Tortora Microbiology Chap 4

Front 1

Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrand and is one circular chromosome

Back 1

Prokaryotes

Front 2

Their DNA is not associated with Histones, other roteins are associated with the DNA

Back 2

Prokaryotes

Front 3

They lack membrane-enclosed organelles

Back 3

Prokaryotes

Front 4

Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan

Back 4

Prokaryotes

Front 5

They usually divide by binary fission.

Back 5

Prokaryotes

Front 6

What is binary fission?

Back 6

During this process, the DNA is copied and the cell splits into two cells. Binary fission involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division

Front 7

Their DNA is found in the cell's nucleus, which is seperated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes

Back 7

Eukaryotes

Front 8

Their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones.

Back 8

Eukaryotes

Front 9

They have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles

Back 9

Eukaryotes

Front 10

Their cell walls, when present, are chemically simple.

Back 10

Eukaryotes

Front 11

They usually divide by mitosis

Back 11

Eukaryotes

Front 12

What is Mitosis?

Back 12

Chromosomes replicate and an identical set is distributed into each of two nuclei. This process is guided by the mitotic spindle, a sootball-shaped assembly of microtubles. Division of the cytoplasm and other organelles follows so that the two cells rpoduced are identical.

Front 13

What are the two groups of Prokaryotes?

Back 13

Archaea and Bacteria

Front 14

Name the typical prokaryotic structures

Back 14

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, Nuclear region or Nucleoid

Front 15

Name the optional features of Prokaryotic cells

Back 15

Inclusion, Capsule, plasmid, flagella, fimbriae

Front 16

This structure gives shape and rigidity to cell, provides support and protection and is the basis for GRAM staining

Back 16

Cell Wall

Front 17

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

Back 17

Peptidoglycan AKA Murein

Front 18

A ______ cell does not retain initial stain (pink) and is multilayered and complex

Back 18

GRAM -

Front 19

A ______ cell does retain initial stain (purple) and has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Back 19

GRAM +

Front 20

Peptidoglycan is composed of what?

Back 20

NAG and NAM N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

Front 21

What type of bonding is present in the Peptidoglycan

Back 21

Beta glycosicdic linkages and can be broken by lysozymes

Front 22

The Glycan chains are crosslinked by peptide bonds between amino acids attached to muramic acid residues, these links are called?

Back 22

peptide crosslinks

Front 23

GRAM- bacteria have a thin layer peptidoglycan cell wall with an ?

Back 23

Outer Membrane

Front 24

GRAM+ cell walls contain

Back 24

Teichoic Acids that end with carboxyl groups

Front 25

The outer membrane is a lipic bilayer that also contains?

Back 25

Polysaccharides, Lipid A, Lipo protein and Porins

Front 26

A channel formed from proteins that allow small molecules to pass the outer membrane is called a ?

Back 26

Porin

Front 27

Can large molecules pass through the outer membrane?

Back 27

NO

Front 28

Between the Outer Membrane and the Plasma Membrane is called the?

Back 28

Periplasmic space

Front 29

The periplasmic space contains?

Back 29

Hydrolytic Enzymes, Binding proteins, chemorecptors

Front 30

Lipid A is considered?

Back 30

A endotoxin

Front 31

The chemical composition of the cell (plasma) membrane consists of?

Back 31

Phospholid bilayer with hydrophopic protions pointing inward and hydophilic portions remaining exposed to aqueous environment, embedded (integral) proteins, associated molecules, Sterols and hopanoids

Front 32

The function of the plasma membrane is?

Back 32

mechanisms of entry and exit creating a selectively permeable barrier

Front 33

When nonpolar (fat soluble) molecules and gases pass though the plasma membrane doe to their chemical makeup it is called?

Back 33

simple diffusion

Front 34

When solutes are transported by transport proteins in membrane it is called?

Back 34

facilitated diffusion

Front 35

Facilitated diffusion allows?

Back 35

Transport of polar molecules

Front 36

A tube that transports water from one side of the membrane to the other is called a?

Back 36

Aquaporin

Front 37

The passive transport of water is called?

Back 37

Osmosis

Front 38

When a solute concentration in the enviornment equals the solute concentration in the cell it is called

Back 38

Isotonic

Front 39

When a solute concentration in the enviornment is less than the solute concentration in the cell it is called

Back 39

Hypotonic

Front 40

When a solute concentration in the enviornment is greater than the solute concentration in the cell it is called

Back 40

Hypertonic

Front 41

When cells are in a hypertonic solution and water flows out the cell becomes deydrated this is known as?

Back 41

Plasmolysis

Front 42

Hypertonic environments have potential to ______ bacterial growth.

Back 42

Slow or stop

Front 43

When transporter proteins pump molecules across membranes against their concentration gradient

Back 43

Active transport

Front 44

How is Active transport driven?

Back 44

powered by ATP or the "proton motive force"

Front 45

In bacteria cells there is a process where substances are transported while simultaneously being chemically modified this is called?

Back 45

Group Translocation

Front 46

An example of group translocation?

Back 46

Phosphotransferase system sugars are phosphorylated during transport

Front 47

The prokaryotic nuclear region is called the?

Back 47

Nucleoid

Front 48

Two types of DNA found in prokaryotic nucleoids

Back 48

Genomic DNA and plasmids

Front 49

Small circular DNA molecules are called?

Back 49

plasmids

Front 50

This may carry genes for such activities as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, the production of toxins, and the synthesis of enzymes

Back 50

Plasmids

Front 51

Actively growing cells usually contain _____ copies of the bacterial chromosome?

Back 51

multiple

Front 52

These are sites of protein synthesis and are composed of rRNA and proteins

Back 52

Ribosomes

Front 53

What does the Svedbury number tell us?

Back 53

Size and shape

Front 54

What are the very long thin appendages attached to the surface of the cell?

Back 54

Flagella

Front 55

These are characteristic of differenct bacterial groups

Back 55

Flagella

Front 56

What are two types of Flagella?

Back 56

Polar and Peritrichous

Front 57

Monotrichous, Lophotrichous and Amphitrichous are examples of?

Back 57

Polar flagellation

Front 58

How to Flagella move?

Back 58

ezch flagellum moves by rotation (like a propeller) the energy comes from proton motive forces

Front 59

Movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical is called?

Back 59

Bacterial Chemotaxis

Front 60

What are the two types of Bacterial Chemotaxis?

Back 60

Postive-movement towards an "attractant" or negative movement away from a "repellent"

Front 61

Running and tumbling are examples of?

Back 61

Bacterial Chemotaxis

Front 62

Fumbriae and Pili are located?

Back 62

on the Bacterial cell surface

Front 63

Cell surface structures that are used for sticking rather than movement are called?

Back 63

Fimbriae=fimbrin protein

Front 64

A larger cell surface structure that only numbers one or two per cell

Back 64

Pili

Front 65

Pili are involved in the bacterial?

Back 65

mating process

Front 66

A polysaccharide containing material that lies outside the cell is called?

Back 66

Capsule or Slime layers (glycocalyx)

Front 67

What are the functions of the capsules

Back 67

Attachment of pathogens to host, improved resistance to phagocytosis by cells of the immunce system, resistances to drying

Front 68

poly-B-hydroxyl butyrate (PHB) Glycogen, and ployphosphate are all examples of

Back 68

Storage Products

Front 69

What are Bacterial Endospores?

Back 69

intracellular structures found in some bacteria.

Front 70

Bacterial Endospores provide resistance to?

Back 70

Heat, acids, drying, chemicals, radiation, and disinfectants

Front 71

This is known as a resting structure that does not carry out metabolism but is very impermeable to dyes

Back 71

Bacterial Endospores

Front 72

The process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell takes several hours and is known as?

Back 72

sporulation or sporogenesis

Front 73

Sporulation is triggered by?

Back 73

exposure to stressful enviromental conditions

Front 74

When a endospore converts back into vegetative cells it is called?

Back 74

Spore Germination

Front 75

List 4 ways in which prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells

Back 75

Has no nuclear membrane or nucleoli, no membrane enclosed organelles, there are no carbohydrates in the plasma membrane and prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome that lacks histones

Front 76

List 4 structures typical of all bacterial species

Back 76

Cell Wall, Cell membrane or plasma membrane, Ribosomes, and Nuclear region or Nucleoid

Front 77

List three types of molecules which are typically found in the periplasmic space of GRAM- cells

Back 77

Peptidoglycan Enzymes Lipoproteins

Front 78

Toxic portion of the GRAM- cell wall

Back 78

Lipid A

Front 79

A region that extends from the cell membrane to the outer membrane of a GRAM- cell

Back 79

Periplasmic space

Front 80

Responsible for the negative charge of the GRAM+ cell

Back 80

Teichoic Acids

Front 81

Anchors the outer membrane of the GRAM- cell wall to the peptidoclycan layer

Back 81

Lipoproteins

Front 82

Portion of the GRAM - LPS that is consistent in all species

Back 82

Core Polysaccharide

Front 83

Two glucose derivatives that are joined together to form glycan chains

Back 83

NAG and NAM

Front 84

Protein channels that allow molecules to cross the outer membrane of the GRAM- cell wall

Back 84

Porins

Front 85

Antigenic portion of the gram - LPS (varies from species to species)

Back 85

Outer (O) Polysaccharides

Front 86

A single flagellum located at one end of a cell

Back 86

Monotrichous

Front 87

Can act as specific receptors for viral particles

Back 87

Pili

Front 88

Involved in attachment of bacteria to host tissues

Back 88

Fimbriae

Front 89

Movement in which the organism swims steadily in a gently curved path

Back 89

Run

Front 90

Movement towards an attractant

Back 90

Positive Chemotaxis

Front 91

Cause formation of pelicles or scums on the surgace of liquids

Back 91

Fimbriae

Front 92

Flagella located at both poles of a cell

Back 92

Amphitrichous

Front 93

Reserves of inorganic phosphate

Back 93

Metachromatic Granules

Front 94

Motor-like structure that anchors a flagellum into the cell membrane and cell wall

Back 94

Basal Body

Front 95

Provides improved resistance to Phagocytosis

Back 95

Glycocalyx (Capsules & Slime Layers)

Front 96

Movement away from a repellant

Back 96

Negative Chemotaxis

Front 97

Lipid-like substance; storage depot for carbon and energy

Back 97

Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Front 98

Organism stops and jiggles in place

Back 98

Tumble

Front 99

Chemical always found in spores, but never found in vegetative cells

Back 99

Dipicolinic Acid

Front 100

A tuft of flagella at one end of a cell

Back 100

Lophotrichous

Front 101

Involved in bacterial conjugation

Back 101

Pili

Front 102

Provides resistnace to drying

Back 102

Glycocalyx (capsules & slime layers)

Front 103

Starch-like polymer involved in energy storage

Back 103

Glycogen

Front 104

Intracellular structrues that provide resistance to heat, radiation, acids, disinfectants, etc.

Back 104

Endospores

Front 105

Flagella in many places around the cell surface

Back 105

Peritrichous