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300 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Granuloma - Neoplasm (bronchogenic carcinoma or solitary metastasis) - Hamartoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Round pneumonia (under 8) - AV malformation |
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Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Metastatic disease - Granulomatous disease (TB or fungal) - Septic emboli Additional diagnostic considerations - Wegener disease - Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Cavitary Pulmonary Nodule
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Top 3 diagnoses
- TB - Fungal - Squamous cell carcinoma (primary or metastatic) Additional diagnostic considerations - Pyogenic infection (pulmonary abscess or septic emboli) - Wegener disease - Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Miliary Pulmonary Nodules
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Top 3 diagnoses
- TB - Fungal - Metastatic Additional diagnostic considerations - Pneumoconioses - Healed varicella |
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Centrilobular Pulmonary Nodules
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infectious bronchiolitis (MAC, TB) - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - Endobronchial spread of tumor Additional diagnostic considerations - RB-ILD - Pneumoconioses |
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Cystic Lung Disease
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Emphysema - LAM - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (EG) Additional diagnostic considerations - Pneumocystis pneumonia - Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis |
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Lower Lobe Interstitial Disease
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Top 3 diagnoses
- IPF/UIP - Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma) - Asbestos-related lung disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Drug toxicity |
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Upper Lobe Interstitial Disease
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Top 3 diagnoses
- TB - Sarcoidosis - Cystic fibrosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Pneumoconioses - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (EG) |
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Hyperlucent Lung
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Chest wall abnormality (mastectomy, Poland syndrome) - Swyer-James syndrome - Acute asthmatic attack Additional diagnostic considerations - Airway obstruction - Pulmonary embolism - Pneumothorax |
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Anterior Mediastinal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Lymphoma - Thymic lesion - Thyroid lesion Additional diagnostic considerations - Germ cell neoplasm |
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Middle Mediastinal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Lymphadenopathy - Vascular abnormality (aortic or pulmonary artery aneurysm) - Congenital cyst (bronchogenic cyst) Additional diagnostic considerations - Hiatal hernia |
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Posterior Mediastinal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Neurogenic tumor - Lymphoma - Developmental cyst (neuroenteric cyst) Additional diagnostic considerations - Extramedullary hematopoiesis - Mediastinal hematoma |
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Chronic Air Space Disease
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Top 3 diagnoses
- COP - PAP - BAC Additional diagnostic considerations - Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia - Lipoid pneumonia |
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Peripheral Air Space Disease
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Top 3 diagnoses
- COP - Eosinophilic pneumonia - Pulmonary infarct Additional diagnostic considerations - Pulmonary contusion - Alveolar sarcoidosis |
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Ground glass opacification
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pulmonary edema - Atypical infection - Pulmonary hemorrhage Additional diagnostic considerations - ARDS - Alveolar proteinosis - Vasculitis |
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Mediastinal/Hilar Lymphadenopathy
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infection - Lymphoma - Sarcoidosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Metastatic disease - Pneumoconioses |
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Calcified Pleural Disease
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Asbestos related pleural disease - Fibrothorax (prior infection or hematoma) - Iatrogenic (pleurodesis) |
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Bronchiectasis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Postinfectious (bacterial, TB, MAC) - Cystic fibrosis - ABPA Additional diagnostic considerations - Obstructive lesions/mass - Ciliary dyskinesia |
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Perilymphatic Pulmonary Nodules
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Sarcoidosis - Lymphangitic spread of tumor - Pneumoconioses Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoproliferative disorder |
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Pleural-based Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pleural-based metastatic disease - Empyema - Mesothelioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Fibrous tumor of the pleura - Fibrothorax |
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Parenchymal Disease in an HIV Patient
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pneumocystis pneumonia - TB - Fungal Additional diagnostic considerations - Invassive aspergillosis - Kaposi sarcoma - Pulmonary lymphoma |
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Abnormal Left Ventricular Contour
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Top 3 diagnoses
- True LV aneurysm - False LV aneurysm - Pericardial cyst/mass Additional diagnostic considerations - Calcific pericarditis |
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Cardiac Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Thrombus - Metastatic disease - Benign cardiac neoplasm (atrial myxoma, rhabdomyoma) Additional diagnostic considerations - Malignant cardiac neoplasm (sarcoma, lymphoma) |
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Delayed Myocardial Enhancement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infarction/Scar - Myocarditis - Cardiac mass Additional diagnostic considerations - Infiltrative disease (granulomatous, amyloidosis) |
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Cardiac Wall Fatty Deposition
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Lipoma - Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia |
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Dense Liver
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Iron deposition (hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis) - Amiodarone therapy - Glycogen storage disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Gold therapy - Thoratrast |
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Nodular Liver Contour
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Cirrhosis - Treated mets - Budd-Chiari syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Schistosoma japonicum - Confluent hepatic fibrosis |
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Esophageal Diverticulum
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Proximal esophageal pulsion diverticulum (Zenker, Killian-Jamison) - Distal esophageal pulsion diverticulum (epiphrenic) - Midesophageal traction diverticulum Additional diagnostic considerations - Intramural pseudodiverticulosis |
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Solitary Hypodense, Hypovascular Liver Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hepatic cyst - Solitary met - Abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma - Biliary cystadenoma - Hepatic laceration (trauma) |
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Multiple Hypodense Hepatic Lesions
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hepatic Cysts - Mets - Multiple hepatic abscesses Additional diagnostic considerations - Cholangiocarcinoma |
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Right Upper Quadrant Cystic Mass in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Choledochal anomaly - Pancreatic pseudocyst - GI duplication cyst/diverticulum Additional diagnostic considerations - Ovarian cystic lesion - Mesenteric cyst |
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Esophageal Submucosal Masses/Thickened Folds
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Varices - Reflux esophagitis - Varicoid esophageal carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoma |
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Esophageal Dilatation
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Achalasia - Scleroderma - Esophageal/Gastric carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Esophagitis with stricture - Post surgical changes (vagotomy) |
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Esophageal Pseudodiverticuli
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Reflux esophagitis - Candida esophagitis - Superficial spreading carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Drug-induced esophagitis |
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Esophageal Ulcers
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Reflux esophagitis - Viral esophagitis (CMV, HIV, HSV) - Drug-induced esophagitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Caustic esophagitis - Esophageal carcinoma |
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Solid Pancreatic Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma - Islet cell tumor - Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoma - Mets |
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Linitis Plastica
