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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is Metabolism?
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Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions within a living organism
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What is Catabolism?
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It is the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler compounds
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Does Catabolism release or require energy and is it an exergonic reaction or endergonic reaction?
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Releases - Exergonic
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Does Anabolism release or require energy and is it an exergonic reaction or energonic reaction?
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Requires - Endergonic
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What is Anabolism
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It is the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
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What's the difference between endergonic & exergonic reaction?
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Endergonic - Requires energy
Exergonic - Releases energy |
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What is an enzyme and how can they be distinguished in letter format?
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Catalysts that speed up and direct chemical reactions; words usually end with "ase" to distinguish enzymes
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Explain enzyme specificity and what is this theory called?
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Enzyme + Substrate -->
EnzymeSubstrate (combined) --> Enzyme + Product Lock and Key Theory |
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What are the enzyme components? (2 part question)
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Apoenzyme
Coenzyme Holoenzyme Explain each... |
Apoenzyme - Enzyme without any added coenzyme
Coenzyme - Nonprotein that enhances an enzyme Holoenzyme - Apoenzyme combined with the coenzyme |
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Coenzymes are mostly derived from what (2 part question)?
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Vitamins
Give some examples |
Niacin (NAD)
Riboflavin (FAD) Pantothenic Acid (CoEnzymeA) |
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What are 3 factors that influence enzymatic activity?
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Temperature
pH Substrate concentration |
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What are 2 inhibitors that can affect enzymatic activity (2 part question)?
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Competitive Inhibitors
Noncompetitive Inhibitors Explain each... |
Competitive - Inhibitor that binds into active site and blocks substrate from entering
Non-competitive - Inhibitor in which it enters the allosteric site and alters the active site, which then blocks the substrate from entering |
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What is the allosteric site?
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Enzyme site which binds to molecules other than the substrate; thereby regulating enzyme activity
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Explain Feedback Inhibition
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Occurs when the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzymes activity early in the pathway
End product of original substrate becomes an inhibitor of an enzyme that stops the original production |
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What is oxidation?
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Loss of hydrogen and/or electrons
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What is Reduction?
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Gain of hydrogen and/or electrons
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What is the concept behind oxidation-reduction reactions aka Redox reactions?
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When a substance is oxidized, another is simultaneously reduced; coupled reaction
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NAD+ is oxidized or reduced?
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Oxidized; ready to accept ions
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NADH is oxidized or reduced?
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Reduced; gained an ion
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What is phosphorylation?
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Addition of phosphate to a molecule
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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When electrons are passed through a series of steps, from different electron accpetors, to reach O2 (aerobic) or other inorganic compounds (anaerobic); ATP is generated during this process.
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What is photophosphorylation?
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When light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and electrons are passed through a series of electron acceptors; energy released synthesizes ATP
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What is the primary source of energy for microorganisms?
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Carbohydrates
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What are the 2 pathways of glycolysis?
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Respiration (aerobic)
Fermentation (anaerobic) |
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Is glucose partially or completely broken down during Fermentation? ...Respiration?
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Fermentation - partially
Respiration - completely |
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Cellular respiration consists of which 2 compounds and give an example of each?
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Organic - Glucose
Inorganic - Nitrate |
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What type of respiration is this:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP |
Aerobic respiration
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How much ATP is generated is aerobic respiration?
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38 ATP
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In aerobic respiration, glucose forms with what and produces what 3 primary molecules?
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Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP
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What is glycolysis?
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The splitting of sugar
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What is the end products of glycolysis?
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2 Pyruvic acid
2 NADH2 2 ATP |
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During fermentation, what 2 things can pyruvic acid be converted to?
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Lactic acid
Alcohol (ethanol) |
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What are 2 alternative pathways to glycolysis?
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Pentose phosphate pathway
Entner-Duodoroff pathway |
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In the ETS system, what are electrons brought from?
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What - NAD+ & FAD+
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What are the different carriers within the ETS system?
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Flavoproteins
Cytochromes Ubiquinones |
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Where are electron carriers located in eukaryotes?
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Mitochoncrial membrane
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Where are electron carriers located in prokaryotes?
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Plasma membrane
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How much ATP is formed during Glycolysis?
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2
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How much ATP is formed during Krebs Cycle?
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2
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How much ATP is formed during ETS?
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34
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How many NADH & FADH are within the ETS?
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NADH - 10
FADH - 2 |
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How much ATP is generated in aerobic (non-eukaryotic) respiration?
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38
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How much ATP is generated in eukaryotic aerobic respiration?
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36
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Name 3 inorganic compounds used in anaerobic respiration and what are they reduced to?
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NO3 to NO2
SO4 to H2S CO3 to CH4 |
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Which grow faster, anaerobes or aerobes and which of them produce more ATP?
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Aerobes grow faster; thus creating more ATP
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What is fermentation?
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Release of energy from sugars or other organic molecules by oxidation.
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What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
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Organic molecule
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Explain lactic acid fermentation.
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When a homofermentative lactic acid bacteria reduces (addition of H+ from NADH) pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
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Explain alcohol fermentation.
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When yeast reduces (addition of H+ from NADH) acetaldehyde to produce ethanol.
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What does it mean to be a heterolactic acid bacteria?
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A bacteria that can produce a mixed fermentative end product by utilizing the pentose phosphate pathway.
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What is beta oxidation?
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The breakdown of Acyl CoA molecules (lipid catabolic products) in the mitochondria to generate Acetyl-CoA
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What enzyme is used to hydrolyze/breakdown lipids?
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Lipases
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What are 3 reactions used in protein catabolism and explain each?
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Transamination - Transfer of amino group from one molecule to another
Decarboxylation - Removal of carboxyl group Dehydrogentation - Removal of a hydrogen |
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What is photosynthesis?
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Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy.
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What is carbon fixation?
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CO2 is converted into organic compounds like sugar (C6H12O6)
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What is the reason behind photosynthesis?
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The energy is utilized for carbon fixation.
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Which 3 living things use photosynthesis?
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Green plants
Algae Cyanobacteria |
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What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen
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Photosynthesis consists of what 2 reactions?
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Light & Dark
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What happens in the "light reaction" of photosynthesis?
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Electrons from chlorphyll pass through an ETS system (found within the thylakoid of the chloroplast), in which ATP is produced.
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What is produced with the oxidation of H2O?
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O2 (oxygen)
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What happens in the "dark reaction" of photosynthesis?
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Carbon fixation - CO2 is synthesized/converted into sugar
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What does "chemo" mean?
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Chemical
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What does "auto" mean?
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Self
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What does "hetero" mean?
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Other
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What does "troph" mean?
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Nourishment
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What does "photo" mean?
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Light
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Autotrophs use what type of carbon?
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Inorganic
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Heterotrophs use what type of carbon?
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Organic
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Whats the difference between Chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs?
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Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from inorganic compounds
Chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from organic compounds |
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Chemotrophs obtain energy from what?
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Inorganic or organic chemical reactions
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Autotrophs obtain energy from what?
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Light
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