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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acapnia
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deficiency of CO2 in the blood
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Allergic Rhinitis
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inflammation of nasal mucous membranes resulting from an allergic reaction
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apnea
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absence of breathing
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atelactasis
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collapsed lung
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bradypnea
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abnormally slow breathing
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dysphonia
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impairment of the voice or difficulty in speaking (i.e. hoarseness)
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dyspnea
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difficult or labored breathing
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ecchymosis
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a bruise
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epistaxis
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nosebleed
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furunculosis
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a disorder characterized by recurrent boils. The clinical term for a boil is furuncle.
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hypercapnia
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excess CO2 in the blood
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infarct
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area of tissue death due to a lack of oxygen
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malaise
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a vague feeling of discomfort or fatigue
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oral candidiasis
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fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida albicans (i.e. thrush)
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Pallor
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paleness
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polyuria
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increased volume of urine and frequency of urination. Clinical term for urination is micturation
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pruritus
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itching
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pyrexia
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fever
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rhinitis
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inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
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rhinitis medicamentosa
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rhinitis that is nonallergic and noninfectios and is caused by rebound vasodilation after prolonged or excessive use of vasoconstricting nasal sprays or drops
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rhinorrhea
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a runny nose
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urticaria
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hives
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xerostomia
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dryness of the mouth
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sympathomimetic bronchodilators
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stimulate beta-2 receptors in the lungs to relax bronchial smooth muscle thereby relieving bronchospasm
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albuterol
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Proventil, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, ProAir HFA
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levalbuterol
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Xopenex HFA
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formoterol
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Foradil Aerolizer
DPI-Aerolizer |
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arformoterol
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Brovana
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metaproterenol
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Alupent
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pirbuterol
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Maxair Autohaler
breath activated MDI (Autohaler-beneficial in patients who have difficulty using a traditional MDI) |
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salmeterol
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Serevent Diskus
DPI-Diskus |
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sympathomimetics administered as traditional MDI's
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albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol
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drugs available as solution for inhalation dosage form
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albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, arformoterol
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adverse effects of Beta-2 agonists
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dry mouth/throat, nervousness, tachycardia
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ProAir HFA
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Generic: albuterol
TC: Bronchodilator (sympathomimetic) Indications: asthma Dosage form: inhalation aerosol Dosing interval: 4 times daily Other information: ProAir HFA utilizes the environmentally safe propellant hydrofluoroalkane |
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Serevent Diskus
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Generic: salmeterol
TC: bronchodilator (sympathomimetic) Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage form: powder for inhalation Dosing interval: BID Other information: Serevent is a long-acting beta-2 agonist indicated for prevention of asthma attacks. It will not relieve acute attack (onset of action 20 minutes). |
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Foradil Aerolizer
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Generic: formoterol
TC: bronchodilator (sympathomimetic) Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosing interval: BID Other information: Pharmacists should store Foradil under refrigeration. Patients may store it at room temperature for up to 4 months. |
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Xopenex HFA
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Generic: levalbuterol
TC: Bronchodilator (sympathomimetic) Indications: asthma Dosage form: solution for inhalation via nebulizer; inhalation aerosol Dosing interval: inhalation aerosol - 4 times daily Other information: Contains only the r isomer from albuterol. Xopenex HFA utilizes the environmentally safe propellant hydrofluoroalkane. |
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Brovana
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Generic: arformoterol
TC: bronchodilator (sympathomimetic) Indications: COPD Dosage form: solution for inhalation (long-acting) Dosing interval: BID Other information: For use with a nebulizer. It is the r isomer of formoterol. Pharmacists should store in refrigerator. Patients may store at room temp for 6 weeks. |
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COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases (i.e. smoking).
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2 examples of COPD
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chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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Orally inhaled anticholinergics
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produce bronchodilation by competitive inhibition of cholinergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle. This antagonizes the bronchoconstriction caused by ACh. They do not relieve acute asthma attacks - they are only indicated for prevention.