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Gastric carcinoma - Mets - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Crohn disease |
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Gastric Ulcer
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Peptic ulcer disease - Gastric carcinoma - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
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Gastric Fold Thickening
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hypertrophic - Gastric carcinoma - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Menetrier disease |
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Cecal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Appendicitis/Appendiceal abscess - Cecal/appendiceal carcinoma - Mucocele of appendix Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoma - Adnexal mass |
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Mesenteric Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Mets - Carcinoid tumor - Desmoid tumor/Fibrosing mesenteritis Additional diagnostic considerations - Reactive lymphadenopathy (TB, MAC, Whipple) -Abdominal mesothelioma |
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Terminal Ileal Wall Thickening
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Inflammatory bowel disease - Infection (bacterial, TB) - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Ischemia - Mets |
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Colonic Wall Thickening
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infectious colitis - Inflammatory bowel disease - Colon carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Ischemic colitis |
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Small Bowel Wall Thickening
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Crohn disease - Lymphoma - Small bowel hemorrhage Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Amyloidosis - Whipple disease |
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Esophageal Stricture
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Top 3 diagnoses for short segment stricture
- Reflux esophagitis - Drug-induced stricture - Esophageal carcinoma Top 3 diagnoses for long segment stricture - Iatrogenic (nasogastric tube) - Caustic ingestion - Radiation changes |
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Small Bowel Dilatation
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Small bowel obstruction - Adynamic ileus - Celiac sprue Additional diagnostic considerations - Scleroderma |
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Cystic Pancreatic Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pancreatic pseudocyst - Mucinous cystadenoma - Serous cystadenoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm - Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm |
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Hypervascular Liver Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hemangioma - Focal nodular hyperplasia - Hepatocellular carcinoma (including fibrolamellar variant) Additional diagnostic considerations - Hepatic adenoma - Hypervascular mets |
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Multiple Splenic Masses
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Mets - Lymphoma/leukemia - Microabscesses Additional diagnostic considerations - Granulomatous disease (TB, sarcoid) - Multiple splenic infarcts |
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Intrahepatic Biliary Ductal Strictures
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Ascending cholangitis - AIDS cholangiopathy Additional diagnostic considerations - Neoplasm (cholangiocarcinoma, mets) - Post-transplant arterial ischemia |
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Solid Renal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Renal cell carcinoma - Oncocytoma - Angiomyolipoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Transitional cell carcinoma - Lymphoma |
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Multiple Bilateral Renal Masses
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Lymphoma - Renal infection - Renal cell carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Angiomyolipomas - Mets |
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Cystic Renal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Complex renal cyst - Cystic neoplasm (RCC in adult, Wilms in child) - Multilocular cystic nephroma Additional diagnostic considerations - Multicystic dysplastic kidney (focal) - Abscess |
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Retroperitoneal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Retroperiotoneal hemorrhage - Lymphadenopathy - Retroperiotoneal abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Retroperitoneal fibrosis - Retroperitoneal sarcoma |
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Cortical Nephrocalcinosis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Acute renal cortical necrosis - Chronic glomerulonephritis - Oxalosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Chronic transplant rejection - Alport syndrome |
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Medullary nephrocalcinosis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hypercalcemia - Medullary sponge kidney - Renal tubular acidosis (Type I) Additional diagnostic considerations - Papillary necrosis (analgesic nephropathy) - Furosemide (newborn) - TB |
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Striated Nephrogram
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pyelonephritis - Urinary obstruction - Renal vein thrombosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Renal contustion - Hypotension |
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Papillary Necrosis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Diabetes - Analgesic nephropathy - Pyelonephritis (especially TB) Additional diagnostic considerations - Sickle cell anemia - Urinary obstruction - Renal vein thrombosis |
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Staghorn Calculus
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis - Pyonephritis with obstructing stone - Calcified neoplasm (RCC, treated lymphoma) |
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Renal Cortical Defect
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Reflux nephropathy - Chronic pyelonephritis - Renal infarct Additional diagnostic considerations - Vasculitis - Partial nephrectomy |
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Renal Pelvic Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Transtitional cell carcinoma - Multilocular cystic nephroma - Medullary carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Renal cell carcinoma |
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Medial Deviation of the Ureters
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis - Psoas muscle hypertrophy - Pelvic lipomatosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Postoperative changes (lymph node dissection) - Retrocaval ureter (unilateral deviation) |
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Ureteral Filling Defect
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Transitional cell carcinoma - Radiolucent calculi - Pyeloureteritis cystica Additional diagnostic considerations - Blood clot - Fungus ball - Mets |
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Renal Migration Anomolies
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Horseshoe kidney - Cross fused ectopia - Ectopic kidney Additional diagnostic considerations - Renal duplication |
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Bladder Filling Defect
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Tranitional cell carcinoma - Fungus ball - Blood clot Additional diagnostic considerations - Radiolucent calculi - Extrinsic compression |
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Bilateral Renal Cysts
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease - Endstage renal disease (hemodialysis) - von Hippel-Lindau disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Tuberous sclerosis |
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Perinephric Fluid Collection
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Perinephric hemorrhage - Urine leak/urinary extravasation - Pyelonephritis/perinephric infection |
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Pear-shaped bladder
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pelvic hematoma - Lymphadenopathy - Pelvic lipomatosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Psoas hypertrophy - Iliac artery aneurysms |
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Prostate enlargement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Prostate adenocarcinoma - Benign prostatic hypertrophy - Prostatitis |
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Bladder Rupture
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Extraperiotoneal bladder rupture - Intraperitoneal bladder rupture - Intra- and extraperitoneal bladder rupture Additional diagnostic considerations - Urethral injury |
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Bladder Wall Calcifications
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Transitional cell carcinoma - Schistosomiasis - Cystitis (Cytoxin or radiation) Additional diagnostic considerations - TB - Urachal carcinoma |
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Adrenal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Adrenal adenoma - Mets - Hemorrhage Additional diagnostic considerations - Pheochromocytoma - Adrenal myelolipoma - Adrenal cortical carcinoma |
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Fatty Retroperitoneal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Angiomyolipoma - Adrenal myelolipoma - Retroperitoneal liposarcoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Renal cell carcinoma |
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Dilated Ureter
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Ureteral obstruction - Reflux - Primary megaureter Additional diagnostic considerations - Prune-belly syndrome |
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Urethral Stricture
