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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is taxonomy?
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The science of the classification of organisms and showing relationships among organisms.
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Taxonomy provides a means of of what?
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Identifying organisms
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What is Phylogeny the study of?
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Phylogeny aka "systematics" is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms.
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What are the 3 domains?
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya |
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Living organisms were divided into how many kingdoms in 1969?
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5
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Bacteria were separated into what kingdom in 1968>
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Prokaryotae
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Organisms were grouped into what?
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Taxa (degree of similarities)
Example: From common ancestor |
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How are eukaryotes grouped into taxa?
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Fossils
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How are prokaryotes grouped into taxa?
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rRNA sequencing
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Pertaining to scientific nomenclature, what does a "binomial" consist of?
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Genus and species
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Which organization assigns names to bacteria (FYI)?
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International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology
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Which organization publishes rules for naming fungi and algae (FYI)?
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International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
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Which organization publishes rules for naming protozoa (FYI)?
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International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
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True or False:
Eukaryotic species is a group of organisms that interbreeds and breeds with individuals of another species. |
False
Eukaryotics species do interbreed BUT DOES NOT BREED with individuals of ANOTHER species. Example: Humans do not breed with animals |
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What is used for the standard reference on bacterial classification?
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Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
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What is a strain?
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Bacteria derived from a single cell
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What is a domain?
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A group of closely related kingdoms.
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What constitutes bacterial species?
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Closely related strains (strain is bacteria derived from a single cell).
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What kingdom are viruses under?
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Not placed in any kingdom
2 reasons why: 1. They are not composed of cells 2. Cannot grow without a host cell. |
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How are viral species differentiated?
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Population with similar characteristics depending on their ecological niche (how an organism makes a living)
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What are serological tests?
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A method of classifying and identifying microbes by observing their reactions with specific antibodies.
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Serological tests identify what specifically?
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Strains and species
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What is phage typing?
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A method of classifying and identifying microbes by determining susceptibility of bacteria to various phages (a cell or bacteria that attack or engulf [kill] bacteria)
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Besides the basic identification/classification (physical, enzymatic, and chemical activities) of microbes, name 8 other methods.
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1. Serological tests
2. Phage typing 3. Fatty acid profiles 4. G+C profiles (high/low) 5. rRNA sequencing 6. DNA fingerprinting - Number & size of DNA fragments (produced from restriction enzymes) 7. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 8. Nucleic acid hybridization |
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What occurs in DNA fingerprinting?
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1. Restriction enzymes break apart DNA strand
2. Broken DNA strand is put on the negative end of electrophoresis 3. Electrophoresis pulls strands from a negative to a positive end 4. Identification of DNA will show with bars scattered throughout gel |
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During electrophoresis, what 2 things determine the distance a DNA piece will travel from a negative start to a positive end?
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Size & electrical charge
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What is PCR?
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"Polymerase chain reaction" - Techniquie by which small samples of DNA can be quickly amplified, that is, increased to quantities that are large enough for analysis
Breakdown: Mass producing DNA strand copies by the use of PCR (PCR is like a DNA polymerase) |
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What is Nucleic acid hybridization?
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A way of relating 2 microbes by combining their DNA strands; the closer hybridization of the 2 DNA strands to each other, the closer relation.
Procedure: 1. Take DNA strand from both microbes 2. Utilization of heat to break apart the DNA strands 3. Combine strand from microbe 1 and strand from microbe 2 4. Observe; more hybridization = closer relation |
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True or False:
During nucleic acid hybridization, DNA strands can pair/combine with a RNA strand to see hybridization. |
True - Hybridization can occur with DNA to DNA, RNA to RNA, and DNA to RNA
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What is a gene probe and what is it used for?
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Short single stranded DNA with a specific base sequence used for hybridization
Example: Unknown microbe DNA; scientist have a salmonella gene probe (DNA strand) and is used to pair with the unknown. If both the strands compliment each other OBVIOUSLY it is salmonella or is somewhat a close relative. |
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What are 4 types of blotting?
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Southern blotting (memorize)
Western blotting (FYI) Southern blotting (FYI) Norther blotting (FYI) |
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What is southern blotting?
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A type of DNA hybridization used to identify unknown microbes
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What is a technique used for nucleic acid hybridization?
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Southern blotting
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What are the steps to southern blotting?
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Purpose: To identify unknown microbe
1. DNA strands are cut into pieces with restriction enzymes 2. Electrophoresis is used to separate the strands of DNA (DNA fingerprinting) 3. A filter made of nitrocellulose is "blotted" onto the gel 4. DNA strands/bands are transferred onto the filter 5. Filter is exposed to radioactive gene probes (single DNA strand with a specific gene sequence) 6. Filter is exposed to X-ray film and if gene probe compliments a DNA strand, it will show up on the X-ray film **Gene probes are known DNA; if gene probe is Salmonella stand and it matches with unknown, then most likely salmonella |
