Tissues Of The Body

Front 1

What are the four primary tissue classes?

Back 1

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscular

Front 2

State the functions of Epithelial Tissue? (epithelia is plural)

Back 2

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the body to intereact with both its internal and external environments.

Front 3

State the functions of Connective Tissue?

Back 3

protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissue bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms.

Front 4

State the functions of Muscular Tissue?

Back 4

is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body.

Front 5

State the functions of Nervous Tissue?

Back 5

detects changes in variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

Front 6

What is a cell junction?

Back 6

*Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.
*Keeps cells together so they can form tissues.

Front 7

What are four important types of cell junctions?

Back 7

1) Desmosomes
2) Hemidesmosomes
3) Tight junctions
4) Gap junctions

Front 8

What are desmosomes? (desmo- = band)

Back 8

* Spot-weld-like junctions that prevent cells from seperating under tension.
* Extend into the intercellular space adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another.

Front 9

What are hemidesmosomes?
(hemi- = half)

Back 9

* Anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane.

Front 10

What are tight junctions?

Back 10

*Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together to outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off the passageways between adjacent cells.

Front 11

What are gap junctions?

Back 11

*Junctions that are not fused but seperated by connexons(tunnels) which serve to allow diffusion of cytosol and cell-to-cell communication.

Front 12

What is an apical surface?

Back 12

*Epithelial cell facing the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of an organ, or a tabular duct that receives cell secretions.

Front 13

What is a basal surface?

Back 13

*Deepest layer of epithelial cells.
*Opposite apical surface.

Front 14

What are lateral surfaces?

Back 14

*Epihelial cells, which face adjecent cells on either side.
*May contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions.

Front 15

What is the basal membrane?

Back 15

A thin layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina.

Front 16

What is the basal lamina? (lamina = thin layer)

Back 16

*the layer closer to the epithelial cells.
*produced by epithelial cells.

Front 17

What is reticular lamina?

Back 17

*the layer closer to the underlying connective tissue *contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective tissue connective tissue cells.

Front 18

What is fibroblast?

Back 18

*connective tissue cells

Front 19

What does avascular mean?(a- = without; vascular= vessel)

Back 19

*relying on blood vessels of the adjacent connective tissue to bring nutrients and remove waste through diffusion.

Front 20

How are epithelial cells classified?

Back 20

Two types of classification:
1) By layers
2) By shape

Front 21

What are the different types of layers among epithelial cells?

Back 21

Three types of layers:
1) Simple
2) Psudostratified epithelium
3) Stratified

Front 22

What are the different types of shapes among epithelial cells?

Back 22

Four types of shapes:
1) Squamous
2) Cuboibdal
3) Columnar
4) Transitional

Front 23

Describe simple (unilaminar) epithelium

Back 23

*a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.

Front 24

Define secretion

Back 24

* the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes.

Front 25

Define absorption

Back 25

* the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract.

Front 26

Describe pseudostratifed epithelium (pseudo- = false)

Back 26

* appears to have multiple layers of cells but actually doesn't.
* contain globlet cells

Front 27

What are goblet cells?

Back 27

* cells that secret mucus

Front 28

Describe stratified (multilaminar) epithelum (stratum=layer)

Back 28

* layers that consist of two or more cells.

Front 29

Describe squamous cells

Back 29

* arranged like floor tiles
* are thin and allow for rapid passages of substances

Front 30

Describe cuboidal cells

Back 30

* are as tall as they are wide
* shaped like cubes or hexagons.
* may have microvilli at their apical surface
* secrete or absorb

Front 31

Desbribe columnar cells

Back 31

* much taller than they are wide, like columns
* protect underlying tissue
* may have cilia or microvilli
* often secrete or absorb

Front 32

Describe transitional cells

Back 32

* cells that chage shape, from flat to cuboidal and back
* found in organs such as urinary bladder that strecth and distend.

Front 33

Epithelial tissue may be further divided into two types, what are they?

Back 33

1) Covering and lining epithelium (-thelium = covering)
2) Glandular epithelium ( makes up the secreting portion of glands)

Front 34

Where in the body can we find simple squamos epithelium?

Back 34

Linings of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, air sacs and lungs, inner surface of eardrum and serous membranes such as peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura.

Front 35

What are the functions of simple squamos epithelium?

Back 35

Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes.