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Urethral trauma - Postinfectious/Postinflammatory stricture - Urethral carcinoma |
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Multiple Lytic Foci
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Mets - Multiple myeloma - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (in patients less than 30) - Fibrous dysplasia - Multifocal osteomyelitis |
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Sequestrum
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Osteomyelitis - Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Osteoid osteoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoma - Fibrosarcoma |
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Newborn Periosteal Reaction
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Physiologic periosteal reaction - Trauma - Infection (osteomyelitis, TORCH, TB, syphilis) Additional diagnostic considerations - Prostaglandin therapy - Caffey disease (infantile cortical hyperostosis) |
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Rugger Jersey Spine
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Renal osteodystrophy - Osteopetrosis - Paget disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Myelofibrosis |
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Sacroiliitis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Ankylosing spondylitits - Inflammatory bowel disease - Rheumatoid arthritis Additional diagnostic considerations - Psoriatic or reactive arthropathy - Osteoarthritis - Septic arthritis |
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Proximal Arthritis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Rheumatoid arthritis - Crystalline arthropathy (CPPD, gout) - Collagen vascular disease (SLE) Additional diagnostic considerations - Hemochromatosis - Infection |
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Distal Arthritis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Osteoarthritis - Erosive arthritis - Psoriatic arthritis Additional diagnostic considerations - Reactive arthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Erosive Arthropathy Involving the Foot
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Rheumatoid arthritis - Gout - Reactive arthritis Additional diagnostic considerations - Infection (septic joint) - Psoriatic arthritis |
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Chondrocalcinosis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- CPPD arthropathy - Hyperparathyroidism - Hemochromatosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Wilson disease |
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Vertebra Plana in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Leukemia/Lymphoma - Osteomyelitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets |
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Wormian Bones
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Idopathic wormian bones - Osteogenesis imperfecta - Cleidocranial dysostosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Down syndrome - Metabolic disease (rickets, hypothyroidism) |
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Madelung Deformity
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Idopathic Madelung deformity - Turner syndrome - Skeletal dysplasia (multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, dyschondrosteosis) Additional diagnostic considerations - Trauma - Infection/Septic arthritis |
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Lucent Metaphyseal Bands
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Leukemia - Rickets - Osteomyelitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Neuroblastoma mets - Scurvy - Syphilis |
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Medullary/Chondroid Lesion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Enchondoma - Bone infarct - Chondrosarcoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Chronic osteomyelitis |
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Acro-osteolysis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hyperparathyroidism - Scleroderma - Trauma (thermal or cold injury) Additional diagnostic considerations - Psoriasis - Hajdu-Cheney syndrome |
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Dense Effusion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hemarthrosis (hemophilia, post-traumatic) - Juvenile chronic arthritis - Pigmented villonodular synovitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Septic arthritis - Crystalline arthropathy |
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Loose Bodies With Erosions
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Synovial (osteo)chondromatosis - Pigmented villonodular synovitis - Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Expansile Rib Lesion in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Fibrous dysplasia - Bone cyst - Enchondroma Additional diagnostic considerations - Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Ewing sarcoma - Mets |
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Posterior Element Lytic Lesion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Aneurysmal bone cyst - Osteoblastoma - Infection (TB) Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Langerhans cell histiocytosis |
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Carpal Dislocation
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Perilunate dislocation - Lunate dislocation - Midcarpal fracture-dislocation |
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Periarticular Soft Tissue Calcification
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hemangioma - Myositis ossificans - Scleroderma Additional diagnostic considerations - Arthropathy with calcified soft tissue nodule - Soft tissue sarcoma - Tumoral calcinosis |
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Benign Expansile Lytic Lesion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Fibrous dysplasia - Unicameral bone cyst - Aneurysmal bone cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Giant cell tumor - Eosinophilic granuloma |
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Sclerotic Lesion in Pelvis
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Bone island/Osteopoikilosis - Mets (breast, prostate) - Paget disease |
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Vertebral Body Wedge Fracture
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Traumatic fracture - Insufficiency fracture - Pathologic fracture |
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Epiphyseal Equivalent Lesion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Chonfroblastoma - Giant cell tumor - Langerhans cell histiocytosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Intraosseous ganglion cyst |
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Enhancing Orbital Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hemangioma - Lymphangioma - Meningioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Lymphoma |
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Orbital Rim Fracture
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Orbital wall blowout fracture - Tripod fracture - Lefort fracture |
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Cavernous Sinus Mass/Enhancement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Meningioma - Schwannoma - Carotid-cavernous fistula Additional diagnostic considerations - Tolosa-Hunt syndrome - Sarcoidosis - Perineural spread of tumor |
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Aggressive Sinus Disease With Bony Destruction
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Invasive fungal sinusitis - Wegener granulomatosis - Sinonasal carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoma - Cocaine nose |
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Unilateral Parotid Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pleomorphic adenoma - Warthin tumor - Parotid carcinoma (mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic carcinoma) Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphadenopathy - Branchial cleft cyst (Type I) |
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Bilateral Parotid Masses
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Lymphoepithelial lesions - Sjogren syndrome - Warthin tumors Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphadenopathy - Sarcoidosis |
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Orbital Muscle Enlargement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Thyroid associated orbitopathy - Orbital pseudotumor - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Infectious myositis - Sarcoidosis |
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Pharyngeal Mucosal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Squamous cell carcinoma - Lymphoma - Infection/abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Minor salivary gland tumor - Thornwaldt cyst |
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Masticator Space Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infection/abscess - Sarcoma - Venolymphatic malformation Additional diagnostic considerations - Nerve sheath tumor |
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Carotid Space Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Paraganglioma - Nerve sheath tumor - Vascular abnormality Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphadenopathy |
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Retropharyngeal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infection/abscess - Nodal mets - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Venolymphatic malformation - Tortuous ICA |
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Clival Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Mets - Chordoma - Chondrosarcoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Invasive pituitary microadenoma - Plasmacytoma |
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Vascular Injury to the Neck
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Dissection - Pseudoaneurysm - Arteriovenous fistula Additional diagnostic considerations - Thrombus |
