Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a tissue?
|
Groups of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function.
|
|
|
Identify and describe the general function of each of the four basic tissue types.
|
Epithelial - Covers and lines exposed surfaces, forms glands
Connective - support and binding; fills spaces, transport (blood), adipose tissue, insulatoin and protection and storage Muscle - Perform contractions and maintain internal body temp. Nervous - carries info |
|
|
What three general features tend to anchor cells toegether and stabilize tissues?
|
Glycoproteins on cell surface - glycocalyx
Basement membranes - ancors cells Intercellular junctions - tight, adherens, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Describe the structure of each of the five common types of intercellular junctions.
|
Tight - transmembrane proteins of adjacent cells fuse together
Adherens - dense protein layer at inner surface of membrane (called plaque) attatches to membrane and cytoskeletal proteins; cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins) attatch to a plaque inside cell, and cross membrane to attatch to next cell's plaque Desmosomes - like adherins, but more like a spot/rivet than a band; intermediate filaments attatched from inside of plaque to desmosome on opposite side of cell Hemidesmosomes - transmembrane integrin proteins; integrins attatch to laminins in basement membrane Gap - proteins form hollow cylinders b/w cells |
|
|
Describe the function of each of the five common types of intercellular junctions.
|
Tight - impermeable barrier; used in epethelial tissues
Adherins - tight and stable like a zipper; present in epithelial tissues Desmosomes - VERY strong and stable Hemidesmosomes - ancor cells to basement membrane Gap - lets chem. substances/ions pass b/w cells; smooth muscle and cardiac tissues to synchronize contractions |
|
|
Identify the two major categories of epithelial tissue.
|
Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium |
|
|
What special characteristics of epithelial tissue distinguish it from other tissue types?
|
High cellularity
High regenerative capability Specialized lateral contacts (impermeable sheets) Polarity (one free surface/apical surface + basal surface) Avascularity Basement membrane |
|
|
What type(s) of specialized lateral contacts are common to epithelium?
|
Tight
Adherens Gap Form inpermeable sheets |
|
|
What is meant when we describe epithelial tissue as demonstrating polarity?
|
Apical surface - exposed to exterior/lumen
Basal surface Cells are different at the two surfaces |
|
|
What is the function of the basement membrane?
|
Basal lamina - thin layer acts as filter b/w blood and ET; hemidesmosomes anchor here
Reticular lamina - deep layer of collagen; very strong |
|
|
Identify the two layers of the basement membrane and describe their positions relative to the surrounding epithelium and connecitve tissue.
|
Basal lamina - thin layer secreted by ET; separates ET and blood
Reticular lamina - deeper, produced by underlying connective tissue (CT) |
|
|
Which layer of the bacement membrane is produced by epithelial cells? By fibroblasts in the connective tissue?
|
- Basal lamina
Reticular lamina |
|
|
Distinguish among the different kinds of epithelial tissue according to cell shape and number of cell layers present.
|
Simple - 1 layer
Stratified - 2+ layers Pseudostratified - seems stratified, but only 1 layer Squamous - thin + flattened Cuboidal - cube-shaped Columnar - long + narrow |
|
|
What are the primary functions of simple epithelium?
|
Absorption
Secretion Filtration Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, chambers of heart, heart valves, pericardium, pleural membrane, etc. |
|
|
What are the primary functions of stritified epithelium?
|
Protective
Lining of urinary organs, ducts of certain glands, etc. |
|
|
What is a gland?
|
1+ ET cells specialized to produce and secrete a product called a secretion
|
|
|
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
|
Endocrine - ductless; secretes straight into interstitial fluid around cell (hormones)
Exocrine - Secretes into ducts (sebatious, sweat, salivary) |
|
|
Identify, locate and describe the function of the human body's only unicellular exocrine gland.
|
Goblet/mucous cells
Scattered in epethelium Secrete mucin, which turns into mucous when touches H2O Provides protection |
|
|
What are the two basic structural components of multicellular exocrine glands?
|
Duct
Secretory portion |
|
|
What is the difference between simple and compound exocrine glands?
|
Simple - the duct is unbranched
Compound - the duct is branched |
|
|
What is the difference between the tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar secretory portions of multicellular exocrine glands?
|
- Based on shape of secretory portion
Tubular = looks long and tubelike Acinar = round and bubble shaped secretory portion Tubuloacinar = contains both types of secretory portions on the same gland |
|
|
Name three functional types of exocrine gland and describe the secretory process of each.
|
- Merocrine glands - secrete by exocytosis (RER, golgi, secritory vesicles, out); most common; sweat, salivary, goblet
- Apocrine glands - secretions accumulate in apical region; pinches off that part of the cell; none in humans Holocrine glands - cell full of products and bursts; destroyed by process; replaced by deeper layers of tissue; sebatious glands of skin |
|
|
What is the most abundant tissue in teh human body?
|
Connective tissue
|
|
|
Identify the four major classes of adult connective tissue.
|
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage Bone Blood |
|
|
What is the common embryologic origin of all classes of connective tissue?
|
Mesoderm - Mesenchyme - CT
|
|
|
What are the two basic components of all conective tissue?
|
Extracellular Matrix - determines physical quality of CT
Cells - secrete matrix |
|
|
Name the living and non-living parts of CT?
|
Extracellular Matrix - nonliving; consists of ground substance + fibers
Cells - living |
|
|
What are the two main components of the extracellular matrix?
|
- Ground substance (inerstitial fluid which is mostly water, cellular adhesion molecules/CAM, polysaccharides and proteoglycans)
- Fibers - collagen, elastic and reticular |
|
|
Describe the composition of ground substance.
|
- Unstructured
- Interstitial fluid (water) - CAM (cellular adhesion molecules Polysaccharides and proteoglycans - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG's) attatch to proteoglycans to be able to trap water |
|
|
What is the most abundant structural protein in the body?
|
Collagen fibers
|
|
|
Identify the three fiber types found in the matrix of connective tissue.
|
Collagen fibers - strongest, most abundant, not elastic, resists pulling in 1 direction; (CT, bones, cartilledge etc)
Elastic fibers - fibrilin, branched, stretch and recoil; (skin, blood vessel walls, lungs) Reticular fibers - fine, branched, strong, resists pulling in many directions; (spleen, lymph nodes, liver - creates stroma of organs, reticular lamina of basement membrane) |
|
|
Which of the fibers in CT is most resistant to tension forces?
|
Collagen fibers
|
|
|
Which of the fibers in CT is found in the basement membrane of the epithelium?
|
Reticular fibers - found in reticular lamina which is secreted by fibroblasts in the CT
|
|
|
What are the cypes of cells found in connective tissue?
|
- Fibroblasts - in connective tissue proper
- Chondroblasts - in cartilage - Osteoblasts - in bone - Hemocytoblast/Hematopoietic stem cell - blood cells (red and white) Adopocytes - fat storing Leukocytes - mast cells secrete hystamine, macrophages (cyte stages also exist) |
|
|
Be able to identify the -blast and -cyst cell type associated with each class of CT.
|
Fibroblast - CT proper
Osteoblast - bone Chondroblast - cartilege Hemocytoblast/hematopoietic stem cell - rbc's and wbc's Adipocytes - fat storing Leukocytes - found in all CT; mast cells (lots under skin and in blood vessels; trigger inflamation rxn; secrete hystamine), macrophages (phagocytes; deal w/ pathogens and worn out material, trigger inflamation) |
|
|
Identify the major types of connective tissue proper.
|
Loose CT - areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense CT - Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic |
|
|
Identify and describe the types of loose CT (which is a CT proper).
|
Areolar CT - least specialized, all 3 fibers, able to hold H2O/swell, extensive blood supply, deep to epethelium, why subcutaneous injections are good (vascularity)
Adipose tissue - energy storage, protection, insulation, 90% adipocytes, adults = white adipose, infants = brown adipose with lots of mitochondria to help make heat |
|
|
Identify and describe the types of loose CT (which is a CT proper)
|
Dense regular CT - bundles of collagen fibers, lots of tensile strength; tendons, ligaments, aponerosis (flat sheet that connects bone and muscle)
Dense irregular CT - Collagen fiber bundles, thicker fibers, interwoven, joint capsules, fibrous coverings of organs, skin? Elastic CT - elastic fibers, lungs, arteries, airways, vocal chords |
|
|
Which type of CT proper serves a s a reservoir for water and salts, and accumulates fluids during edema?
|
Areolar CT - just deep to the epethelium
|
|
|
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
|
Cushioning
Protection Insulator Shock absorber Energy storage |
|
|
What type of CT proper is associated with epithelial membranes?
|
Dense irregular CT - forms fibrous coverings of organs, skin (in the reticular layer)
|
|
|
Which type of connective tissue proper is found primarily in lymphoid organs?
|
Reticular CT - contains only reticular fibers; fibrocytes are called reticulocytes; liver, kidney spleen, bone marrow, forms stroma
|
|
|
What are the differences (structural and functional) b/w dense recular and dense irregular CT?
