent prolapse)

Front 58

What are SL (Semilunar Valves)?

Back 58

• prevent back flow of blog into the ventricles

Front 59

Pathway of blood

Back 59

Right atrium → Right AV valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve → left ventricle → Aortic SL valve → aorta → systemic circulation

Front 60

What is an EMG?

Back 60

electromyogram

an external recording of the electrical activity of muscle

Gives information on the speed of electrical conduction through the cardiac conduction system used to diagnose abnormalities and disease of the heart, measures electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction

Front 61

When stimulated by a motor neuron, a skeletal muscle fiber forms _______ that activate contraction of the fiber.

Back 61

action potentials

Front 62

The EMG records the combined action potential signals produced by _____ of activated muscle fibers

Back 62

several

Front 63

Define motor unit

Back 63

motor neuron & all muscle fibers it supplies (4 to 1000’s)
• when motor neuron fires (action potential) all muscle fibers it innervates contract

Front 64

Define motor unit recruitment

Back 64

an increase in # of active motor units
• ↑ motor unit recruiment = ↑ force of contraction

Front 65

Define antagonistic muscles

Back 65

muscles that work in opposing directions

Front 66

Define fatigue

Back 66

muscle is physiologically unable to contract

Front 67

Increasing the force of muscle contraction is accomplished by _____ recruitment of motor units, which increases the number of muscle fibers activated in the muscle.

Back 67

increasing

Front 68

The more muscle fibers that are stimulated to produce action potentials, the _____ the EMG signal will be

Back 68

stronger

Front 69

Explain how your results from Part A demonstrate recruitment of motor units.

Back 69

Part A demonstrates recruitment of a motor unit because the amount of action potentials increases with the increase in the amount of weight being lifted. The body produces more action potentials when more energy effort is used.

Front 70

Explain how your results from Part B demonstrate fatigue of the muscle

Back 70

Part B shows that as the muscle fatigues more and more motor units got used.

Front 71

What is meant by the term antagonistic muscles?

Back 71

Antagonistic muscles are opposing muscle pairs

Front 72

Summarize your results from Part C and explain briefly what the results demonstrate about the control of antagonistic muscles by the CNS.

Back 72

In Part C the control of antagonistic skeletal muscles are complete opposites while in flexion the biceps produce a larger amount of ATP. The triceps keeps a small constant amount of ATP. During extension, the triceps had a very large amount of ATP being produced while the biceps had a moderate amount at the beginning but subsided.

Front 73

Define sphygmomanometer

Back 73

used to measure arterial blood
• consists of an inflatable cuff connected to a pressure gauge

Front 74

Define blood pressure

Back 74

force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels
• expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
• must be regulated to meet requirements for blood flow to the body organs.
• driving force for blood flow

Front 75

Define Korotkoff sounds

Back 75

sequence of sounds produced as the cuff pressure is decreased from systolic to diastolic pressure
• divided into 5 phases:
1. brief loud tapping
2. longer, softer murmurs
3. loud thumping sounds
4. soft muffled sounds
5. silence

Front 76

Define mean arterial pressure

Back 76

the average blood pressure in the aorta and large arteries.
• The MAP is related to the cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) according to the formula:
MAP = CO x TRP

Front 77

Define pulse pressure

Back 77

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure (systolic P - diastolic P)

Front 78

Define systolic pressure

Back 78

pressure exerted on the arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Front 79

Define diastolic pressure

Back 79

lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle

Front 80

High and Low blood pressure levels

Back 80

Systolic Pressure under 120
Diastolic Pressure under 80

Front 81

Hypertension

Back 81

chronically elevated arterial blood pressure, the heart works harder to pump blood around the body

Front 82

Equation to calculate MAP

Back 82

Diastolic Pressure + (Pulse Pressure/3)

Front 83

How to take your blood pressure:

Back 83

Subject must sit on the table with their left or right arm resting on the table at the same level with their heart. Put the cuff of the sphygmomanometer around the arm just above the elbow. Palpate the pulse in the brachial artery and close the screw valve. Inflate the cuff while listening to the brachial artery. Inflate the cuff about 20mmHg above the point where the pulse disappears. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery open screw valve slightly to slowly release pressure rate of 3 mmHg per second. Watch the pressure gauge while listening to the artery. Record systolic pressure as the point where you hear the 1st Korotkoff sound. Diastolic pressure is the point where the sound disappears.