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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissues
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Groups of cells similar in structure and function
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Four types of tissues
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nerve |
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Nervous Tissue
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Brain
Spinal Cord Nerves |
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Muscle tissue
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Contracts to cause movement
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Muscles attached to bone
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Skeletal
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Muscles of Heart
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Cardiac
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Muscles of walls of hollow organs
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Smooth
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Epithealial tissue
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Forms boundaries between different environments. Protects secretes, absorbs, filters.
ie: lining of digestive tract organs. Skin: epidermis |
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Connective Tissue
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Supports, protects, binds other tissues together.
ie: bones, tendons, Fat and other soft padding tissue |
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And blood
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arises from same mesenchymal
layer |
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Tensile strength
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Tendons, Hair
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Compression Strength
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Ankle Bones, horses legs
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Flexibility
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Repetitive bending, flexing
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Resilience
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can be poked, compressed, stretched and bounce back almost infinitely
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Epithelia
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A sheet or layer of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. Forms boundaries between different
environments. |
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Epithelia occurs as:
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1. covering and lining
2. glandular epithelium |
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Examples of Epithelia
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epithelium of stomach protects underlying cells of stomach from HCl, and glandular cells in stomach secrete the HCl
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Physical Protection of Epithelia
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Protection of exposed surfaces from physical or chemical irritation, and dehydration
(blisters) (calluses) Skin Lining of all passages that communicate with the outside world - Urinary (urethra), digestive (mouth), respiratory (nasal, tracheal, bronchial, etc. passages), reproductive (vagina) Lining of other internal cavities and passages, blood vessels, chest cavity, heart chambers |
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Functions of Epithelia:
Absorption & Excretion |
EX: Every substance that enters (oxygen, nutrients) and leaves (urine, sweat) the body must cross an epithelial membrane |
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Functions of Epithelia: Secretion
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Produce glandular secretions
Mucous or serous fluid Saliva Hormones Enzymes Semen |
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Characteristics of Epithelia
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Polarity – has two surfaces
Apical: exposed to the body surface or the interior of a body cavity may have specialized structures such as cilia or microvilli Basal: lower surface, next to the underlying connective tissue |
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Characteristics of Epithelia (cont’d)
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Supported by connective tissue
Basement membrane (basal lamina) separates the epithelial from the connective tissue Avascular - contains no blood supply - nourishment comes from vessels in the underlying connective tissue Innervated – supplied by nerve fibers Has regenerative capacity. Rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division |
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Classification of Epithelia: Layers
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SIMPLE OR STRATISFIED
stratified epithelia are named according to the types of cells found in the apical layer |
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Classification of Epithelia:
Squamous |
6 SIDES FLAT |
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Cuboidal
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SIX SIDES - CUBULAR
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COLUMNAR
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SIX SIDES TALL, LIKE A COLUMN
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Simple Squamous
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Single layer of flattened cells
Provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in cardiovascular system Allows for rapid diffusion or absorption – digestive, respiratory systems |
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Simple Cuboidal
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Single layer of cube-like cells
Lines ducts and secretory portions of glands Ex. pancreas, salivary glands Functions: Secretion and absorption |
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the apical surface
Male reproductive ducts (non-ciliated) and trachea (ciliated) Function Secretion and propulsion of mucus |
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Stratified Squamous
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Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
Forms the external layer of the skin, and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina Function Protection of areas subjected to abrasion, microbes, or chemicals |
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Stratified Cuboidal
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Rare
Found in some sweat and mammary glands Typically two cell layers thick For secretion |
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Stratified columnar
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Rare
Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia For secretion |
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Transitional
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Several cell layers thick, shape changes as it is stretched
Lines the urinary bladder Allows distension of bladder with urine |
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Endocrine Glands
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Ductless glands that produce hormones
Hormones are secreted directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid (by exocytosis) rather than into ducts |
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Exocrine Gland Structure
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Classified by how many cells
Unicellular or multicellular Secrete mucous for lubrication and protection, scattered among epithelial cells of the digestive and respiratory tracts Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and secretory unit Examples: tubular, branched or alveolar (sac-like) |
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mucus and goblet cells
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The only important unicellular glands
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Goblet Cell
(unicelluar exocrine gland) |
Simple columnar
epithelium in lining of small intestine |
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SIMPLE TUBULAR
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INTESTINAL TRACT
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SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR
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STOMACH (GASTRIC) GLANDS
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SIMPLE ALVEOLAR
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NO IMPORTANT EXAMPLE IN HUMANS
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SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR
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SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
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COMPOUND TUBULAR
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DUODENAL GLANDS OF SMALL INTESTINE
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COMPOUND ALVEOLAR
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MAMMARY GLANDS
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COMPOUND TUBULOALVEOLAR
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SALIVARY GLANDS
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Merocrine glands
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secrete by exocytosis - cells not altered