Front 36

What is endothelium? (endo- = within; - thelium = covering)

Back 36

* Simple squamos epithelium linings of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

Front 37

What is mesothelium? (meso- = middle)

Back 37

* The simple squamos epithelium that forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes, such as peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium.

Front 38

Where in the human body can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

Back 38

*Surfaces of ovary, linings of anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye, kidney tubules, and small ducts of many glands suck as the thyroid gland and the ducts of some glands such as the pancreas.

Front 39

Nociliated simple columnar epithelium contains two types of cells; what are they?

Back 39

Columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at their apical surface and goblet cells.

Front 40

Describe microvilli and state its function

Back 40

fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase the surface area of the plasma membrane, thus increasing the rate of absorption by the cell.

Front 41

Describe goblet cells

Back 41

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, at their apical surfaces. Before it is released, mucus accumulates in the upper portion of the cell, causing it to bulge out and making the whole cell resemble a goblet or wine glass.

Front 42

What is the function of a goblet cell?

Back 42

*Its mucus serves as a lubricant for the linings of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and most urinary of the tract.
*Mucus also helps prevent destruction of the stomach lining by acidic gastric juice secreted by the stomach.

Front 43

Where can noncilated simple columnar epithelium be found and what is its function?

Back 43

*Linings of the gastrointestinal tract, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder.
*Secretion and absorption

Front 44

Where can ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?

Back 44

Linings of some bronchioles(small tubes) of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain.

Front 45

What is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

Back 45

Move mucus and other substances by cilary action.

Front 46

Where can we find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Back 46

Ciliated: linings of airways of most of upper respiratory tract.
Nonciliated:lininings if larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of the male urethra.

Front 47

What type of cells may contain cilia or microvilli aswell as goblet cells?

Back 47

Columnar epithelium both simple and pseudostratified.

Front 48

Where can we find stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 48

*Keratinized variety forms superfial layer of skin
*Nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces, such as lining of the mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx and vagina, and covers the tongue.

Front 49

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 49

Its function is Protection.

Front 50

Where can we find keratinized cells?

Back 50

In stratified squamous epithelium; skin.

Front 51

Where can we find cuboidal epithelium?

Back 51

In ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra.

Front 52

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 52

Proctection and limited secretion and absorption.

Front 53

Describe keratin and state its function

Back 53

* a tough, fibrous intracellular protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes and chemicals.

Front 54

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

Back 54

Linings of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands, such as espphageal glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of the conjunctive of the eye.

Front 55

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

Back 55

Proctection and absorption

Front 56

Where can transitional epithelium be found and what is its function?

Back 56

*Linings of urinary bladders and portions of ureters and urethra.
* Permits secretion

Front 57

What is a gland?

Back 57

*A single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts(tubes), onto a surface, or into blood.
*Two types: Endocrine or Exocrine

Front 58

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

Back 58

Secretions enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct.
* These secretions are called hormones.

Front 59

What are hormones?

Back 59

secretions that regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis.

Front 60

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

Back 60

The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.

Front 61

Where do exocrine glands secrete their products? (exo- = outside; -crine = secretion)

Back 61

Into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ.

Front 62

What kind of products do exocrine glands secrete?

Back 62

*Mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes.

Front 63

How are exocrine glands classified?

Back 63

*Unicellular
*Multicellular

Front 64

Describe unicellular glands

Back 64

Single-celled glands (i.e. goblet cells)

Front 65

Describe multicellular glands

Back 65

*composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ. (most glands are multicellular.)

Front 66

What are some examples of multicellular glands?

Back 66

*sudoriferous
*sebaceous (oil)
*salivary glands

Front 67

Multicelluar glands are categorized according to two criteria-- what are they?

Back 67

1) whether the ducts are branched or unbranched
2) the shape of the secretory portions of the gland

Front 68

What is the difference between a simple and compound gland?

Back 68

*Simple gland = unbranched duct.
*Compound gland = branched duct.

Front 69

What are tubular glands?

Back 69

Glands with tube like secretory parts.

Front 70

What are acinar glands? (acin- = berry)

Back 70

*Glands with rounded secretory portions.
*Also, termed aveolar glands.

Front 71

What are tubuloacinar glands?

Back 71

* Glands that have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts.

Front 72

What is the structural classification scheme for multicellular exocrine glands?