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Atrovent HFA Aerosol
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Generic: ipratropium
TC: Bronchodilator (anticholinergic) Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage form: inhalation aerosol - MDI solution for inhalation via nebulizer nasal spray formulation - Atrovent Nasal Spray Dosing interval: 4 times daily Other information: Atrovent HFA utilizes the environmentally safe propellant hydrofluoroalkane. Atrovent HFA is only indicated for asthma prophylaxis (onset of action 15 minutes). Atrovent Nasal Spray 0.03% is indicated for rhinorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis in adults and children 6 years or older. 0.06% should only be used in patients 12 and older. Atrovent utilizes soya lecithin as a suspending agent. Patients allergic to soybean protein or other legumes, such as peanuts, may be allergic to Atrovent HFA. |
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Combivent
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Generic: ipratropium bromide, albuterol
TC: bronchodilator (anticholinergic, sympathomimetic) Indications: asthma Dosage form: inhalation aerosol Dosing interval: 4 times daily Other information: Combivent is indicated for patients who use a regular aerosol bronchodilator but continue to have evidence of bronchospasm and require a second bronchodilator. Combivent utilizes soya lecithin as a suspending agent. Patients allergic to soybean protein or other legumes, such as peanuts, may be allergic to Combivent. |
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Spiriva HandiHaler
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Generic: tiotropium
TC: bronchodilator (anticholinergic) Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage form: powder for inhalation Dosing interval: once daily Other information: The medication in Spiriva is administered with a trade name inhalation device known as a HandiHaler. The most common adverse effect associated with tiotropium is xerostomia. |
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orally inhaled corticosteroids
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maintenance meds indicated for prevention of asthma attacks. They will not relieve acute asthma attacks. They have a wide range of inhibitory activities against multiple inflammatory cell types and inflammatory mediators. The net effect of these meds is to reduce chronic inflammation in asthmatic airways.
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Inflammatory cells
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mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes
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inflammatory mediators
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histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines
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Qvar
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beclomethasone
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Aerobid
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flunisolide
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Azmacort
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triamcinolone
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orally inhaled corticosteroids administered with traditional MDI's
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beclomethasone, flunisolide, triamcinolone
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Asmanex Twisthaler
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mometasone
DPI |
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Pulmicort Flexhaler
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budesonide
DPI |
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2 adverse effects associated with orally inhaled corticosteroids
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oral candidiasis and dysphonia
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Patient counseling for inhaled corticosteroids and asthma bronchodilators
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Patients who are prescribed both should be counseled to use the bronchodilator several minutes before the corticosteroid in order to enhance penetration of the corticosteroid into the bronchial tree.
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Flovent HFA
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Generic: fluticasone
TC: Oral Corticosteroid Inhalant Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: inhalation aerosol Dosing Interval: BID |
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Asmanex Twisthaler
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Generic: mometasone
TC: Oral Corticosteroid Inhalant Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: powder for inhalation Dosing Interval: once daily |
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Advair Diskus
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Generic: fluticasone, salmeterol
TC: Oral Corticosteroid Inhalant and Bronchodilator Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: powder for inhalation Dosing Interval: BID Other Information: Advair HFA is a traditional MDI containing the same ingredients but in different strengths and is administered BID. |
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Symbicort
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Generic: budesonide, formoterol
TC: Oral Corticosteroid Inhalant and Bronchodilator Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: MDI Dosing Interval: BID |
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Pulmicort Respules
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Generic: budesonide
TC: Oral Corticosteroid Inhalant Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: inhalation suspension via nebulizer Dosing Interval: once or twice daily |
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Pulmicort Flexhaler
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Generic: budesonide
TC: Oral Corticosteriod Inhalant Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: DPI Dosing Interval: BID |
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Oral solid dosage forms for management of asthma
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leukotriene receptor antagonists and leukotriene formation inhibitors
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Singulair
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Generic: montelukast
TC: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Indications: asthma prophylaxis, allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: chew tab (4,5 mg) - 4mg is for patients 2 thru 5 years and 5mg is for 6 thru 12 years. tablet (10mg) - for patients 15 or older granules (4mg/packet) - for patients 12 - 23 months. Administer directly in mouth or mixed with spoonful of soft food. Granules should not be mixed with liquid Dosing Interval: once daily Other Information: May be administered without regard to meals. Since not a bronchodilator, will not relieve an acute attack. Take daily as prescribed, even when asymptomatic. |
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Accolate
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Generic: zafirlukast
TC: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Indications: asthma prophylaxis Dosage Form: tablet (10,20mg) Other Information: Administer on empty stomach so as not to reduce bioavailability. |
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Intranasal corticosteroids
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Indicated for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. In the presence of excessive nasal congestion, the medication may fail to reach the site of intended action. In such cases, patinets may use a topical nasal decongestant 5-10 minutes before administering the intranasal corticosteroid. Patients must be instructed not to use topical nasal decongestants for more than 3 days. Longer use may result in medicamentosa.