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Globe Lesion in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Retinoblastoma - Persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous - Coats disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Retinopathy of prematurity - Toxocariasis |
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Optic Nerve Enlargement and Enhancement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Optic nerve glioma - Optic neuritis - Optic nerve sheath meningioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Leukemia/Lymphoma - Sarcoidosis |
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Pachymeningeal Enhancement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Intracranial hypotension - Mets - Pachymeningitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Subdural hemorrhage - Sarcoidosis |
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Middle Ear Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Cholesteatoma - Facial nerve schwannoma - Glomus tympanicum Additional diagnostic considerations - Normal variant vasculature (aberant ICA, dehiscent jugular bulb) - Cholesterol granuloma |
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Temporal Bone Trauma With Mastoid Fluid
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Longitudinal temporal bone fracture - Transverse temporal bone fracture - Mixed temporal bone fracture |
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Inner Ear Congenital Malformation
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Large vestibular aqueduct syndrome - Cystic cochleovestibular anomoly - Cystic common cavity Additional diagnostic considerations - Cochlear aplasia - Labyrinthine ossificans |
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Floor of Mouth Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Squamous cell carcinoma - Infection/abscess - Ranula Additional diagnostic considerations - Congenital thyroid lesion - Venolymphatic malformation - Dermoid/epidermoid cyst |
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Aggressive Nasal Mass in an Adolescent
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Juvenile angiofibroma - Esthesioneuroblastoma - Hemangioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Rhabdomyosarcoma - Inverted papilloma - Polyps |
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Cystic Neck Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Congenital cystic lesion (thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst) - Abscess - Necrotic lymph node Additional diagnostic considerations - Venolymphatic malformation - Cystic nerve sheath tumor |
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Jugular Foramen Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Meningioma - Schwannoma - Paraganglioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Dehiscent jugular bulb |
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Petrous Apex Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Cholesterol granuloma - Mucocele - Congenital cholesteatoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Apical periostitis - Neoplasm (mets, chondrosarcoma) |
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Leptomeningeal enhancement
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis - Meningitis - Neurosarcoidosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Subacute infarction - Subacute hemorrhage |
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Confluent White Matter Lesions in an Adult
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Demyelinating disease - Neoplasm (gliomatosis cerebri, lymphoma, infiltrating primary) - Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy Additional diagnostic considerations - Microvascular ischemic disease - Autoimmune mediated vasculitis |
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Confluent White Matter Lesions in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Acute disseminating encephalomyelitis - Multiple sclerosis - Dysmyelinating disease (leukodystrophy) Additional diagnostic considerations - Atypical infection (PML) |
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Ring Enhancing Lesion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Neoplasm (GBM, lymphoma, mets) - Subacute infarction - Abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Demyelinating disease - Resolving contusion |
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Pineal Gland Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pineal cyst - Germ cell tumor (germinoma) - Pineal cell tumor (pineoblastoma, pineocytoma) Additional diagnostic considerations - Meningioma - Tectal plate glioma |
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Sellar/Suprasellar Mass in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Craniopharyngioma - Germ cell tumor - Rathke cleft cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Hypothalamic/Optic glioma - Hypothalamic hamartoma |
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Posterior Fossa Mass in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Medulloblastoma - Pilocytic astrocytoma - Ependymoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Brain stem glioma |
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Posterior Fossa Mass in an Adult
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infarction - Mets - Hemangioblastoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Vascular malformation - Hypertensive hemorrhage |
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Posterior Fossa Cyst
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Mega cisterna magna - Arachnoid cyst - Dandy-Walker malformation Additional diagnostic considerations - Joubert syndrome (vermian hypoplasia) |
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Cerebellopontine Angle Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Vestibular schwannoma - Meningioma - Arachnoid cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Epidermoid |
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Tonsillar Herniation
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Arnold-Chiari malformation - Ependymoma - Posterior fossa mass Additional diagnostic considerations - Intracranial hypotension |
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CSF-lined Cortical Cleft
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Prior infarct with encephalomalacia - Schizencephaly - Porencephalic cyst |
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Enhancing Intramedullary Spinal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Ependymoma - Astrocytoma - Hemangioblastoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Demyelinating disease |
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Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Nerve sheath tumor - Meningioma - CSF mets |
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Diffuse Temporal Lobe Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Herpes encephalitis - Ischemia/infarction - Gliomatosis cerebri Additional diagnostic considerations - Limbic encephalitis - Status epilepticus |
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Increased T2 Signal Intensity in Basal Ganglia/Thalami in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Ischemia - Carbon monoxide poisoning - Wilson disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Mitochondrial disorder (MELAS, Leigh disease) - Kernicterus - Osmotic demyelination (extrapontine myelinolysis) |
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Hemorrhagic Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Vascular malformation - Hemorrhagic infarct - Neoplasm (primary, hemorrhagic met) Additional diagnostic considerations - Contusion - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy |
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Corpus Callosal Lesion
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Glioblastoma multiformans - Lymphoma - Demyelinating disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Diffuse axonal injury - Marchiafava Bignami |
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Subependymal Nodules/Masses
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Tuberous sclerosis - Heterotopic gray matter - TORCH infection Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets |
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Massive Supratentorial CSF Collection in a Newborn
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Hydrocephalus - Hydranencephaly - Holoprosencephaly Additional diagnostic considerations - Agenesis of the corpus callosum - Bilateral open-lip schizencephaly |
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Intraventricular Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Meningioma - Choroid plexus tumor - Central neurocytoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Ependymoma/Subependymoma - Colloid cyst - Subependymal giant cell tumor |
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Cerebellar Atrophy
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Alcohol abuse - Anti-convulsant therapy - Paraneoplastic syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy - Cerebello-olivary atrophy - Friedrich ataxia (spinocerebellar ataxia) |
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Spinal Cord Signal Abnormality
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Demyelinating disease - Cord contusion - Cord neoplasm Additional diagnostic considerations - Transverse myelitis - Cord ischemia |
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Cortically-based Enhancing Neoplasm
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Oligodendroglioma - Astrocytoma - Ganglioglioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Dysembryoblastic neuroectodermal tumor - Desmoplastic infantile glioma |
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Epidural Spinal Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Disc extrusion - Epidural hematoma - Epidural abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Metastatic disease - Epidural lipomatosis - Synovial cyst |
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Prominent Periventricular/Basal Ganglia Cystic Lesions