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Holocrine
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accumulate product then secrete
by cellular rupture (Sebaceous (oil) glands of skin are the only true holocrineglands) |
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Most abundant of primary tissue types - very diverse tissue found throughout the body
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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Connective tissue proper
Cartilage Bone Blood |
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Functions of Connective Tissue
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Binding and support – bone, cartilage, ligaments
Protection – Bone, blood cells (immune cells) Insulation, Energy Storage – fat Transportation – blood |
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Common Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
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Cells – common origin in mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) this is why blood is included – its origin
Nonliving extracellular matrix Protein fibers Ground Substance |
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Each type of CT has a fundamental cell type WHICH ARE:
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blasts
cytes |
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BLASTS
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Immature cells that create the matrix
Ex: osteoblast, fibroblast, hematopoietic stem cell |
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CYTES
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Mature “working” cells of the connective tissue
Ex: osteocyte, fibrocyte, erythrocyte |
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FIBROBLASTS/FIBROCYTES
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Connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissue Types: areolar, adipose,reticular Dense connective tissue types: Regular, irregular, elastic Gel like ground substance: all three fiber types Acts as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stresses, particular tension |
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CHONDROBLASTS/CHONDROCYTES
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CARTILAGE, Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage,
Gel like ground substance, Collegen fibers, elastic fibers in some. Resists compression, cushions and supports body structure |
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OSTEOBLASTS/OSTEOCYTES
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OSSEOUS (BONE)
SPONGY (CANCELLOUS) BONE GEL LIKE GROUND SUBSTANCE HARDENED WITH CALCIUM SALTS, COLLAGEN FIBERS RIGIDNESS THAT RESISTS COMPRESSION AND TENSION, SUPPORT |
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HEMATOPOIETIC/STEM CELLS
BLOOD CELLS/MACROPHAGES |
BLOOD
LIQUID PLASMA (NO FIBERS) FLUID TISSUE, TRANSPORTS OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, WASTE |
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Connective Tissue: Protein Fibers
THREE TYPES |
Collagen
Elastic Reticular |
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Collagen
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Strongest and most abundant (stronger than steel of same size)
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Elastic
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Long, thin fibers that allow for stretch
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Reticular
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Very fine, branched fibers that form delicate networks
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Connective Tissue: Ground Substance
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Material that fills the spaces between cells
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Connective Tissue: Ground Substance
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Interstitial fluid
Adhesins Proteoglycans |
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Proteoglycans
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Consist of a core protein with polysaccharides bonded to it
Gives the matrix viscosity |
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ADHESINS
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“Glue” proteins that allow cells to attach themselves to the matrix
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INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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Provides for diffusion of molecules in and out of cells
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Connective Tissue: Embryonic
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Mesenchyme
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Mesenchyme
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Gives rise to all types of connective tissues
Found in the embryo |
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Developmental Aspects
Three primary germ layers: |
ectoderm, mesoderm,
and endodermFormed early in embryonic development Specialize to form the primary tissues |
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Connective Tissue Proper, loose connective tissue, areolar
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Gel like matrix with all three fiber types. Cell: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
Function: wraps and cushions organs, Plays an important role in inflamation. It's macrophages phagocytize bacteria. Holds and conveys tissue fluid Widely distributed under epithelia/forms lamina propria of mucus membranes Packages organs, surrounds capillaries |
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Connective Tissue Proper, loose connective tissue, adipose
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Matrix like in areolar but very sparse.
Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss and protects organs. Under skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen & in breasts |
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Connective Tissue Proper, loose connective tissue, Reticular
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network of reticular fibers in typical loose ground substance. Reticular cells lie on the network.
Lymphoid organs, Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow |
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Dense connective tissue, dense regular
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Primarily parallel collagen fibers, a few elastic fibers, major cell type is fibroblasts.
Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles. withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. In tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis |
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Dense connective tissue, dense irregular
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Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers,
fibroblast is the major cell type Withstands tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength. Found in fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract |
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Dense Connective tissue, elastic
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Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Allows tissue to recoil after stretching. Maintains pulsitile blood flow through arteries Found in walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral, column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes |
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Some Characteristics of cartilage
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Lacks nervous tissue
Is avascular - without blood vessels – receives nutrition via diffusion from blood vessels in its surrounding connective tissue - perichondrium Cartilages are up to 80% water – can rebound after compression - menisci |
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Three types of cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage
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articular surfaces of long bones
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Elastic Cartilage
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ear, epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage
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intervertebral discs, menisci
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Muscle tissue types
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Skeletal
cardiac smooth |
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Skeletal muscle tissues
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Slong cylindrical, multinucliated cells, obvious striations
Voluntary control attached to bones or occasionally to skin |
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Cardiac Muscle tissue
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Branching, striated, uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized locations,
Involuntary control As it contracts it propels blood in a circulation Found in the walls of the heart |
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Smooth muscle tissue
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Spindle shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets.
Propels substances or objects (food, urine, baby) along internal passageways, involuntary control found in the walls of hollow organs |
