Tissues

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4 Types of Animal Tissues

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Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

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Anatomy

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The study of the form of an organism's structures.

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Physiology

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Study of the functions of the structures of anatomy.

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Each muscle cell is...

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Branched providing for multiple connections to other cells that ensure coordinated contractions of all the muscle cells.

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Tissue

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An integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function.

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Organ

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Made up of two or more types of tissues that together perform a specific task.

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Organ system

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Consists of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function.

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Organisms structural hierarchy (smallest to largest)

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Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

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Natural selection

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Fits form to function by selecting the variations that best meet the challenges of an animal's environment.

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Epithelial tissues

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Sheets of closely packed cells that cover your body surface and line your internal organs and cavities.

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Sides of an epithelium

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Side 1: attached go a basal lamina, a dense mat of extracellular matrix consisting of fibrous proteins and sticky polysaccharides that separates the epithelium from the underlying tissues.

Side 2: called the apical surface, faces the outside of an organ or the inside of a tube or passageway.

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Simple epithelium

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Has a single layer of cells.

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Stratified epithelium

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Has multiple layers.

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Pseudostratified epithelium

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Has a single layer but appears stratified because the cells vary in length.

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Squamous cells

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Flat

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Cuboidal cells

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Shaped like dice.

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Columnar cells

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Shaped like bricks

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Connective tissue

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Consists of a sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular material called a matrix.

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Matrix usually consists of..

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A web if fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid.

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6 majour types of connective tissues

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Loose connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

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Loose connective tissue

Back 21

Most widespread connective tissue in your body because its matrix is a loose weave of fibers.

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Loose connective tissue fibers

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Many of the fibers consist of the strong, rope like protein collagen. Other fibers are more elastic, making the tissue resilient as well as strong.

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Loose connective tissue serves mainly to...

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Bind epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place.

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Fibrous connective tissue

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Has densely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers, an arrangement that maximizes its strength.

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Fibrous connective tissue forms...

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Tendons, which attach your muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect your bones at joints.

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Adipose tissue

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Stores fat in large, closely packed adipose cells held in a matrix of fibers. The tissue pads and insulates your body and stores energy.

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Each adipose cell contains...

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A large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when fat is used as fuel.

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Cartilage

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A connective tissue that forms a strong but flexible skeletal material.

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The matrix of cartilage consists of...

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Collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery material.

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Cartilage commonly...

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Surrounds the ends of bones, providing shock-absorbing surface. Also supports your ears and nose and forms the cushioning disks between your vertebrae.

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Bone

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Has a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance made of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate.

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Simple squamous epithelium (characteristics, location and function)

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Characteristics: Composed of a single thin layer of flat cells.

Location: Found on the inner lining if capillaries and inner lining of lung alveoli.

Function: The thin layer of cells allows for exchange of materials by diffusion.

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Stratified squamous epithelium (characteristics [4], location and function)

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Characteristics: composed of flat cells in several layers. Having several layers of cells allows for protection from abrasion, water loss, and infection. This tissue regenerates rapidly by cell division of the cells at the basement membrane. In the epidermis: the stratum germinativum is composed of living layers of cells next to the basement membrane. The stratum corneum is composed of dead layers on the free surface

Location: found in the skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, vagina, and cornea.

Function: protects underlying areas from abrasion, water loss, and infection.

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Simple columnar epithelium (characteristics, location and function)

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Characteristics: single layer of tall narrow column-shaped cells. Microvilli often present on free surface. Goblet cells may also be present. Goblet cells produce and secrete mucus

Location: found in the stomach, intestine, collecting ducts of kidneys, and fallopian tubes.

Function: important for absorption and secretion, especially in the stomach, intestine, and collecting ducts of kidneys. Cilia on these cells in the fallopian tubes help move the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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Simple cuboidal epithelium (characteristics, location and function)

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Characteristics: single layer of cube-shaped cells.

Location: found in various glands, ducts, kidney tubules, etc. Free surface of this tissue is usually toward the inside of a the involved in secretion. (Inside if the tube is the lumen).

Function: important for secretion and absorption.

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Epithelial tissue covers...

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The free surfaces of the body, both internally and externally.

Forms the outer layer of skin, and lines the lumen of the digestive tract.

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Epithelial tissue forms...

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Glands and ducts such as sweat glands.

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Epithelial tissue contains very little...

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Extracellular matrix. Consists almost entirely of cells packed tightly together.

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Epithelial tissue is...

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Avascular meaning it has no blood supply running through the tissue. Nutrients and gases must therefore diffuse through the basement membrane to reach the epithelial cells.

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Epithelial tissues are named according to...

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The number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelial (characteristics, location and function)

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Characteristics: single layer of cells, which are all attached to the basement membrane. Since not all of the cells reach the free surface, and since the nuclei are at different distances from the basement membrane, the tissue looks like it could be stratified. The cells that reach the free surface almost always contain cilia.

Location: found in much of the respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Function: important in secretion, and protects the body. Cilia on the free surface move particles out of the respiratory tract. Goblet cells are interspersed in the epithelial cells.

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Transitional epithelial tissue (characteristics, location and function)

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Characteristics: variable in appearance, depending on the degree of stretching. Looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium at the surface. Surface cells tend to be large and rounded.

Location: lines the inner surface of the bladder and ureters.

Function: has the ability to stretch as the bladder fills with urine.