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Virchow-Robin spaces - Lacunar infarctions - Infection (neurocysticercosis, crytococcus) Additional diagnostic considerations - Cystic neoplasm - Neurological cyst |
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Neonatal Lung Disease With Low Lung Volumes
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Surfactant deficiency (respiratory distress syndrome) - Beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia - Pulmonary hypoplasia |
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Neonatal Disease With Increased Lung Volumes
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn - Meconium aspiration - Neonatal pneumonia Additional diagnostic considerations - Congenital heart disease |
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Cyanotic Infant With Decreased Pulmonary Flow
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Tetralogy of Falot - Pulmonary atresia - Tricuspid atresia Additional diagnostic considerations - Double outlet right ventricle - Ebstein anomoly |
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Cyanotic Infant With Increased Pulmonary Vascularity
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Transposition of the great arteries - Truncus arteriosus - Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Additional diagnostic considerations - Tricuspid atresia - Single ventricle |
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Shunt Vascularity
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Ventricular septal defect - Atrial septal defect - Patent ductus arteriosus Additional diagnostic considerations - Atrioventricular canal defect |
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Solid Pulmonary Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Round pneumonia - Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation - Sequestration Additional diagnostic considerations - Bronchogenic cyst - Plasma cell granuloma |
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Liver Mass in an Infant
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hepatoblastoma - Hemangioendothelioma - Mesenchymal hamartoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Metastatic disease - Abscess - Hematoma |
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Suprarenal Mass in a Child
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Neuroblastoma - Adrenal hemorrhage - Pheochromocytoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Subdiaphragmatic sequestration - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Adrenal cortical carcinoma |
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Solid Renal Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Wilms tumor - Mesoblastic nephroma - Nephroblastomatosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphoma - Renal cell carcinoma |
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Cystic Renal Lesion
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hydronephrosis - Multicystic dysplastic kidney - Multilocular cystic nephroma Additional diagnostic considerations - Cystic Wilms tumor - Polycystic kidney disease - Renal abscess |
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Subglottic Narrowing
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) - Epiglottitis - Retropharyngeal abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Bacterial tracheitis - Aspirated foreign body - Hemangioma |
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Distal Bowel Obstruction in a Neonate
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Functional immaturity of the colon - Hirschsprung disease - Ileal atresia/stenosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Meconium ileus - Anal atresia-anorectal malformations |
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Bowel Wall Thickening in a Immunocompromised Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Pseudomembranous colitis - Neutropenic colitis/thyphlitis - Graft-versus-host disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder - Shock bowel |
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Skeletal Dysplasia
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Achondroplasia - Thanatophoric dysplasia - Jeune syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Ellis-van Creveld syndrome - Chondrodysplasia punctata |
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Double-bubble Sign
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Malrotation with midgut volvulus - Duodenal atresia/stenosis - Annular pancreas Additional diagnostic considerations - Duodenal web - Preduodenal portal vein |
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Posterior Vertebral Body Scalloping
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Dural ectasia (connective tissue disorders, neurofibromatosis) - Mucopolysaccharidosis - Dwarfism/achondroplasia Additional diagnostic considerations - Spinal tumor - Normal variant |
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Presacral Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma - Anterior meningocele - Rectal duplication cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Lymphangioma - Germ cell tumor - Adnexal mass |
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Long Bone Aggressive Lesion
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Osteosarcoma - Ewing sarcoma - Osteomyelitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Mets |
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Endobronchial Lesion in a Child
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Foreign body - Papilloma - Carcinoid tumor Additional diagnostic considerations - Inflammatory polyp - Salivary gland neoplasm |
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Erlenmeyer Flask Deformity
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Osteopetrosis - Fibrous dysplasia - Gaucher disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Hemoglobinopathy - Multiple hereditary exostoses |
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Lytic Skull Lesion in a Child
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Epidermoid cyst - Neoplasm (leukemia, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, mets) Additional diagnostic considerations - Infection/osteomyelitis - Leptomeningeal cyst |
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Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Legg-Calve-Perthes - Trauma - Sickle cell disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Corticosteroid use - Gaucher disease - Meyer dysplasia |
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Vascular Anomoly With Esophageal and Tracheal Compression
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Aberrant right subclavian artery - Double aortic arch - Right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery Additional diagnostic considerations - Pulmonary sling - Innominate artery compression syndrome |
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Cystic Pulmonary Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Congenital lobar emphysema - Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Additional diagnostic considerations - Necrotizing pneumonia |
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Esophageal Obstruction in a Neonate
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia - Foreign body - Esophageal duplication cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Vascular ring |
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Enlarged Ovary
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Ovarian torsion - Ovarian Neoplasm - Pelvic inflammatory disease/tubo-ovarian abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Hemorrhagic cyst |
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Enlarged Ovary With Multiple Peripheral Follicles
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Ovarian torsion - Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) - Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome |
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Hyperechoic Liver Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hemangioma - Focal fatty infiltration - Hepatocellular carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets - Focal nodular hyperplasia - Hepatic adenoma |
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Complex Extra-testicular Fluid Collection
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Vericocele - Hematocele - Pyocele |
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Hyperechoic Renal Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Angiomyolipoma - Renal cell carcinoma - Complex cyst |
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Comlpex Cystic Adnexal Mass with Positive HCG
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Ectopic pregnancy - Corpus luteal cyst - Hemorrhagic cyst |
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Heterogeneous Uterus
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Diffuse leiomyomas - Adenomyosis - Endometrial carcinoma |
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Thickened Endometrial Stripe
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Endometrial hyperplasia - Endometrial polyps - Endometrial carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Submucosal fibroids - Retained products of conception - Gestational trophoblastic disease |
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Uterine Anomaly
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Bicornuate uterus - Didelphus uterus - Septated uterus Additional diagnostic considerations - Arcuate uterus |
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Starry Sky Liver
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Acute hepatitis - Hepatic congestion - Infiltrating neoplasm (HCC, diffuse mets) Additional diagnostic considerations - Toxic shock syndrome - Biliary or portal venous gas |
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"Target" Lesions in the Liver
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hepatocellular carcinoma - Mets - Lymphoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Hepatic abscesses - Hepatic pseudotumor from focal fatty sparing |