Back 72

I Simple glands
A. Simple tubular
B. Simple branced tubular
C. Simple coiled tubular
D. Simple acinar
E. Simple branched acinar

II Compound glands
A. Compounds tubular
B. Compound acinar
C. Compound tubuloacinar

Front 73

Described simple tubular glands

Back 73

*Tubular secretory part is traight and attatches to a single unbranched duct. (i.e. glands in the large intestine.)

Front 74

Described simple branched tubular glands

Back 74

*Tubular secretory part is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct. (i.e. gastric glands.)

Front 75

Described simple coiled tubular glands

Back 75

*Tubular secretory part is coiled and attaches to a single unbranched duct. (i.e. sweat glands.)

Front 76

Describe simple branched acinar glands

Back 76

*Rounded secretory part is branched and attaches to a single unbranced duct (i.e. sebaceous glands)

Front 77

Describe compound tubular glands

Back 77

*Secretory portion is tubular and attaches to a branced duct. (i.e. bulbourethral glands)

Front 78

Describe compound acinar glands

Back 78

*Secretory portion is rounded and attaches to a branched duct (i.e. mammary glands)

Front 79

Describe compound tubuloacinar glands

Back 79

*Secretory portion is both tubular and rounded and attaches to a branched duct (i.e. acinar glands of the pancreas)

Front 80

What are the three functional classifications of exocrine glands?

Back 80

1) merocrine
2) apocrine
3) holocrine

Front 81

What are merocrine secretions? (mero- = a part)

Back 81

*Also termed eccrine
*Secretions that are sythesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.
*Most exocrine glands of the body are merocrine glands (i.e. salivary glands and pancreas.)

Front 82

How do apocrine glands secrete? (Apo- = from)

Back 82

Accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The remaining part of the cell repairs itself and repeats the process.
* It's how mammary glands secrete.

Front 83

How do holocrine glands secrete? ( holo- = entire)

Back 83

The cells accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product. The sloughed off cell is replaced by a new cell. (i.e. sebeceous gland of skin)

Front 84

Connective tissue consist of two basic elements-- what are they?

Back 84

1) Extracellular matrix
2) Cells

Front 85

What is extracellular matrix?

Back 85

* material located between its widely spaced cells.

Front 86

What does extracellular matrix consist of?

Back 86

*protein fibers (fribrillar)
*ground substance (interfibrillar)
*the material between the cells and the fibers.

Front 87

How are extracellular fibers secreted?

Back 87

*fibers are secreted by the connective tissue cells

Front 88

What do the extracellular fibers actually do?

Back 88

*the fibers control the surrouding watery environment via specific proteoglycan molecules.

Front 89

The extracellular matrix determines much of the tissue's qualities. Give examples of some of those qualities.

Back 89

In cartilage, for instance, the extracellular matrix is firm but pliable. In bone, by contrast, it is hard and inflexible.

Front 90

Connective tissues vascular or avascular?

Back 90

Except for cartilage, which is avascular and tendons, with a scanty blood supply, connective tissues are highly vascular.

Front 91

Are connective tissues supplied with nerves?

Back 91

Except for cartilage, connective tissue, like epithelia, are supplied with nerves.

Front 92

What are mesenchymal cells?

Back 92

*cells that give rise to the cells of connective tissue.
*also, termed mesodermal embryonic cells.

Front 93

What are three examples of immature cells?

Back 93

1) Fibroblast
2) Chondroblast
3) Osteoblast
(-blast = to bud or sprout)

Front 94

Whare two examples of mature cells?

Back 94

1) Chondrocytes
2) Osteocytes
(-cyte = mature)

Front 95

State some chracteristics of fibroblast.

Back 95

*large, flat cells with branching processes.
*present in all the general connective tissues(usually the most numerous)
*migrate through the connective tissue, secreting fibers and certain componenst of the ground substance of the extracellular matrix.

Front 96

State some characteristics of macrophages. (macro- = large; -phage=eaters)

Back 96

* have irregular shape with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.
*developed from monocytes, a type of with blood cell.

Front 97

What are two types of macrophages?

Back 97

1) fixed-- reside in a particular tissue.
2) wandering-- have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry out phagocytosis.

Front 98

Describe the characteristics of plasma cells

Back 98

*small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called B lymphocyte.
*secrete antibodies, proteins, that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body
*important part of body's immune response
*reside in connective tissues

Front 99

Describe the characteristics of mast cells

Back 99

*are abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue
*they produce histamine
*mast cells can kill bacteria

Front 100

What does histamine do?

