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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 ways that could be used to introduce new gene in plants |
1) bacterium infects the plant > genes from plasmid of DNA become incorporated into the chromosomes of plant cells 2) virus infects the plant > insert DNA/RNA into plant cells 3) particle gun shots pellets coated in DNA into plant cell |
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Example of a drug produced using genetically modified animals |
Human antithrombin |
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GMO plants > drugs |
1) gene for protein (drug) is inserted into bacterium 2) bacterium infects/invades a plant cell 3) bacterium inserts plasmid gene into the plant cell DNA (incorporated into the chromosomes of the plant cells) 4) grows into an adult plant where the whole plant contains a copy of the gene in every cell 5) protein produced from the gene can be purified from the plant tissues/ protein (drug) can be obtained by eating the plant |
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Microbes (GM process) |
1) isolation of desired gene using restriction ENDONUCLEASE (restriction enzyme) 2) PCR used to produce copies of desired gene 3) inserted into plasmid using ligase enzymes 4) sticky ends of gene stick/ attach to plasmid 5) plasmid transferred to microbe 6) bacteria divides many times producing the protein in each cell containing the desired gene 7) protein extracted & purified to make the drug |
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Animals (GM process) |
1) desired gene injected into nucleus of fertilised egg cell 2) egg cell implanted into adult animal 3) protein from gene is purified from the milk of the animal (& extracted) |
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Example of a drug produced using genetically modified bacteria |
Human insulin > treat type 1 diabetes |
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Example of a drug produced using genetically modified plants |
Human insulin |
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What is a sticky end |
A fragment of DNA where the ending part has bases/nucleotides complementary to the plasmid (DNA) |
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What is a vector |
An organism/DNA that carries the gene to be transferred |
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How is the Human Genome Project being used to create new drugs |
1) use of databases (info from HGP) to identify genes & proteins involved in disease 2) drug targets the identified proteins 3) tailor drugs (personalise medicine) > most effective drug for genome |
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What is the Human Genome Project |
Project that identified all of the genes of the human species |
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HGP social issues |
^ research cost for company so ^ expensive > only the rich can afford the drugs |
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Ethical issues with HGP |
Psychologically damaging to know that drug may not work for person > may be only hope to treating their disease |
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Describe the functions of enzymes used to genetically modify bacteria |
1) Ligase enzymes used to add isolated gene to plasmid 2) ligase forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides 3) recombinant DNA produced 4) restriction endonuclease used to cut plasmid/ isolate gene 5) forming sticky ends
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