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Portal Vein Thrombosis
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Tumor thrombus (primary or mets) - Hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension - Periportal infection/inflammation (pancreatitis) Additional diagnostic considerations - Hypercoagulable conditions - Trauma/iatrogenic |
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Cystic Adnexal Mass with Negative HCG
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Ovarian neoplasm - Hemorrhagic cyst - Tubo-ovarian abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Endometrioma |
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Multiple Hypoechoic Liver Masses
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Neoplasm (multifocal HCC, mets, lymphoma) - Multifocal abscesses - Candidiasis Additional diagnostic considerations - Hematoma - Diffuse fatty infiltration with focal fatty sparing |
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Hypoechoic Renal Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Simple or complex renal cyst - Lymphoma - Renal abscess Additional diagnostic considerations - Renal cell carcinoma - Mets |
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Hyperechoic Foci in the Gallbladder Wall
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Porcelain gallbladder - Emphysematous cholecystitis - Adenomyomatosis |
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Enlarged Painful Testicle
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Testicular torsion - Epididymo-orchitis - Testicular hematoma/fracture |
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Gallbladder Wall Thickening
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Acute cholecystitis - Gallbladder wall edema (CHF) - Secondary inflammation (HIV, hepatitis) Additional diagnostic considerations - Gallbladder carcinoma - Gallbladder polyp - Adenomyomatosis |
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Right Lower Quadrant Mass in a Child
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Appendicitis - Intussusception - Enteric duplication cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Adnexal mass in a female - Meckel diverticulum - Mesenteric adenitis |
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Thyroid Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Benign thyroid nodule - Thyroid carcinoma - Parathyroid adenoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Thyroglossal duct cyst |
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Multiple Splenic Hypoechoic Foci
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Fungal abscesses (Candidiasis) - Diffuse lymphoma - Granulomatous disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets |
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Periventricular Cysts
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Periventricular leukomalacia - Subependymal cysts - Infection (TORCH, parasitic) Additional diagnostic considerations - Choroid plexus cysts - Porencephaly |
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Periventricular Hyperechoic Foci
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Germinal matrix hemorrhage - Intraventricular/intraparenchymal hemorrhage - Early periventricular leukomalacia Additional diagnostic considerations - Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury - CNS infection |
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Common Bile Duct Dilatation
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Choledocholithiasis - Malignancy (pancreatic adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma) - Chronic pancreatitis Additional diagnostic considerations - Cholangitis - Choledochal anomaly |
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|
Enlarged Painless Testicle
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Testicular neoplasm - Lymphoma/leukemia - Testicular cyst |
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|
Nuchal Translucency
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Trisomy 21 - Turner syndrome - Trisomy 18 Additional diagnostic considerations - Trisomy 13 |
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|
Sacral Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma - Myleomeningocele and variants - Rhabdomyosarcoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Duplication cyst |
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|
Posterior Fossa Malformation
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Chiari malformation - Dandy-Walker malformation - Joubert syndrome |
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|
Hyperechoic Thoracic Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation - Sequestration - Congenital lobar emphysema Additional diagnostic considerations - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia |
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|
Twin Development-chorionicity
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Dichorionic/diamnionic twin pregnancy - Monochorionic/diamnionic twin pregnancy - Monochorionic/monoamnionic twin pregnancy |
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|
Assymetric Fetal Size
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Twin-twin transfusion syndrome - Fetal demise - Normal variation |
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|
Enlarged Bladder (megacystitis)
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Posterior urethral valves - Prune-belly syndrome - Megacystitis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Marked vesicoureteral reflux |
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|
Umbilical Cord Vascular Abnormality
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Two-vessel cord - Cord hematoma - Cord hemangioma Additional diagnostic considerations - Wharton jelly cyst - Umbilical cord varix |
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|
"Double Bubble" Sign
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Congenital duodenal obstruction (duodenal atresia/stenosis) - Annular pancreas - Intestinal malrotation with volvulus |
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|
Hyperechoic Intracardiac Focus
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Echogenic intracardiac focus/papillary muscle calcification - Rhabdomyoma - Fibroma Additional diagnostic considerations - Teratoma - Hemangioma |
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|
CNS Ventriculomegaly
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Ventriculomegaly - Congenital aqueductal stenosis - Arnold-Chiari malformation Additional diagnostic considerations - Agenesis of the corpus callosum - Dandy-Walker malformation - Holoprosencephaly |
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|
Cardiac Outflow Abnormalities
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Tetralogy of Fallot - Transposition of the great arteries - Truncus arteriosus Additional diagnostic considerations - Double outlet right ventricle - Hypoplastic left hear syndrome |
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|
Cystic Posterior Neck Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Cystic hygroma - Occipital encephalocele/cervical myelomeningocele - Cystic teratoma |
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|
Enlarged Hyperechoic Kidneys
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease - Trisomy 13 - Meckel-Gruber syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (rare) |
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Oligohydramnios
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Bilateral renal failure/outlet obstruction - Premature rupture of membranes - Intrauterine growth restriction Additional diagnostic considerations - Fetal demise |
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Polyhydramnios
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Fetal gastrointestinal anomalies - Fetal CNS anomalies - Maternal diabetes Additional diagnostic considerations - Idiopathic polyhydramnios - Fetal hydrops |
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Placental Location Abnormality
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Placenta previa - Placenta accreta/increta/percreta - Marginal insertion of the cord Additional diagnostic considerations - Velamentous insertion of the cord |
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Abdominal Wall Defect
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Omphalocele - Gastroschisis - Limb-body wall complex Additional diagnostic considerations - Pentalogy of Cantrell - Bladder and cloacal extrophy |
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Cranial/Calvarial Defect
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Anencephaly - Acrania - Amniotic band syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Encephalocele/myelomeningocele |
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Diaphragm Abnormality
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation - Sequestration Additional diagnostic considerations - Diaphragmatic eventration |
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Fetal Hydrops
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Cardiovascular anomalies - Chromosomal abnormalitites - Infection (viral, TORCH) Additional diagnostic considerations - Immune hydrops |
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Linear Echos Within Amniotic Fluid
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Amniotic band syndrome - Synechiae/amniotic shelf - Chorioamniotic separation Additional diagnostic considerations - Hemorrhage |
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Placental Abnormality/Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Subchorionic/Retroplacental hemorrhage - Placental venous lakes - Succenturiate lobe Additional diagnostic considerations - Circumvallate placenta |
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Choroid Plexus Cyst
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Normal variant/incidental finding - Trisomy 18 - Trisomy 21 (debatable) |