Back 100

*chemical dilates small blood vessels as part of the infammatory response (during injury or infection)

Front 101

Describe the characteristics of adipocytes.

Back 101

*also called adipose or fat cells
*connective tissue cells that store triglycerides(fats)

Front 102

What are some examples of white blood cells?

Back 102

1)nuetrophils-- gather at sites of infection.
2)eosinophils-- migrate to sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses.

Front 103

State some characteristics of ground substance (interfibrillar extracellular matrix; inter- = between)

Back 103

* the component of connective tissue between the cells and fibers.
* may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified
* supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium of exchange between blood and cells.

Front 104

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides?

Back 104

* An assortment of large organic molecules, many which are complex combination of polysaccharides and proteins.

Front 105

What do proteoglycans form?

Back 105

*form the core protein and the GAGs project from the protein like the bristles of a brush.

Front 106

What do GAGs actually do?

Back 106

*One the most important features is they trap water, making the ground substance more jellylike.

Front 107

What do adhesion proteins do? (in ground substance)

Back 107

* are responsible for linking components of the ground substance to another and to the surfaces of cells.

Front 108

What is the classification scheme of mature connective tissue?

Back 108

A. Loose connective tissue
B. Dense connective tissue
C. Cartilage
D. Bone tissue
E. Liquid connective tissue

Front 109

What is the classification scheme of loose connective tissue?

Back 109

1. Areaolar connective tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. Reticular connective tissue

Front 110

What is the classification scheme of dense connective tissue?

Back 110

1. Dense regular connective tissue
2. Dense irregular connective tissue
3. Elastic connective tissue

Front 111

What is the classification scheme of cartilage?

Back 111

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Firbocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage

Front 112

What is the classification scheme of liquid connective tissue?

Back 112

1. Blood
2. Lymph

Front 113

Define some characteristics of areolar connective tissue. (areol- = a small space)

Back 113

*one of the most widely distruted connective tissue in the body.
*contains several types of cells, including fibroblast, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes.
* consists of three types of fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular
* embedded in semifluid ground substance.

Front 114

Where can we find areolar connective tissue?

Back 114

* Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; papillary region of dermis of skin; lamina propia of mucous membranes; and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs.

Front 115

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

Back 115

* Strength, elasticy and support.

Front 116

Define some characteristics of adipose tissue. (adipo- = fat)

Back 116

* Consist of adipocytes(cells specialized to store triglycerides(fats) a large centrally located droplet; nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located.

Front 117

Where can we find adipose tissue?

Back 117

* subcutanous layer deep to skin; wherever areolar tissue is found.

Front 118

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Back 118

* reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects.

Front 119

Describe some characteristics of reticular connective tissue.

Back 119

* a network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells.

Front 120

Where can we find reticular connective tissue?

Back 120

* Stroma(supporting framework) of liver, lymph nodes; red bone marrow(gives rise to blood cells), reticular lamina of the basement membrane; and around blood vessels and muscles.

Front 121

What is the function of reticular connective tissue?

Back 121

*Forms stroma of organs; bings together smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

Front 122

Name some characteristics of dense regular connective tissue.

Back 122

*estracellular matrix looks shiny white; consist mainly of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles; fibroblast present in rows between bundles.

Front 123

Where can we find dense regular connective tissue?

Back 123

* tendons (attach muscle to bone), ligaments (attach bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone).

Front 124

Define some characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue.

Back 124

Consist predominately of randomly arranged collagen fibers and a few fibroblast.

Front 125

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

Back 125

Provides strong attachment between various structures.

Front 126

Where can we find dense irregular connective tissue?

Back 126

Fascia(tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs ( kidney, liver, testes, lymph nodes) and heart valves.

Front 127

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Back 127

Provides strength

Front 128

Describe some characteristics of elastic connective tissue.

Back 128

*Consist predominatly of freely branching elastic fibers *Fibroblast are present in spaces between fibers.

Front 129

Where can we find elastic connective tissue?

Back 129

Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and some ligaments between vertebrae.

Front 130

What is the function of elastic connective tissue?

Back 130

Allows streching of various organs.

Front 131

Describe some characteristics of hylaine cartilage.

Back 131

* consist of a bluish-white, shiny ground substance with fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes most abundant type of cartilage.