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Afrin
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oxymetazoline
topical nasal decongestant |
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potential adverse effects associated with intranasal corticosteroid therapy
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epistaxis
localized infections of the nose and pharynx with Candida albicans have developed only rarely with intranasal corticosteroids |
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Nasarel
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flunisolide
Intranasal corticosteroid |
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beclomethasone
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Beconase AQ
Intranasal corticosteroid |
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Veramyst
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fluticasone furoate
Intranasal corticosteroid |
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Flonase
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Generic: fluticasone
TC: intranasal corticosteroid Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: intranasal spray Other Information: 2 trade names - Flonase and Veramyst. Flonase contains fluticasone propionate while Veramyst contains fluticasone furoate. Veramyst is available as an intranasal spray suspension while Flonase is an intranasal spray solution. These products are not interchangeable. |
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Rhinocort Aqua
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Generic: budesonide
TC: Intranasal corticosteroid Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: intranasal spray |
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Nasonex
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Generic: mometasone
TC: Intranasal corticosteroid Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: intranasal spray |
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Nasacort AQ
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Generic: triamcinolone
TC: Intranasal corticosteroid Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: intranasal spray |
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Antihistamines
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H-1 receptor antagonists that reduce or prevent the physiologic effects of histamine. They do not prevent histamine release. They are divided into 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines.
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1st generation agents
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Bind non-selectively to central and peripheral H-1 receptors. Cause more drowsiness than 2nd generation.
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2nd generation agents
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Are more selective for peripheral H-1 receptors.
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1st generation antihistamine classes
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ethanolamines (clemastine-Tavist, diphenhydramine-Benadryl)
ethylenediamines (pyrilamine) alkylamines (brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine) phenothiazines (promethazine-Phenergan) piperazines (hydroxyzine HCL, hydroxyzine pamoate-Vistaril) piperidines (cyproheptadine) |
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2nd generation antihistamine classes
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piperazines (cetirizine-zyrtec, levocetirizine-Xyzal)
piperidines (fexofenadine-Allegra, loratadine-Claritin, desloratadin-Clarinix) phthalazinones (azelastine-Astelin) |
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Allegra D 12 Hour
Allegra D 24 Hour |
Generic: fexofenadine, pseudoephedrine
TC: Antihistamine (piperidine, peripherally-selective), Nasal Decongestant Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: ER tablet Other Information: The white half of an Allegra D 12 Hour tablet contains immediate release fexofenadine. The tan half contains an insoluble wax matrix that slowly releases pseudoephedrine. Patients may notice the wax matrix portion of the tablet in their stool. Fexofenadine is also available in an oral suspension dosage form under the trade name Allegra Oral Suspension. This product contains 6mg/mL. |
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Zyrtec
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Generic: cetirizine
TC: antihistamine (piperazine, peripherally-selective) Indications: allergic rhinitis, urticaria Dosage Form: tablet (5,10mg) chewable tablet (5,10mg) syrup (5mg/5mL) Dosing Interval: once daily Other Information: Cetirizine is a metabolite of hydroxyzine. Another peripherally selective piperazine is levocetirizine (Xyzal). Levocetirizine is the R isomer of cetirizine (cetirizine contains both R and S isomers). Xyzal is available in a 5mg tablet strength and is administered once daily. |
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Zyrtec D 12 Hour
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Generic: cetirizine, pseudoephedrine
TC: Antihistamine (piperazine, peripherally selective), Nasal Decongestant Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: tablet |
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Clarinex
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Generic: desloratadine
TC: Antihistamine (piperidine, peripherally selective) Indications: allergic rhinitis, urticaria Dosage Form: tablet tablet, rapidly disintegrating-Clarinex RediTabs syrup Dosing Interval: once daily |
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Astelin
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Generic: azelastine
TC: Antihistamine (phthalazinone) Indications: allergic rhinitis Dosage Form: nasal spray Dosing Interval: BID |
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Tussionex
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Generic: hydrocodone polistirex, chlorpheniramine polistirex
TC: Antitussive/Antihistamine Indications: relief of cough and allergy Dosage Form: oral suspension |