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Ventricular Septal Defect
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Ventricular septal defect - Endocardial cushion defect - Normal foramen ovale |
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Post Procedure Arterial Abnormality
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hematoma - Pseudoaneurysm - Arteriovenous fistula |
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Carotid Artery Stenosis
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Atherosclerosis - Fibromuscular dysplasia - Dissection Additional diagnostic considerations - Iatrogenic |
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Failing Renal Transplant
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Acute tubular necrosis - Renal artery stenosis - Urinary obstruction Additional diagnostic considerations - Transplant rejection - Renal vein thrombosis - Cyclosporine toxicity |
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Digital Artery Occlusion/Ischemia
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Raynaud syndrome - Vasculitis (SLE, Buerger disease) - Embolic disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Thoracic outlet syndrome - Trauma - Atherosclerosis |
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Great Vessel Stenosis
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Atherosclerosis - Vasculitis (GCA, Takayasu arteritis) - Dissection Additional diagnostic considerations - Radiation |
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Subclavian Vein Occlusion
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Prior instrumentation/catheter placement - Hypercoagulable state - Paget-von Schrotter syndrome/Effort thrombosis |
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Renal Artery Stenosis
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Atherosclerosis - Fibromuscular dysplasia - Dissection |
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Intraparenchymal Renal Artery Aneurysms
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa) - Mycotic/Septic emboli - Trauma Additional diagnostic considerations - Ehlers-Danlos - Speed kidney |
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Hypervascular Pulmonary Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Arteriovenous malformation - Bronchogenic carcinoma - Hypervascular mets Additional diagnostic considerations - Pulmonary carcinoid - Pulmonary artery syndrome |
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Infrarenal Aortic Occlusion
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Atherosclerosis - Thrombus/Embolism - Vasculitis (Takayasu arteritis) Additional diagnostic considerations - Dissection |
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Popliteal Artery Occlusion
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Atherosclerosis - Embolism - Trauma Additional diagnostic considerations - Thrombosed popliteal artery syndrome - Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome - Cystic adventitial disease |
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Extratesticular Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Vericocele - Pyocele/Hematocele - Hydrocele |
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Inferior Vena Cava Vascular Anomaly/Abnormality
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Circumaortic/Retroaortic left renal vein - Megacava - Duplicated inferior vena cava Additional diagnostic considerations - Inferior vena cava thrombosis |
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Hypervascular Renal Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Renal cell carcinoma - Angiomyolipoma - Oncocytoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Arteriovenous malformation/fistula |
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Prominent Paraspinal Flow Voids
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula - Spinal cord arteriovenous malformation - Collateral venous flow voids from IVC occlusion Additional diagnostic considerations - Spinal cord neoplasm with increased vascular flow - CSF pulsations |
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Suprasellar Mass in an Adult
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Pituitary macroadenoma - Craniopharngioma - Aneurysm Additional diagnostic considerations - Meningioma |
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Hypervascular Cerebral Mass/Abnormality
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Arteriovenous malformation - Hypervascular tumor (GBM, meningioma) - Aneurysm Additional diagnostic considerations - Moyamoya |
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Aortic Dissection
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hypertension - Trauma - Connective tissue disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Annuloaortic ectasia - Biscuspic aortic valve - Coarctation of the aorta |
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Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Diverticulosis - Neoplasm - Angiodysplasia Additional diagnostic considerations - Focal colitis |
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Vascular Ring/Sling
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Aberrant right subclavian artery - Double aortic arch - Right arch with aberrant left subclavian artery Additional diagnostic considerations - Pulmonary sling |
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Urinary Obstruction
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Nephrolithiasis - Neoplasm (TCC) - Blood clot Additional diagnostic considerations - Fungus ball - Sloughed papillae |
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TIPS Dysfunction
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Neointimal hyoerplasia - Thrombosis - Technical error |
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Biliary Duct Occlusion
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Choledocholithiasis - Cholangiocarcinoma - Pancreatic adenocarcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Chronic pancreatitis - Primary sclerosiing cholangitis - Parasitic infection (Ascariasis, Clonorchis) |
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Traumatic Aortic Injury
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Pseudoaneurysm - Aortic dissection - Intramural hematoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Aortic transection |
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Occlusion of Celiac Axis
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Atherosclerosis - Thromboembolic disease - Vasculitis (Takayasu, PAN) Additional diagnostic considerations - Median arcuate ligament syndrome - Fibromuscular dysplasia - Radiation |
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Transient Ischemic Dilatation
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Multi-vessel coronary artery disease - Subendocardial ischemia - Systolic dysfunction Additional diagnostic considerations - Misaligned SPECT images |
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Symmetric "Tram-Track" Cortical Uptake of Long Bones
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy - Shin/quadriceps splints - Chronic venous stasis |
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Poor Quality Bone Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Off-peak gamma camera - Incorrect radiopharmaceutical administration - Poor radiopharmaceutical preparation Additional diagnostic considerations - Infiltrated dose |
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Extrapulmonary Activity on Lung Perfusion Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Free Tc-99m - Right-to-left shunt - Retained activity from a different radiotracer study |
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Superscan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Mets (prostate, breast, lung) - Metabolic disease (renal osteodystrophy, hyperthyroidism, osteomalacia) - Paget disease Additional diagnostic considerations - Myeloproliferative/marrow infiltrative disorder |
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Increased Activity and Osseous Expansion in the Pelvis
|
Top 2 diagnoses in adults
- Paget disease - Mets (prostate, breast) Top 3 diagnoses in children - Ewing sarcoma - Lymphoma - Fibrous dysplasia |
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Three-phase Positive Bone Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Trauma - Osteomyelitis - Bone tumor Additional diagnostic considerations - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
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Nonvisualization of Gallbladder on Hepatobiliary Imaging
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Acute cholecystitis - Chronic cholecystitis - Inadequate patient preparation Additional diagnostic considerations - Severe hepatocellular disease - High grade biliary obstruction |
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Focal Intra-abdominal Activity on Pertechnetate Imaging
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Meckel diverticulum - Focal intra-abdominal infectious or inflammatory process - Physiologic renal/urinary activity |
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Persistant Hepatogram on Neonatal Hepatobiliary Imaging
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Biliary atresia - Neonatal hepatitis - Intrahepatic cholestasis from severe parenchymal disease |
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Persistent Focal Cervical Uptake on Delayed Sestamibi Imaging
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Parathyroid adenoma - Thyroid adenoma of carcinoma - Metastatic lymphadenopathy |
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Intra-abdominal Activity on Tc-RBC Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Active GI Bleed - Neoplasm or inflammatory bowel disease - Genitourinary activity Additional diagnostic considerations - Free technetium |
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Decreased Cortical FDG activity in the Setting of Dementia
