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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Allport's Personological Approach
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Personological = seeing ther person and their personality as a unified whole with many aspects (eclectic)
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Allport said that personality was
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the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment
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Allport's definition of health
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holistic integration
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Allport said personality was determined by
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heredity x environment
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Allport's definition of an individual trait
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a trait that characterizes only the one person who has it (idiographic)
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Common trait, unique trait,
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1. common trait (a trait characterizing many people - nomothetic), unique trait (a trait that only one person has - individual)
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Allport's definition of a phenotype
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how a behavior is expressed / appears
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Allport's definition of a genotype
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genetic underlying factors of a trait
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Cardinal trait
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A trait that is consistent through our life that dominates our behavior and is rarely shared between people
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Secondary trait
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A trait that influences a limited range of behaviors
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Central traits
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One of the half dozen or so traits that describe someone
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Allport believed that traits have functional autonomy
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Functional autonomy is a traits independence of its developmental origins
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Allport's qualities of a normal mature adult:
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extension of self (variety of interests), warm human interactions, realistic perceptions and skills
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Proprium
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All aspects of a personality that make for unity; a person's sense of self or ego that gives intentionality and direction
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Explicit prejudice
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Making an action out of prejudice and behaviors
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Implicit prejudice
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Emotional prejudice
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Extrinsic Religious Orientation
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used to increase status in a community or gain a sense of self-esteem
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Intrinsic Religious Orientation
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"my religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life," being spiritual because you believe in it
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Jackdaw eclecticism
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Collect as much information as possible and consider concepts with many theories without favoring any specific one
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Allport's 5 main factors contributing to a consistent personality
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Environment, genes, psychological factors, person-environment transactions, identity structure
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Raymond Cattell had a _____ approach to personality
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scientific
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Cattell thought that _____ permits the prediction of ______
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personality permits the prediction of behavior
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Factor analysis
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A statistical procedure in which a lot of variables can be narrowed down into a small number of factors
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Q data
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data from questionnaires
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T data
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data from tests, objective data
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L data
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data from the life of the individual
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Who used Q, T, and L data?
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Raymond Cattell
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Ability traits
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Comes from heredity and learning
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dynamic / motivational traits
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ergs, innate motivational traits
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environmental dynamic source traits
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metaergs
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examples of metaergs
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sentiments and attitudes
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Cattell's formula for predicting behavior
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P = S1 x T1 + S2 x T2
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Who's big five personality factors were "OCEAN"?
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Costa and McCrae
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What do OCEAN stand for?
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O - openness, C - conscientiousness, E - extraversion, A - agreeableness, N - emotional stability
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How would Cattell apply his concepts to Einstein?
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Cattell woudl say he was low on neuroticism, high on reasoning, self-reliance and abstractness
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How would Costa and McCrae apply their concepts to Einstein?
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They would say Einstein was in the middle of extraversion, agreeable, highly open and low conscientiousness
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Right hemisphere of the brain
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Negative emotions
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Left hemisphere of the brain
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Positive emotions
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amygdala is associated with
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memory and emotional reactions
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dopamine is associated with attraction to
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attraction to novelty and rewards
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Hans Eysneck thought this about a strong nervous system
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With a strong nervous system, you are more likely to develop conditioned reactions
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An extroverted person is associated with
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a strong nervous system a tolerance for stimulus (seek more stimulus)
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Choleric / yellow fluid
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irritable, high neurotic and high extroverted
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Melancholic / black bile
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depressed, high neurotic and low extroverted
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Sanguine / excess of blood
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stable, low neurotic and high extroverted
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phlegmatic / excess of phlegm
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low neurotic and low extroverted
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J.A. Gray's behavioral activation system
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Dopamine causes a sensitivity to reward and impulsivity
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J.A. Gray's behavioral inhibition system
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norepinephrine causes sensitivity to punishment and anxiety
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C.R. Cloninger's novelty seeking
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low dopamine, being curious and explorative
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C.R. Cloninger's harm avoidance
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increased seratonin levels, being anxious and worrying
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C.R. Cloninger's reward dependence
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lower norepinephrine, seek rewards
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Kin altruism
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helping family
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Celibacy altruism
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people choosing to be celibate for religious reasons / to be a religious role model for others
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Reciprocal Altruism
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members of a group take risks to help the survival and reproductive prospects of others in the hope that they will be helped in return
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B.F. Skinner was known for
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radical behaviorism (explaining all behavior by the environment)
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primary reinforcing
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satisfies innate biological needs (shelter, comfort, food). the subject must be in a deprived state
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secondary reinforcing
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a learned reward (money, praise, grades)
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positive reinforcement
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a reward that increases the rate of responding
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negative reinforcing
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the removal of something that is unpleasant, an outcome stimulus that ends when a response occurs, increases the rate of responding
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primary punishment
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innate, inherently punishing (pain)
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secondary punishment
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a learned punishment
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positive punishment
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adds something that is unpleasant
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negative punishment
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takes something pleasant away, removal of privilieges
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Skinner _____ punishment and _____ using _____ as frequently as possible.
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He discouraged punishment and suggested using rewards.
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Extrinsic problem with rewards
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Become expectant of a reward
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Intrinsic problems with rewards
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you do it because you enjoy doing it
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generalization
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same response to different stimuli
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chaining
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higher order conditioning, one thing you condition them to be / to do can help them be conditioned to do something else
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continuous reinforcer
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behavior is reinforced every time
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intermittent / partial reinforcer
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random / sometimes reinforce
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Psychological behaviorism was proposed by
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Staats
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Time out procedure
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a procedure or environment in which no reinforcements are given in an effort to extinguish unwanted behavior
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Basic Behavioral Repertoirs
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chaining, learned behaviors necessary to learn more complex behaviors later on
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3 categories of BBR's
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language-cognitive, emotional-motivational, sensory-motor
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Language-cognitive
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speech, reading, thinking, planning
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Emotional-motivational
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responses to punishments, rewards, anxiety, emotion
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Sensory-motor
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feeding, writing, toilet training, athletic activities
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Tiger Woods: what was used as a positive reinforcer and how was he conditioned?
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Golf used as a positive reinforcer, he was conditioned to distractions and sexual activities
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Dollard and Miller believed that _____ led to understanding _____
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psychoanalysis led to understanding behaviorism
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Drive
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what a person wants, what motivates learning
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Cue
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what a person notices, what affects our perception
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Response
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what a person does, which can be learned
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Response hierarchy
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a list of all the responses a person could make in a given situation
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Learning dilemma
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a situation in which existing responses are not rewarded which leads to change
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spontaneous recovery
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a return of a response that was previously extinguished (someone quit smoking but suddenly feels the need to smoke a cigarette)
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Feeding similar to
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oral stage
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Cleanliness training similar to
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anal stage
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early sex training similar to
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genital stage
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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individual wants to approach two simultaneous imcompatible goals
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Avoidance-Approach conflict
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Conflict in which an organism must choose between two goals (both of which are undesirable)
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Approach-avoidance conflict
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Conflict in which you want to approach and avoid something (a guy who wants to talk to a girl but is afraid to)
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Double approach avoidance conflict
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two choices to make but there are both negative and positive aspects to them
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How do you reduce conflict in these (approach avoidance etc.) situations?
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Try to reduce avoidance
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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the hypothesis that frustration always leads to aggression, and aggression is always caused by frustration
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Eleanor Rooselvelt had a
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critical mother, used approach-avoidance conflict with her husband (she wanted to stay in power but didn't want to be with FDR)
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