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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biotechnology? |
The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product i.e. food, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes |
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What is genetic engineering?
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Transferring genes amongst unrelated species |
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What is rDNA?
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"Recombinant DNA" |
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What are 2 different types of vectors?
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Plasmid or Virus
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What is a vector?
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self replicating DNA used to carry the desired gene to a new cell |
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What is a clone pertaining to rDNA technology? |
population of cells arising from one cell; each carries the new gene |
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What does artificial selection mean? |
To select desirable breeds of animals or strains of plants to cultivate |
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True or false: |
True |
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What method is used to change a specific codon in a gen? |
Site-directed mutagenesis |
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What enzyme is used to cut one particular nucleotide sequence in DNA?
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Restriction enzyme
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What does restriction enzymes produce when it cuts the DNA?
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Sticky ends
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What is used to covalently link the DNA backbones together after a restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA?
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DNA ligases
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What are shuttle vectors?
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Plasmids that can exist in several different species |
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True or false:
A plasmid containing a new gene can be inserted into a cell by transformation |
True |
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What does PCR stand for and what does it do?
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Polymerase chain reaction - used to make multiple copies of a desired piece of DNA enzymatically
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At times, some cells cannot take up DNA through transformation. What is done so that it can?
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Chemical treatments
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What is the process of creating pores by an electric current so that it can provide an entrance for new pieces of DNA?
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Electroporation
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What is protoplast fusion?
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Joining of cells whose cell walls have been removed |
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What can be used to shoot foreign DNA into plant cells?
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Gene gun
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What is a microinjection?
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Fine glass micropipette used to inject foreign DNA into cells
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What are gene libraries?
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Storing desired genes into a bacterial plasmid or phage
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How are cDNA formed?
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Through reverse transcription
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What is reverse transcription?
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Obtaining a mRNA and synthesizing DNA
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What is used to make synthetic DNA in vitro?
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Gene machine
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How are cells identified containing the engineered vector by direct selection?
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Antibiotic-resistance markers aka reporter genes
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What are gene probes?
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Single stranded segmented DNA that are complementary with the desired gene and is used to find the desired gene within a colony.
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What are cloned DNA used for?
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Produce protein products, studying of the cloned gene, and ultimately alter the phenotype of an organism |
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True or false:
Bacteria can produce and secrete human insulin and growth hormones through genetic engineering |
True
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What is gene therapy?
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Cure genetic diseases by repairing the defective or missing gene. |
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What is used in crop plants to resist insects?
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Bt or Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
"BT Corn" |
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What are Rhizobium enhanced to do?
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Nitrogen fixation
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What is nitrogen fixation?
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Ability to convert nitrogen gas to compounds that living cells can use.
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What bacteria produces the bovine growth hormone?
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E. coli
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What is the bovine growth hormone do?
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Increase milk production in milk cows and weight in beef cows |
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How can scientist control genetically engineered mircroorganisms from surviving after its' released purpose or from persisting in the environment?
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By engineering a suicide gene within the cell
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recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology |
insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins |
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selection |
culture of a naturally occurring microbe that produces the desired product |
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mutation |
mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait mutations are either harmful, beneficial, or neutral to an organism
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site-directed mutagenesis |
change in a specific DNA code to change a protein |
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restriction enzymes |
-particular pair of scissors for cutting genes -cut specific DNA sequences -destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells -cannot digest (host) DNA with methylated cytosines |
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vectors |
-carry new DNA to desired cell -shuttle vectors can exist in several different species -plasmids and viruses can be used as vectors |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
to make multiple copies of a piece of DNA enzymatically USED TO: -clone DNA for recombination -amplify DNA to detectable levels -sequence DNA -diagnose genetic diseases -detect pathogens |
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DNA can be inserted into a cell by (5 ways) |
-electroporation -transformation -protoplast fusion -gene gun -microinjection
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genomic libraries |
made up of pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages
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complementary DNA (cDNA) |
made from mRNA by reverse scriptase |
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synthetic dna |
made by a DNA synthesis machine |
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theraputic applications (3)
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-Human enzymes (human growth hormone and insulin)
-subunit vaccines (used for dangerous organisms; nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogens antigens as DNA vaccines) -Gene therapy to replace missing or defective genes |
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Human Genome Project |
-nucleotides have been sequenced -Human Proteome Project may provide diagnostics and treatments -reverse genetics: block a gene to determine its function |
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Scientific applications of the Human Genome Project |
-understanding DNA -sequencing organisms' genomes -DNA fingerprinting for identification |
