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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why are symptoms shown after first infection? |
T killer cells kill some pathogens B cells may not have created ‘correct’/specific antibody for the antigen yet > ‘time lag’ = symptoms |
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Antibiotics |
Inhibit the growth of/kill bacteria |
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Bacteriocidal |
Antibiotics that kill bacteria |
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Bacteriostatic |
Antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria |
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Active immunity |
Body makes antibodies (E.g. after infection) |
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Passive immunity |
Body is given antibodies (E.g. antibodies transferred through breastmilk) |
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Natural immunity |
Infection occurs naturally/ natural exposure (E.g. after infection) |
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Artificial immunity |
Given it/ exposure is intentional (e.g. through vaccination/injection) |
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How do vaccines prevent infection? |
immunity for specific pathogen, without it causing infection > no symptoms on secondary infection |
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Investigate the effects of antibiotics on bacteria |
• IV = different types of antibiotics • DV = the zone of inhibition area (a measure of the effectiveness of antibiotic) • control variables = pH, temperature, concentration/volume antibiotic • incubate at 25 degrees for 1-2 days • repeat at least 3 times to allow for calculations of the mean • use of petri dish, mast rings/ paper discs, sterile forceps, ruler • sealing dish with cello tape > with gap so 02 can enter > prevents anaerobic respiration |
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What triggers an immune response |
Antigens on pathogen |
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Vaccines |
Weakened/ dead pathogenic cells |
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Immunity (process) |
1. Antigens on pathogen activate immune system 2. Primary response > non specific (APC made) & specific (activation of T & B cells) 3. response slow > symptoms of infection > takes time to make specific/ correct antibodies 4. Secondary response > infected again > T & B memory cells remain in blood & remember specific antigen > quicker & stronger (Immune) 5. Gets rid of pathogen before any symptoms shown |
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What does the primary immune response produce? |
Production of B & T cells (of all types) to the pathogen on the 1st infection |
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What is produced in the secondary response? |
T killer cells and B effector (plasma) cells are made by memory cells |
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What are Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI’s) |
Infections caught whilst being treated in hospital |
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How are HAIs transmitted? |
- hospital staff x washing hands - coughs & sneezes x being contained - Contaminated equipment & surfaces (when x disinfected) |
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Codes of practice developed to prevent/ control HAIs |
- encourage washing of hands (sanitation) - equipment sterilised & surfaces disinfected with bacterial wash - infected patient isolated (> so don’t transmit infection) |
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Why is it likely that ppl will catch HAIs? |
- weakened immune systems - around other ill ppl |
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Codes of practise to prevent/control HAIs caused by antibiotic resistant (Doctors shouldn’t...) |
Doctors shouldn’t - x prescribe antibiotics for non bacterial infections - x prevent antibiotics to prevent infections |
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Codes of practise to prevent/control HAIs caused by antibiotic resistant (Doctors should...) |
Doctors should - use narrow spectrum antibiotics (specificc) - rotate the use of dif antibiotics - tell patient to take full course |
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Why is oxygen allowed in the petri dish? |
Stops harmful anaerobic bacteria from growing (& competing with aerobic bacteria) Oxygen is needed for aerobic bacteria to survive |
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Why is Petri dish incubated at 25 degrees |
Reduces the chance of harmful bacteria growing |
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Why is the Petri dish plate inverted |
Stops additional unwanted bacteria in the air contaminating the plate |
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Explain how bacterial molecules could trigger a specific immune response (4 marks) |
1) Bacterial molecules engulfed by macrophages/ phagocytes 2) antigen presented on cell surface/ APC created 3) T (helper) cell with complementary (CD4) receptor bind to APC 4) cytokines release causes cloning of B cells/ formation of B effector cells 5) plasma cells release antibodies |