Front 132

Where can we find hyaline cartilage?

Back 132

Ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of laynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and emryonic and fetal skeleton.

Front 133

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Back 133

Provides smooth sufaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support.

Front 134

Describe some characteristics of fibrocartilage.

Back 134

Consits of chonrocyts scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix.

Front 135

Where can find fibrocartilage?

Back 135

Pubic symphysis (point where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs (discs between vertebrae), menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage.

Front 136

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Back 136

Support and fusion.

Front 137

What are some characteristics of elastic cartilage?

Back 137

Consits of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix.

Front 138

Where can we find elastic cartilage?

Back 138

Lid on top of larynx(epiglottis), part of external ear(auricle) and auditory (eustachian) tubes.

Front 139

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Back 139

Gives support and maintains shape.

Front 140

What are some characteristics of compact bone?

Back 140

consist of osteons ( osteon = harvasion system) that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals.

Front 141

What are some characteristics of spongy bone?

Back 141

*consist of thin columns called trabeculae (spaces between trabeculae filled with red bone marrow)
* Spongy bone, unlike compact bone, lack osteons.
* consist of lamellae, osteocytes, lacunue, and canaliculi.

Front 142

What is the function of bone tissue?

Back 142

* Support, protection, storage, houses blood-forming tissue.
* Serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.

Front 143

What are some characteristics of liquid connective tissue?

Back 143

Consist of plasma and formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes, white blood cells (leikocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes).

Front 144

Where can we find liquid connective tissue?

Back 144

Withing blood vessels and withing chambers of heart.

Front 145

What is the function of liquid connective tissue?

Back 145

* Red bloods transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
* White blood cells carry on phagocytosis and are involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets are essential for the clotting of blood.

Front 146

What are membranes?

Back 146

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.

Front 147

What are four types of membranes?

Back 147

1) Mucous membrane
2) Serous membrane
3) Cutaneous membrane (skin)
4) Synovial (joint) membrane

Front 148

What does mucous mebrane or mucosa consist of?

Back 148

*epithelial layer
* lamina propria (areolar connective tissue in mucous membrane)
*Muscularis mucosae(sometimes present)

Front 149

What does serous membrane consist of?

Back 149

*areolar C.T. covered by mesothelium.
*parietal layer
*visceral layer
*serous fluid

Front 150

What is serous fluid?

Back 150

a watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against walls of cavities.

Front 151

What does cutaneous membrane (skin) consist of?

Back 151

*epidermis; superficial
*dermis; deeper portion.

Front 152

What is the synovial membrane composed of?

Back 152

*a discontinous layer of cells called synoviocytes.
* a layer of C.T (arealor and adipose) deep to synoviocytes.
* Synovial fluid(secreted by synoviocytes)

Front 153

What does synovial fluid do?

Back 153

lubricates and norishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.

Front 154

What are three types of muscular tissue?

Back 154

1) Skeletal
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth

Front 155

Describe skeletal muscular tissue.

Back 155

Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many peripherally located nuclei; voluntary control.

Front 156

Where do we find skeletal muscle tissue?

Back 156

Usually attached to bones by tendons.

Front 157

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

Back 157

Motion, posture, heat production, and protection.

Front 158

Describe cardiac muscle tissue.

Back 158

Branched striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei; contains intercalated disc; involuntary control.(Intercalated disc are unique to cardiac muscle tissue)

Front 159

Where do we find cardiac muscle tissue?

Back 159

Heart wall.

Front 160

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

Back 160

Pumps blood to all parts of the body

Front 161

Describe smooth muscle tissue.

Back 161

Spindled-shaped (thickest in middle and tapering at both ends), nonstraited fibers with one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control.

Front 162

Where do we find smooth muscle tissue?

Back 162

*Iris of the eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus.

Front 163

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

Back 163

* Motion(constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gallbladder)

Front 164

Describe nervous tissue.

Back 164

* Consist of neurons(nerve cells) and neuroglia.

Front 165

What do neurons consist of?

Back 165

* a cell body and processes, known as dendrites and axons, that extend form the cell body (one to multiple dendrites and a single axon.)

Front 166

Where can we find nervous tissue?

Back 166

Nervous system.

Front 167

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Back 167

Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials), and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.

Front 168

What is atrophy?

Back 168

a decrease in the size of cells, with subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ.