Tissues, Organ Systems, Homeostasis

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homeostasis

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state in which body's internal functions (phys./chem) are balanced, working at a range conducive to cell activities

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4 main types of tissues
(complex animals)

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1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous

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epithelial tissue
*lining of body's surface/cavities/etc

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closely packed cells
-free surface exposed to body fluid/outside environment
-other side rests on a basement membrane (anchors to underlying tissue)

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connective tissue
*support, protection, organization, connection

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scattered cells within extracellular matrix
main type of cell: fibroblasts
-make/secrete collagen and elastin

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muscle tissue
*movement

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cells contract (shorten) in response to stimulation then relax (lengthen)
-arranged in parallel (tight or loose arrays)

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nervous
*communication

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made of neurons & various cells (neuroglia), respond to stimulation
-neurons: communication through neurotransmitters

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adhering junctions (epithelial)

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lock adjoining cells together
-a lot in skin

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tight junctions (epithelial)

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stop most substances from leaking across tissue
(proteins fuse cells to form seals)

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gap junctions (epithelial)

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let ions/small molecules to go from cytoplasm of one cell to another
-heart muscle

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fibroblast

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makes/secretes structural fibers (collagen/elastin) to maintain extracellular matrix

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3 types of cell junctions

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1. tight
2. gap
3. adhering

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3 types of connective tissue proper (soft)

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1. loose connective tissue
2. fibrous, irregular connective tissue
3. fibrous, regular connective tissue

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4 types of specialized connective tissue

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1. cartilage
2. bone tissue
3. adipose tissue
4. blood

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loose connective tissue

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fibroblasts/fibers dispersed thru matrix- loosely arranged

*elasticity, diffusion

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fibrous, irregular connective tissue

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fibers packed in every way- dense
-skin, intestinal muscles, around organs

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fibrous, regular connective tissue

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orderly parallel rows- helps keep tissue from being torn apart

*strength, elasticity (tendons, ligaments)

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cartilage

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pliable chondrocytes, solid ground substance

*support, flexion, low-friction surface for joint movements

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bone tissue

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calcium-hardened connective tissue with living cells inside mineralized secretion

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adipose tissue

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energy reservoir
large, tightly packed fat cells occupy most of ground substance

*padding, insulation

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blood

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suspended in plasma, comes from stem cells in bone
red: o2, co2 transfer
white: defend/repair tissues

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3 embryonic tissues

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1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm

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skeletal muscle tissue

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helps move/maintain body positions/parts
-parallel arrays of long, cylindrical muscle fibers

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cardiac muscle tissue

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only in heart wall, unevenly striated (long, vertical) muscle fibers- contract rapidly, involuntarily
-pump blood forcefully

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smooth muscle tissue

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in soft internal organs
contractile cells tapered @ both ends, not striated
-controlled constriction

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ectoderm gives rise to...

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epidermis/nervous system

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mesoderm gives rise to...

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muscles, bones, most of circulatory/urinary/reproductive systems

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endoderm

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lining of digestive tract, organs derived from it

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negative feedback

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something changes the conditions in a cell/organism and triggers response that reverses change

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positive feedback

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major mechanism of homeostatic control*
initiates chain of events that intensify change in conditions

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integumentary system

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protects from injury, dehydration, pathogens
-controls temp
-excretes waste

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nervous system

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detects ex/internal stimuli- controls/coordinates responses
-integrates all organ system activities

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muscular system

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moves body/internal parts
-posture
-heat, increases metabolic activity

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skeletal system

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supports/protects body parts
-muscle attachment sites
-produces red blood cells
-store calcium/phosphorus

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circulatory system

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RAPID- transports materials to/from cells
-stabilize pH, temp

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endocrine system

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HORMONES- control body functions
works w/ nervous system to integrate short/long term activities

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lymphatic system

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collects/returns tissue fluid to bloodstream
-defends against infection/tissue damage

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respiratory system

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O2 to tissue fluid...bathes all living cells
-removes CO2
-helps regulate pH

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digestive system

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ingests food/water
-mechanically/chemically breaks it down, absorbs small molecules
-eliminates food residues

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urinary system

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maintains volume/composition in body
-excretes excess fluid/wastes

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reproductive system

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F: produce eggs, provides nutritive, protective environment
M: produces sperm