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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the characteristics of TVC (they form the interactions) |
Relief, soil, climate, vegetation |
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What are the 3 descriptive characteristics of the TVC volcanoes? |
Strato, andesitic, composite cone volcanoes |
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What is the percentage of silica for strato volcanos? What determines the percentage of silica. |
55%. The closer to the subduction zone the higher percentage of silica. |
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What are the definitions of characteristics and element. |
Characteristics - a distinctive observable/physical aspect of something Element- a component of a greater whole |
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What is TVC’s latitude? |
39.5 degrees south |
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What creates u shaped valleys and what creates v shaped valleys |
U shaped: glacier V shaped: rivers |
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What are two intrusive features? |
Dykes and sills |
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What is lake Taupo? |
Caldera |
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Non-volcanic subduction feature |
Fold mountains |
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Internal processes: |
- plate tectonics - volcanism + subduction *they build up the environment* |
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External processes: |
-soil development -vegetation development -denudation *they shape the environment* |
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Climate characteristics: |
-evaporation -moist prevailing westerly wind -orographic rainfall -snow at high altitudes -föhn wind -rain shadow -altitudinal zonation |
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Volcanic characteristics: |
-subduction zone creating andesitic, strato, composite cones -ash fall -volcanic tephra -lava flow -magma chamber |
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Denudation characteristics: |
-fluvial erosion -u shaped valley -v shaped valley -aeolian erosion (wind) -glacial erosion |
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Vegetation characteristics: |
-Beech forest -Rangipo desert -subalpine vegetation -vegetation zonation |
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Soil characteristics: |
-deeper soil -thin soil with low fertility -no soil -ash and lava layers build upon land |
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What does altitudinal zonation produce? |
Vegetation zonation |
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What is a strombolian eruption? |
A quiet andesite eruption producing tongues of lava |
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What is a vulcanian eruption? |
An explosive andesite eruption producing large quantities of gas, tephra, and ash. |
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What is Pyroclastic flow? |
A river of eruption material spreading across the surface/ground |
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What is the asthenosphere? |
This upper part of the mantle is where rocks are close to melting point and produce convection currents that cause the plates to move. |
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What is the lithosphere? |
Above the asthenosphere is a thin surface of rock that is made up of 20 plates that interlock. |
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Where and why do magma chambers form? |
They form 50 - 100 km below the surface and they form because of friction between the two plates. |
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What are Kaimanawa mountains? |
Fold mountains |
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How often does Ngauruhoe erupt? |
Every 9 years |
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How many times has Ruapehu between 1945 and 2014? |
60 |
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What is climax vegetation? |
The most amount of vegetation that will be present in a certain environment |
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What is the process of subduction? |
The spatial pattern of volcanic activity south of Lake Taupo (TVC) is caused by the process of subduction. Volcanic activity occurs where the heavier oceanic plate descends under the lighter more buoyant continental Indo/Australia plate at the rate of about 5cm per year. Where the 2 plates collide due to movement from convection currents from the Asthenosphere, the friction causes heat and the melting of the Earth’s crust forming magma. This magma collects in magma chambers 50-100km below the Earth’s surface. Some will eventually rise to the surface through weaknesses in the Earth’s crust creating volcanic activity and resulting in volcanic landforms on the Earth’s surface. Pressure causes the continental plate to fold and crack forming fold mountains such as the Kaimanawas and faulting forms a graben such as Taupo Graben. A trench forms where the plates meet. The Hikurangi and the Kermadec Trench are on the subduction boundary. |
- subduction of plates -friction + magma - volcanoes - non-volcanic land formations |
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What is the height of Ruapehu? |
2797m |
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When talking about any interactions involving relief what must you talk about? |
Volcanism (subduction) |
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Relief + climate interactions |
- heigher up, lower the temp (altitudinal zonation) - orographic rainfall + Föhn wind - fluvial erosion from orographic rainfall -Aeolian erosion |
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Vegetation + relief interactions |
- cooler temps higher up (altitudinal zonation —> vegetation stratification/zonation) - thinner soil - strato volcanoes erupt relatively often so doesn’t allow enough time time to develop a mature climax vegetation near the vents |
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Relief + soil interactions: |
- less vege higher up due to altitudinal zonation less nutrient rich soil cuz no organic matter from vege - orographic rainfall + melting of the glaciers as it changed from glacier maximum in Pleitocene epoch to glacial minimum as it went to the present day Holosene epoch - fluvial erosion - denudation |
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Climate + vegetation interactions: |
- altitudinal zonation + vegetation zonation - orographic rainfall + Föhn wind - Beech forests (west side base) + rangipo desert (east side) - aeolian erosion - 3000mm rain west side and 1200mm rain east side |
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