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Alzheimer disease - Pick disease - Multi-infarct dementia Additional diagnostic considerations - Parkinson disease |
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Unilateral Absent Lung Perfusion
|
Top 3 diagnoses for perfusion worse than ventilation
- External compression (bronchogenic CA, fibrosing mediastinitis) - Pulmonary artery anomalies or corrected congenital heart disease - Massive unilateral PE Top 3 diagnoses for ventilation worse than perfusion - Mucus plug - Unilateral diffuse parenchymal disease - Endobronchial lesion |
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Worsening Renal Function on MAG-3 Renal Scan Post-Captopril Administration
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Renal artery stenosis - Unilateral urinary obstruction - False positive scan in patients on calcium channel blocker |
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Cold Nodule on I-123 Thyroid Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Thyroid carcinoma - Colloid cyst - Non-functioning adenoma |
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|
Focal Abdominal Uptake on Octreoscan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Neuroendocrine tumor - Mets - Granulomatous disease |
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|
Absent Intracranial Activity on Tc-99 HMPAO Scan
|
Top 2 diagnoses
- Brain death - Quality control-poor radiopharmaceutical bolus |
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|
Focal Neck Uptake on I-131 Post-ablation Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Residual thyroid tissue - Cervical nodal mets - Physiologic pharyngeal/esophageal activity |
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|
Increased Mediastinal Uptake on Gallium Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Malignancy (lymphoma, bronchogenic carcinoma) - Granulomatous disease (TB, sarcoid) - Non-specific inflammatory/infectious process |
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Focal Increased Hepatic Uptake on Sulfur Colloid Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Focal nodular hyperplasia - Regenerating nodular cirrhosis - Budd-Chiari syndrome Additional diagnostic considerations - Superior vena cava syndrome |
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|
Focal Bowel Uptake on In-111 Labeled WBC scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Infectious enteritis/colitis - Inflammatory bowel disease - GI bleed Additional diagnostic considerations - Swallowed activity from sinusitis/pharyngitis |
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|
Focal Defect on QC Images
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Photomultiplier tube failure - Crystal defect - Collimator defect Additional diagnostic considerations - Electronic artifact |
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|
Focal Increased Activity Within an Extremity on Bone Scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Stress fracture - Osteomyelitis - Neoplasm (benign and malignant, osteoid osteoma) Additional diagnostic considerations - Fibrous dysplasia |
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|
Solitary Hypermetabolic Pulmonary Lesion on PET scan
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Malignancy (bronchogenic carcinoma, mets) - Active granulomatous disease - Pulmonary infection/inflammation Additional diagnostic considerations - |
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|
Implant Defect
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Intracapsular rupture - Extracapsular rupture - Radial fold Additional diagnostic considerations - Gel bleed - Herniation |
|
|
MRI Enhancement Patterns
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Type 1 persistant kinetics - Type 2 plateau kinetics - Type 3 wash-out kinetics Additional diagnostic considerations - Initial phase |
|
|
Complex Cystic Mass in a Lactating Woman
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Galactocele - Abscess - Fibroadenoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Hematoma - Lactating adenoma - Fibrocystic change |
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|
Coarse Calcifications in a Partially Circumscribed Mass
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Degenerating fibroadenoma - Fat necrosis - Oil cyst Additional diagnostic considerations - Hematoma - Abscess |
|
|
Benign-appearing Calcification; Rim, Punctate and Round Forms
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Calcified oil cyst - Dystrophic calcifications - Dermal calcifications Additional diagnostic considerations - Fibrocystic change - Hyalinized fibroadenoma calcifications |
|
|
Malignant-appearing Calcifications; Linear, Branching Forms
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Ductal carcinoma in situ/Invasive ductal carcinoma - Vascular calcifications - Secretory calcifications Additional diagnostic considerations - Milk of calicium - Fibrocystic change |
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|
Fatty Breast Lesions
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Hamartoma (fibroadenolipoma) - Lipoma - Galactocele Additional diagnostic considerations - Fat necrosis - Oil cyst |
|
|
Well-circumscribed Mass in a Premenopausal Woman
|
Top 3 diagnoses
- Fibroadenoma - Cyst - Intramammary lymph node Additional diagnostic considerations - Breast carcinoma - Papilloma |
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|
Unilateral Skin Thickening
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Inflammatory breast cancer - Mastitis - Invasive breast cancer Additional diagnostic considerations - Postsurgical or postradiation changes - Superior vena cava syndrome - Lymphedema |
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Axillary Lymphadenopathy
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Breast cancer with lymph node spread - Lymphoma - Reactive lymphadenopathy Additional diagnostic considerations - Mets from remote primary - Connective tissue and granulomatous disorders - Castleman disease |
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Mass With Central Lucency
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Radial scar - Invasive ductal carcinoma - Tubular carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Fat necrosis - Postsurgical scar |
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Well-circumscribed Solid Breast Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Fibroadenoma - Intramammary lymph node - Hamartoma (fibroadenolipoma) Additional diagnostic considerations - Circumscribed breast carcinoma - Papilloma |
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Well-circumscribed Cystic Breast Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Papilloma/Papillary carcinoma - Seroma - Cyst with debris Additional diagnostic considerations - Hematoma - Abscess |
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Ductal Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Intraductal papilloma - Intracystic papillary carcinoma - Ductal carcinoma in situ Additional diagnostic considerations - Dilated duct with debris |
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Post-operative Changes
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Postsurgical architectural distortion - Recurrent cancer - Fat necrosis Additional diagnostic considerations - Radial scar - Tubular carcinoma |
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Bilateral Skin Thickening
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Congestive heart failure - Superior vena cava obstruction - Bilateral lymphedema Additional diagnostic considerations - Psoriasis - Renal failure and volume overload |
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Breast Mass in a Male
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Gynecomastia - Breast cancer - Lipoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Hematoma - Abscess - Mets |
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Well-circumscribed Cancer
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Invasive ductal carcinoma, NOS - Mucinous carcinoma - Medullary carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Papillary carcinoma - Ductal carcinoma in situ |
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Developing Asymmetry
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Invasive ductal carcinoma - Invasive lobular carcinoma - Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia Additional diagnostic considerations - Asymmetric breast tissue - Stromal fibrosis - Fat necrosis |
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Ill-defined, Infiltrative Breast Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Infiltrating ductal carcinoma - Infiltrating lobular carcinoma - Postsurgical scar Additional diagnostic considerations - Fibrosis |
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Breast Lesion With Nipple Discharge
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Intraductal papilloma - Mammary duct ectasia - Breast carcinoma (ductal or papillary) Additional diagnostic considerations - Fibrocystic change - Galactorrhea |
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Unilateral Nipple/Skin Changes
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Paget disease of the nipple - Mastitis - Inflammatory breast carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Nipple adenoma - Eczema of the breast |
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Superficial Breast Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Sebaceous cyst - Epidermal inclusion cyst - Focal infection Additional diagnostic considerations - Breast carcinoma - Lymphoma - Steatocystoma multiplex |
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Large Breast Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Phyllodes tumor - Fibroadenoma - Circumscribed breast carcinoma Additional diagnostic considerations - Hematoma - Abscess |
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Complex Cystic Mass
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Top 3 diagnoses
- Abscess - Hematoma - Cystic neoplasm Additional diagnostic considerations - Fat necrosis - Cyst with debris |
