Tl Eppp Social Psych Ii

Front 1

What are Attribution theories and name three theorists.

Back 1

Attribution theories focus on causal explanations that people generate to explain why a particular event/outcome has occured.
Theorists: Heidler, Kelley, Weiner

Front 2

What was Heidler's Attribution Theory?

Back 2

Orignial attribution theory that said people make "dispositional" or "situational" attributions.

Front 3

What was Kelley's attribution theory?

Back 3

People consider 3 types of info when making attributes...consistency of behavior, distinctiveness (unique to situation?), and consensus (would others behave the same way). Hi consistency with low distinctiveness & low consesus = internal attribution. Hi consistency w/high distinctiveness & hi consensus = external attribution.

Front 4

WHat was Weiner's attribution theory?

Back 4

In addition to examining internal vs. external dimensions, Weiner also looked at whether attributions are made to stable vs. unstable factors. ex. bad luck = unstable external factor and bad economy = stable external factor

Front 5

What types of attributions are associated with depression?

Back 5

attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes.

Front 6

What is Fundamental Attribution Bias?

Back 6

Attribute behavior of others to internal causes.

Front 7

What is actor/observer bias?

Back 7

Attribute own actions to external causes.

Front 8

What is self-serving bias?

Back 8

Attribute our own success to internal causes and failures to external factors.

Front 9

What are Heuristics and name three types.

Back 9

Heuristics are rules of thum people use to categorize things. "availability heuristic," "representative heuristic," & "simulation heuristic."

Front 10

What is Availability Heuristic?

Back 10

People estimate the likelihood of a situation by how easily they recall ir and are exposed to it.

Front 11

What is the represtentative heuristic?

Back 11

People make judgments about events/people based on what they believe to be a typical example.

Front 12

What is simulation heuristic?

Back 12

People develop mental images of situations and then use these images to make judgments and facts in their lives.

Front 13

What are the Consistency Theories based on and name three of them?

Back 13

They propose that attitudes and change are organized by a need to impose structure & order on environment. Balance theory, congruity theory, and cognitive dissonance

Front 14

Balance Theory

Back 14

In interpersonal communication all elements seek balance.
Balance = all elements + or one element + and 2 -
unbalanced = all elements - or one element - and 2 +

Front 15

Congruity theory

Back 15

equilibruim = 2 objects equally evaluated.
Imbalance = 2 objects inequally evaluated

Front 16

Cognitive dissonance

Back 16

(Festinger) People change attitudes to decrease aversive arousal 2/2 to inconsistency in cog's or behaviors and cog's.

Front 17

Name and describe 4 situations in which attitude change results from cognitive dissonance.

Back 17

1. Post-decision dissonance - 2 choices, upset about not choosing one, emphasizes + features of one chosen.
2. Effort justification - emphasize positive qualities of effort spent on a goal that turned out to be unworthwhile.
3. Insufficient justification - emphasize + qualities of an undesirable behavior performed for little inducement.
4. Insufficient deterrence - emphasize - aspect of an action that was not performed b/c of small deterrent.

Front 18

What is overjustification hypothesis?

Back 18

People lose interest in previously desirable activities after performing them for too much justification. Ex. child enjoys reading, child gets paid to read and soon attributes his joy of reading to the $$. Take away the $$ and child stops reading.

Front 19

What are the three factors most important in persuasion?

Back 19

Source of message, the message, and the audience.

Front 20

What are important factors about the source of information that influence pursuasive messages?

Back 20

With unimportant messages, the sources is most influential when they are likeable, similar to recipient, and attractive. With important matters, the sources is most influential when they are credible (trustworthy and expertise).

Front 21

Sleeper effect

Back 21

Over time the message is remembered but the source is forgotten.

Front 22

What are key factors that make the message more persuasive?

Back 22

Logic and reason are best unless the emotional appeal of fear can be used. Primacy effect - to influence an event in the distant future, the information presented early will be most remembered. Recency effect - to influence an upcoming event, the most recent info is most important.

Front 23

What are key factors that make the audience more susceptible to persuasive message?

Back 23

People with moderate self esteem, who have a moderate discrepancy in attitude, & higher level of involvement with product or idea are easiest to influence. With intelligent, well-informed, and initially opposed people, presenting both sides of an argument is best. With unintelligent, uninformed, agreeable audience, present only supporting info.

Front 24

When an audience feels pressured and resistance increases this is known as___.

Back 24

Reactance

Front 25

What are two routes of persuasion?

Back 25

Peripheral - people are influenced by the context of message.
Central - attitude change involves contemplation, questioning, and elaboration of argument. This type of attitude change is enduring and most predictive of behavior change.