|
Dense regular - parallel bundles of collagen fibers, fibroblasts in a regular pattern, tensile strength in one direction
Dense irregular - collagen fibers interwoven, tensile strength in multiple directions |
|
|
Which type of CT proper is found in tendons and ligaments? In the dermis and in joint capsules?
|
- Dense regular CT
- Dense irrigular CT |
|
|
Describe the matrix of cartilage.
|
- Collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers
- Secreted by chondroblasts - Chondrocytes in pockets called lacunae - Gel like and avascular; up to 80% H2O - Surrounded by pericardium (highly vascular) |
|
|
Identify the location and function of the perichondrium.
|
- Surrounding the cartilage
- Dense irregular CT with very high vascularity - O2 and nutrients diffuse through the matrix to the cells |
|
|
Identify and describe the differences between the two basic patterns of cartilage growth.
|
Interstitial growth - enlarges from within; chondrocyte mitosis, during G1 secretes cartilage matrix which pushes the cells further apart; initial phase of formation as a kid/teen
Appositional growth - just deep to perichondrium; perichondrium cells differentiate into Chondrocytes which secrete matrix; later part of cartilage growth |
|
|
Distinguish between the three types of cartilage based on their appearance, fiber composition, and function.
|
Hyaline - smooth bluish-white; firm ground substance and fine fibers; most common, (nowe, trachea, airways)
Fibrocartilage - little ground substance, dense collagenous fibers in matrix; tough; (minisci of knees, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs) Elastic - Similar to hyaline, more elastic fibers, flexible (external ear, eppiglottis) |
|
|
Describe the matrix of bone.
|
- Limited ground substance
- Matrix = 2/3 calcium salts, 1/3 collagen fibers (give flexibility) |
|
|
Identify and describe the basic parts of an osteon.
|
- Lamellae (layers of matrix that form around Haversian canal in the center)
- Osteocytes in lacunae, in b/w lamellae - Canaliculi (little channels) project from lacunae |
|
|
Name and identify the basic structural differnece between the two types of bone tissue.
|
Compact - Matrix in concentric rings (lanellae); central canal w/blood vessel
Spongy - Matrix in irregular collumns; spaces in between filled with red/yellow marrow |
|
|
What is the matrix of blood?
|
Plasma - fluid matrix; soluble fibers, but can become solid during clotting
|
|
|
Compare and contrast the three types of fascia.
|
Superficial fascia - subcutaneous layer/hypodermis, b/w skin and underlying organs; areolar and adipose tissue
Deep fascia - dense CT, strong fibrous, bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc Subserous fascia - b/w the other two; areolar tissue |
|
|
Identify the three types of muscle fibers.
|
Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth (visceral) |
|
|
Classify the three types of muscle cells cells with respect to location, appearance and nervous system control.
|
Skeletal - attatched to/moves skeleton, striated, voluntary
Cardiac - contracts in heart, striated, involuntary Smooth (visceral) - walls of organs, blood vessels, respiratory passages etc, smooth, involuntary |
|
|
What are the two main cell types of the nervous system?
|
- Neurons - the branching cells that receive/transmit electrical impulses
Neuroglial cells - supporting cells |
|
|
What is a membrane?
|
- Thin tissue layer
- Covers surface, lines cavity or divides a space/organ |
|
|
Where are the synovial membranes located? Of what tissue are synovial membranes composed?
|
- most joints
- CT only |
|
|
Why are epithelial membranes considered simple organs?
|
- layer of tissue that does a specific function?
- look more in the book |
|
|
What are the three types of epithelial membranes?
|
Mucous membrane - line cavities that are open to outside; (respiratory, digestive, urinary), epithelium over loose CT called lamina propria
Serous Membranes - line body cavities that don't open up to outside; cover organs; simple squamous ET on top of subserous Cutaneous membrane - the skin; stratafied squamous ET |
|
|
Differentiate between the parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes.
|
Parietal - lines body cavity
Visceral - the parietal layer that is reflected back over the organs in the cavity |
|
|
What is the function of the serous fluid?
|
fills potential space b/w visceral and parietal layers
|
|
|
Describe the location and characteristics of mucous membranes.
|
- cavities open to outside
- Respiratory and digestive - Epithelium over loose CT calle lamina propria - Moist at all times |
|
|
What type of epithelial membrane lines body cavities which open directly to the outside of the body? Which do not open to the body exterior?
|
- Mucous membranes
- Serous membranes |
|
|
The skin is considered to be what type of membrane?
|
Cutaneous membrane
|
