Tissues, Organ Systems & Homeostasis

Front 1

Simple Epithelium

Back 1

shape - single layer of cells
function - lining
location - body cavities, ducts, and tubes

Front 2

pseudostratafied epithelium

Back 2

shape - single layer of cells that looks like a double layer (columnar)
function -
location - respiratory passages and reproductive tracts

Front 3

superior

Back 3

top of the body

Front 4

proximal

Back 4

closer to the trunk (torso)

Front 5

anterior

Back 5

toward the front of the body

Front 6

frontal

Back 6

divides the body lengthwise from anterior to posterior and side to side

Front 7

transverse

Back 7

top and bottom halves. The transverse plane refers to a slice made through the waist.

Front 8

Stratified epithelium

Back 8

shape - squamous, cuboidal, columnar
function - protection
location - respratory, reproductive tracts, sweat glands

Front 9

hyaline cartilage

Back 9

function - firm but flexable support.
location - nose,bones, larynx, rings in trachea and bronchi

Front 10

inferior

Back 10

of two body parts, the one farthest from the head.

bottom half of the body

Front 11

distal

Back 11

away from the trunk

Front 12

posterior

Back 12

toward the back of the body

Front 13

midsagittal

Back 13

divides the body into right and left halves

Front 14

Exocrine glands

Back 14

shape -
function - secrete products onto free epithelial surface
location - via ducts or tubes.
They secrete mucus, saliva, wax, and milk, for example.

Front 15

Endocrine glands

Back 15

ductless and release hormones into the fluid that surrounds the gland.

Front 16

Connective Tissue Characteristics:

Soft

Back 16

Type, Function, Location
Loose - connection, between other tissues and organs.

Dense, irregular - has fewer cells and more fibers that are thick. It forms protective capsules around organs.

Dense, regular - has bundled parallel collagen fibers such as in ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone).

Front 17

Connective Tissue Characteristics:

Cartilage

Back 17

Type, Function, Location

Hyaline - reduces friction - ends of bones, nose, whindpipe, and ribs

Elastic - able to bend yet maintain shape - external ear and eustachian tube.

Fibrous - sturdy & resilient, withstands pressure - in the disks that separate the vertebrae.

Bone - support & protection, skeleton.

Adipose - protection, insulation, support, reserve food - under skin and padding at various points.

Blood - transportation and protection - in blood vessels.

Front 18

Muscle Tissue Characteristics:

Back 18

Skeletal - attaches to bones (via tendons) for voluntary movement: it contains striated (actin and myosin) multinucleated, long cells (fibers which are often bundled together to form a “muscle”.

Smooth - contains spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus: it lines the gut, blood vessels and glands its operation is involuntary.

Cardiac - (heart) muscle is composed of short, striated cells that can function in units due to the contracting signal that passes from cell to cell by way of the gap junctions.

Front 19

Cell Junctions: holding tissues together:

Back 19

Tight junctions = link cells of epithelial tissues to form seals that keep molecules form freely crossing the epithelium, without tight junctions solutions would flow around the cells into the body.

Adhering junctions = are like spot welds in tissues subject to stretching (the bladder).

Gap junctions = link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells: they form communication channels.

Front 20

What are glands and what functions do they serve?

Back 20

· Glands are secretory structures derived from epithelium in which goblet cells (mucus producing) are embedded
· Glands are classified according to how their products reach the site where they are used

Exocrine glands often secrete their product through ducts to a free surfaces: they secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, milk, oil and digestive enzymes.
· Simple exocrine glands have only a few branches
· Compound glands have many branches.
· Apocrine glands (e.g. mammary) include bits of gland cells in their secretions.
· Holocrine glands (e.g. oil) whole cells are released which may later release the secretions inside the duct.
· Merocrine glands (e.g. salivary) do not include cell elements in their secretions.

Endocrine glands have no ducts, but distribute their product (hormones) via the blood.

Front 21

What are the "non-support" functions of bone.

Back 21

they also work with muscles to perform movement.

Front 22

Describe the transport functions of blood.

Back 22

The fluid plasma contains suspended formed elements: red blood cells (oxygen transport), white cells (defense) and platelets (clotting).

Blood transports oxygen, wastes, hormones and enzymes.

Front 23

Explain neuron functions.

Back 23

Neuron functions

1) Sensory neurons pick up stimuli and conduct to the central nervous system

2) Motor neurons conduct impulses to muscles and glands.

Front 24

Describe the structure of a neuron.

Back 24

Neutron Structure

1) Neurons, and associated neuroglia cells, are organizes as lines of communication throughout the body.
2) Branched dendrites pick up chemical messages and pass them to an outgoing axon
3) Communication between neurons is by chemical neurotransmitters, such an acetylcholine.

4) A nerve is a bundle of neuron processes conduct to and from the CNS.

Front 25

What do axons and dendrites do?

Back 25

An axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma.

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body.

Front 26

mucous membranes -

Back 26

Mucus membranes line the tubes and cavities of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems where embedded glands secrete mucus that act as lubricants.

Front 27

serous membranes -

Back 27

Serous membranes such as those that line the thoracic cavity do not contain glands, they also produce lubricants.

Front 28

cuaneous membranes -

Back 28

Skin

Front 29

synoval membranes -

Back 29

have no epithelial cells, only connective tissue. These membranes line the sheaths of tendons and the capsules around certain joints. These cells secrete fluid that lubricate the ends of moving bones or prevents friction between moving tendons and the bone it is attached to.

Front 30

Name the eleven major organ systems in the human body.

Back 30

Eleven organ systems (integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive) contribute to the survival of all the living cells of the body.

Front 31

Name the five major cavities of the human body.

Back 31

The major cavities of the human body are: cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, and sometimes pelvic. They provide a location for many of the organ systems, so that these systems can move and act independently of the rest of the body.

Front 32

Name the three primary tissue layers, and tell what kinds of organ systems come from each.

Back 32

ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm
The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers.

Endoderm - Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Endocrine glands and organs (liver and pancreas).

mesoderm - from which connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop.

Front 33

Scar tissue is a type of:

Back 33

connective tissue

Front 34

Which is not a type of epithelium?

Back 34

reticular

Front 35

The "stem cells" that will develop into other types of connective cells are

Back 35

mesenchymal cells

Front 36

Which of the following fibrous elements gives a connective tissue high tensile strength?

Back 36

collagen fibers

Front 37

The cell that forms bone is the

Back 37

osteoblast

Front 38

Which of the following cell types secretes haistamine and heparin which stimulate local inflammation?

Back 38

mast cell

Front 39

Resistance to stress applied in a longitudinal (lengthwise) direction is provided best by:

Back 39

dense regular connective

Front 40

What kind of connective tissue acts as a sponge, soaking up fluid when edema occurs?

Back 40

areolar connective

Front 41

Viewed through the microscope, most cells in this type of tissue have an empty appearance.

Back 41

adipose connective

Front 42

The major function of reticular tissue is:

Back 42

stroma formation

Front 43

What type of connective tissue prevents muscles from pulling away from bones during contraction?

Back 43

dense regular connective

Front 44

The type of tissue that cobers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands is?

Back 44

epithelial

Front 45

Epithelial tissue is attached to the underlying connective tissue by:

Back 45

a basement membrane

Front 46

The basement membrane is composed of

Back 46

ritcular lamina, and basal lamina

Front 47

Epithelial tissue fall into which of the following classifications:

Back 47

covering and lining, and glandular

Front 48

Single layers of epithelium are called:

Back 48

simple

Front 49

Flattened epithelial cells are

Back 49

squamous