Front 26

Your husband goes to look at vehicles at the local dealer but promises he does not want to buy anything. You give him a mild argument in favor of purchasing a new vehicle. Does this make him more or less likely to be persuaded by the care salesman and why?

Back 26

He is less likely to be persuaded because you have "inoculated" him with a milder dose of the persuasive message the salesman will give and therefore increased his resistance (like the flu shot).

Front 27

___ arises when people are forced to make a choice b/n at least 2 incompatible choices. Name three types and describe.

Back 27

"Conflict".
Approach/approach - choose b/n 2 favorable options.
Approach/avoidance - choosing something with good and bad results.
Avoidance/avoidance - choosing b/n 2 unpleasant choices.

Front 28

Name and describe 5 sources of prejudice.

Back 28

1. Learned prejudice - operant, social, and classical conditioning.
2. Personality traits - authoritarian is associated with prejudice
3. Cognitive processes - ingroup favoritism & outgroup homogeneity
4. Competition for limited resourced.
5. Displaced aggression- when source of frustration is bigger, capable of retaliating, or ambiguous, aggression is taken out on innocent victims.

Front 29

Name 3 things that will reduce prejudice.

Back 29

1. Cooperation not competition.
2. Superordinate goals - focus on bigger goals than either group requiring cooperation.
3. Increased contact = decreased hostility.

Front 30

Sherif's (1966) Robber's Cave study showed how groups can be united and divided through eliciting cooperation and competition. How did he do this.

Back 30

Subjects: 11 & 12 yo boys at camp.
They were broken into two groups and strong ingroup and outgroup biases were developed through competition between the two groups. Later the two groups were merged and cohesion and decreased prejudice to each other was developed through cooperative games and activities.

Front 31

Whose theory of emotion is the following:
Emotions are ID'd & perceived 2/2 to bodily rxn's.

Back 31

James Lang
This theory is not well supported in research

Front 32

Whose theory of emotion is the following:
Emotions (limbic system activation) and bodily rxn's (hypothalamus activation) occur simultaneously and are not dependent on one another.

Back 32

Cannon Bard
This theory has some animal research support

Front 33

Whose theory of emotion is the following:
Emotion is an interaction b/n internal physiological rxn and cognitive labeling of environment.

Back 33

Shachter's 2 Factor Theory

Front 34

Which impression is most enduring...
1. 1st impression
2. Demonstrated competence

Back 34

A person is judged more competent if their initial 1st impression conveys this than someone who shows a poor 1st impression but demonstrates competence.

Front 35

In Rosenhan's (1973) study, normal subjects presented to the ER reporting "hearing voices". After the initial endorsement of hearing voices, they never again talked about hearing voices. All but one was admitted and the average LOS was 19days even though these were "normal" people who made one comment about "hearing voices" one time prior to admit. How does this study relate to impression formation?

Back 35

People create social schemas about people in an attempt to develop coherent and meaningful impressions so they know how to react to them.

Front 36

What are the 4 factors related to attraction?

Back 36

1. Physical appearance - most important factor in initial like or love.
2. Close proximity
3. Similarity of values and social background - most important in long term relation
4. reciprocity hypothesis - people like others who like them.

Front 37

Arousal heightens attraction. How did Schachter (1959) show this.

Back 37

Subjects who believed theywere to receive a painful shock affiliated with one another more so than subjects who did not believe they were to receive a shock. Misery loves company.

Front 38

Describe the 2 internal factors associated with aggression.

Back 38

Biological - aggression centers in the brain (limbic system) and aggression hormones (i.e., testosterone).

Front 39

Give 4 external factors of aggression.

Back 39

Frustration, social learning (i.e., modeling), group membersion (i.e., deindividuation, group roles), crowding

Front 40

Sherif (1935) and Asch (1951) demonstrated conformity to a group in their studies. How?

Back 40

Sherif - used the autokinetic effect. Subjects were more likely to believe a non-moving light was moving when confederates before them said it was.
Asch - subjects were instructed to compare two line segments and report which was longer. When a series of confederates made an obvious wrong choice, subjects were more likely to give the obviously wrong answer.

Front 41

What was Milgrim's (1963, 1974) studies about?

Back 41

Obedience. 65% of subjects obeyed the commands of the experimenter and administered the most severe shock.

Front 42

What are key factors of obedience?

Back 42

1. power of authority
2. Placement of responsibility elsewhere.
3. Gradualism - includes "foot-in-the-door" technique

Front 43

What has been shown to reduce obedience?

Back 43

Observation of disobedient model.