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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pilcher (1995)
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Found the idea of separateness; it is a distinct stage separate from adults, known as the Golden Age.
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Wagg (1992)
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Says childhood is not found in all societies.
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Benedict (1934)
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Found that children are treated differently in simpler societies.
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Punch (2001)
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Found that in Rural Bolivia, children aged 5 are expected to work.
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Holmes (1974)
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Found that in a Samoan village, children were handling dangerous tools and carried heavy loads. Being too young is never a reason for a child to not carry out a task.
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Malinowski (1957)
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Studied the Trobriand Islanders and found that adults tolerated children's sexual explorations and activities.
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Aries (1960)
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Says that in the Middle Ages, childhood did not exist (children wore the same clothes as adults). Elements of the modern notion of childhood gradually began to emerge from the 13th century onwards (schools, clothing etc).
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Shorter (1975)
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Found that in the Middle Ages, high death rates encouraged indifference and neglect towards infants.
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Reasons For Changes In The Position Of Children
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Laws restricting child labour; compulsory schooling, child protection legislations; smaller families.
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The March of Progress View
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Over the past few centuries, the position of children in western societies has been steadily improving and today is better than it has ever been. Children are more valued, better cared for, protected and educated, enjoy better health and have more rights.
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Hillman (1993)
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Conflict view. Boys are more likely to go out in the dark alone.
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Bonke (1999)
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Conflict view. Girls do more domestic work than boys.
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Brannen (1994)
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Conflict view. Asian girls are more restricted by the family honour.
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Woodroffe (1993)
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Studied class differences and found that working class children are 3 times more likely to suffer from hyperactivity.
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Howard (2001)
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Studied class differences and found that poor children are more likely to; die in infancy, fall behind in school and be ill.
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Firestone (1979) and Holt (1974)
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Critical of the march of progress theory, 'protection' from paid work is a form on inequality.
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Childline
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They take 20,000 calls a year from children suffering from neglect and abuse.
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Cunningham (2007)
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Found that control of children's space, and stranger danger has led to the 'home habitat' of 8 year olds (travel alone) has shrunk to one-ninth of the size it was 25 years ago.
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Gittins (1998)
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Found age patriarchy. It describes inequalities between adults and children with rule by father.
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Hockey and James (1993)
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Studied age patriarchy. Found that children will 'act up' by smoking, drinking, swearing - rejecting age patriarchy, acting down - to resist adult control, 'baby talk'.
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Postman (1994)
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Says childhood is disappearing, no division in the Middle Ages between children and adults. Childhood emerged as a separate status with mass literacy from the 19th century. TV blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood.
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Opie (1993)
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Says childhood is not disappearing (critical of Postman) as there is children's culture e.g. songs, TV shows.
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The Globalisation of Western Childhood
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The idea of Western childhood is spreading all over the world.
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Palmer (2006)
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Says that childhood is becoming increasingly toxic; junk food, testing, parents work long hours.
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Margo and Dixon (2006)
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Found that the UK are top of the league tables for obesity, self-harm, drug use, pregnancy and violence.
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Womack (2007)
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Found that poorer children live desperate lives while others do not (class divides).
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Qvortrup (1990)
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Found that falling birth rates can results in few voices calling for resources for children.
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