Torso Muscle, Respiration And Posture

Front 1

flexion of the trunk

Back 1

abdominal muscle (rectus abdominis) and prevertebrals

Front 2

extension of the trunk

Back 2

post-vertebrals (acting bilaterally)

Front 3

lateral flexion and extension

Back 3

post-vertebrals (acting unilaterally) & internal & external obliques, quadratus lumborum (lumbar area)

Front 4

rotation

Back 4

internal & external obliques & post-vertebrals (acting unilaterally)

Front 5

muscle catch

Back 5

all depends upon the position that you are in relative to gravity

Front 6

muscle actions are determined by...

Back 6

what their concentric action is

Front 7

vertebral musculature:
anterior

Back 7

prevertebrals
-mostly associated with flexion of spine
(only anatomically!!)

Front 8

vertebral musculature:
posterior

Back 8

postvertebrals
mostly associated with extension and rotation
(only anatomically!!)

Front 9

prevertebrals:
cervical levels and head:

Back 9

found only in areas that flex spine
longus capitus and colli
-found anterior to the vertebral bodies of cervical vertebrae
scalenes
-not true prevertebrals as they are more lateral
-arise off transverse processes and attach to ribs 1 & 2

Front 10

prevertebrals:
sternocleidomastoid

Back 10

-

Front 11

prevertebrals:
lumbar level:

Back 11

quadratus lumborum
attaches from the:
-twelfth rib and the transverse processes of L1-L4 the the posterior iliac crest
psoas major and minor
-flex the lumbar spine and the hip

Front 12

the 2 groups of posterior back muscles

Back 12

extrinsic back muscles
intrinsic back muscles

Front 13

extrinsic

Back 13

deep
-movements of VC
--superficial
--intermediate
--deep

Front 14

extrinsic

Back 14

superficial
-associated with limb movements and respiration

Front 15

extrinsic:
superficial

Back 15

extensors & rotators
act only on the head and neck
-splenius capitus
-splenius cervicis

Front 16

extrinsic:
intermediate

Back 16

complex of spine extensors & rotators
-erector spinae group
-transversospinalis group
--semispinalis
--rotatores
--multifidus

Front 17

extrinsic:
deep

Back 17

short segmental muscles
-interspinalis
-intertransversarii

Front 18

upper lumbar region:
medial

Back 18

spinalis
-S. capitis
-S. cervicis
-S. thoracis

Front 19

upper lumbar region:
intermediate

Back 19

longissimus
-L. Capitis
-L. cervicis
-L. thoracis

Front 20

upper lumbar region:
lateral

Back 20

iliocostalis
-I. cervicis
-I. thoracis
-I. lumorum

Front 21

splenius capitis & cervicis

Back 21

hold down other intrinsic muscles, rotators & weak extensors of neck

Front 22

intermediate layer:
long extensors and rotators

Back 22

erector spinae
main trunk extensors of the VC
also ipsilateral lateral flexion and weak ipsilateral rotation
3 parallel columns
-iliocostalis
-longissimus
-spinalis

Front 23

intermediate layer:
transversospinalis

Back 23

key postural role
-semispinalis
-multifidus
-rotatores

Front 24

intermediate layer:
rotatores

Back 24

more involved with stabilising

Front 25

intermediate layer:
multifidus

Back 25

critical muscle for control of movement and posture in the lumbar spine

Front 26

deepest layer

Back 26

interspinales
intertransversarii
suboccipital - extend & rotate neck

Front 27

Abdominal muscles:

Back 27

4 muscles
-external obliques
-internal obliques
-transversus abdominis
-rectus abdominis

Front 28

external obliques & internal obliques

Back 28

rotation
flexion of the trunk
lateral flexion of the trunk
abdominal compression
rotation (eg: rotating left uses right external oblique & left internal oblique)

Front 29

transversus abdominis

Back 29

abdominal "compression"
-akin to a muscular corset

Front 30

rectus abdominis

Back 30

flexion and weak rotation of the trunk

Front 31

Respiration

Back 31

"breathing"
pulmonary respiration

Front 32

true ribs

Back 32

ribs have directly connection via costal cartilage to sternum
false ribs have "indirect" attachment

Front 33

inhalation

Back 33

air pressure inside lungs drop below that outside in order to draw air in
lungs expand via contractions of the diaphragm & external intercostals
-diaphragm drops/descends
-thoracic cavity expands and pleura and lungs are pulled outward
-negative pressure is created and air is drawn in
-gaseous exchange occurs within alveoli

Front 34

normal exhalation

Back 34

-relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm
-recoil of elastic fibres in inspiratory muscles
-thoracic cavity becomes smaller
-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
-air is forced out

Front 35

quite respiration

Back 35

inspiration
-main inspiratory muscle = diaphragm
-diaphragm contracts and draws downward
expiration
-passive relaxation of the diaphragm

Front 36

Deep and forced respiration:
Inspiration

Back 36

elevation of ribs and sternum
muscles:
-diaphragm
-external intercostals
-pectoralis minor
-scalenes
-serratus posterior superior
-levator costarum

Front 37

Deep and forced respiration:
expiration

Back 37

depression of ribs and sternum
muscles:
-all abdominal muscles
-internal intercostals
-transversus thoracis
-serratus posterior inferior
-subcostales
-latissimus dorsi

Front 38

rib mechanics

Back 38

increase Thx AP diameter: sternum moves forward
-occurs via "pump handle" action at CT and CV joints
increase transverse diameter: ribs rise
-occurs via "bucket handle" action at CT and CT joints
true ribs - all above actions occur but in differing proportions in each region