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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How do you work out the mitotic index? |
(No of. Cells undergoing mitosis / no. Cells) x 100 |
Its a percentage |
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What happens at interphase? |
DNA replicates |
It's the first phase |
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What happens at prophase? |
The chromosomes condense |
Characteristics |
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What is the hardy Weinberg equation used for? |
Predicting the allele frequency in a population |
Happens over time |
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How does the hardy Weinberg determine if evolution has occurred? |
If there is no change in Allele frequency over time , no evolution has occurred |
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When is the hardy Weinberg equation only valid? |
If random mating has occurred |
2 things |
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What does the xylem do? |
Transports water and mineral ions in a plant |
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What do phloem do? |
Translocation organic diluted |
They do not transport any material |
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What do sclerenchyma do? |
Provide mechanical support |
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What does phloem contain that xylem doesn't? |
Cytoplasm |
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What does phloem contain that xylem doesn't? |
Cytoplasm |
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What are 4 characteristics of starch? |
Alpha glucose Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds Branched chains No hydrogen bonds |
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What does phloem contain that xylem doesn't? |
Cytoplasm |
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What are 4 characteristics of starch? |
Alpha glucose Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds Branched chains No hydrogen bonds |
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What are 4 characteristics of cellulose? |
Beta glucose Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds Straight chains Hydrogen bonds |
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What does phloem contain that xylem doesn't? |
Cytoplasm |
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What are 4 characteristics of starch? |
Alpha glucose Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds Branched chains No hydrogen bonds |
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What are 4 characteristics of cellulose? |
Beta glucose Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds Straight chains Hydrogen bonds |
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What is species richness? |
The number of species in a habitat |
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What does phloem contain that xylem doesn't? |
Cytoplasm |
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What are 4 characteristics of starch? |
Alpha glucose Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds Branched chains No hydrogen bonds |
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What are 4 characteristics of cellulose? |
Beta glucose Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds Straight chains Hydrogen bonds |
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What is species richness? |
The number of species in a habitat |
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What is genetic diversity? |
The number of alleles in one species |
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What does endemic mean? |
An organism is only found in one location |
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What does endemic mean? |
An organism is only found in one location |
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What does repression mean? |
Genes are switched off/ not expressed |
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What does endemic mean? |
An organism is only found in one location |
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What does repression mean? |
Genes are switched off/ not expressed |
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Why are Petri dishes incubated at 25 degrees Celsius? |
Not 37 so human pathogens can't grow Very high temperatures kill bacteria Lower temperatures inhibit bacterial growth |
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Why are none marrows used as a source of stem cells? |
They contain unspecialised cells
Unspecialised cells differentiate into different kinds of cells |
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Why are bone marrows used as a source of stem cells? |
They contain unspecialised cells
Unspecialised cells differentiate into different kinds of cells |
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What does pluripotent mean? |
They can develop into multiple types of cell The genes are inactivated though so can't differentiate into all cell types |
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How do unspecialised cells become specialised? |
They receive stimuli from surrounding cells Genes become activated and transcribed to mRNA mRNA is translated on ribosomes to produce proteins Proteins make the cell develop into a specialised cell |
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Why do plants need calcium ions? |
For cell growth and cell walls |
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Why do plants need nitrate ions? |
DNA production Proteins/enzymes production Chlorophyll Plant growth |
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Why do plants need nitrate ions? |
DNA production Proteins/enzymes production Chlorophyll Plant growth |
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Why do plants need magnesium ions? |
Chlorophyll production Photosynthesis |
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Why do plants need water |
Photosynthesis Mineral transport Rigidity Temperature regulation
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Why do plants need water |
Photosynthesis Mineral transport Rigidity Temperature regulation
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What is tensile strength |
The maximum load a fibre can take before it breaks |
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Why do plants need water |
Photosynthesis Mineral transport Rigidity Temperature regulation
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What is tensile strength |
The maximum load a fibre can take before it breaks |
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What is secondary thickening |
A secondary cell wall grows between the cell wall and the membrane It has more lignin so makes plant stronger |
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Why do plants need water |
Photosynthesis Mineral transport Rigidity Temperature regulation
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What is tensile strength |
The maximum load a fibre can take before it breaks |
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What is secondary thickening |
A secondary cell wall grows between the cell wall and the membrane It has more lignin so makes plant stronger |
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What are Amyloplasts |
Organelle that Contains starch granules Store starch Convert it to glucose for energy |
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What are plasmodesmata |
Channels in the cell wall that link cells together Allow transport and communication between cells |
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What are the 3 domains |
Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes |
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What is phylogeny |
The study of groups of organisms Tells us related species |
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What is phylogeny |
The study of groups of organisms Tells us related species |
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What is taxonomy |
Organising organisms into groups based on similarities and differences |
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What are the 5 kingdoms |
Prokaryotes Protocista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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What are the 5 kingdoms |
Prokaryotes Protocista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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What are the 8 levels of the classification hierarchy |
1. Domain 2.kingdom 3.phylum 4.class 5.order 6.family 7.genus 8.Species |
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What 3 changes prevent populations successfully breeding together |
Seasonal Mechanical Behavioural |
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What 3 changes prevent populations successfully breeding together |
Seasonal Mechanical Behavioural |
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What is a species |
A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring |
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What is a niche |
The role of a species in its habits |
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What is MAOA |
an enzyme that breaks down Monoamines in humans |
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What is MAOA |
an enzyme that breaks down Monoamines in humans |
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What are monogenic characteristics |
Characteristics that are controlled by only one gene |
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What is MAOA |
an enzyme that breaks down Monoamines in humans |
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What are monogenic characteristics |
Characteristics that are controlled by only one gene |
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How are embryos used for stem cells |
Created by ivf When they are 4/5 days old stem cells are removed and the embryo is destroyed
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What is MAOA |
an enzyme that breaks down Monoamines in humans |
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What are monogenic characteristics |
Characteristics that are controlled by only one gene |
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How are embryos used for stem cells |
Created by ivf When they are 4/5 days old stem cells are removed and the embryo is destroyed
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What happens to the lac operon if lactose IS present |
Lactose bonds to repressor which changes shape RNA polymerase starts transcription |
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What happens to the lac operon is lactose ISNT present |
Lac repressor is produced. Y the regulatory gene which binds to the operator site This blocks transcription |
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What are repressors |
Factors that decrease transcription rates Prevent rna polymerase from binding to their operator site |
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What is totipotency? |
A cell that can become ALL cell types |
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What is a loci |
The position of a gene on a chromosome |
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What happens during anaphase |
Centromeres divide Chromatids move to opposite poles of the spindle V shaped |
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