Tissue: Living Communities (Ch 4)

Front 1

anabolism

Back 1

process where cell uses energy to manufacture large molecules 'builds up'. requires certain hormones i.e. testosterone, thyroxin

Front 2

catabolism

Back 2

process of breaking complex molecules into simple molecules by releasing energy 'breaks down' ie (sp glylucana)

Front 3

2 categories of cell metabolism

Back 3

anabolism and catabolism

Front 4

metabolism

Back 4

a set of orderly chemical rxns

Front 5

neoplasia

Back 5

turmor formation

Front 6

apical and base membrane

Back 6

apical:faces lumen or body cavity
base: faces underlying CT

Front 7

lumen

Back 7

Latin meaning light

Front 8

tissue types

Back 8

epithelial
muscle
connective
nerve

Front 9

epithelial tissue function

Back 9

1. protects, covers, lines
2. filters biochem substances
3. absorbs nutrients
4. provides sensory input
5. manufactures excretion and secretion

Front 10

connective tissue function

Back 10

provides support

Front 11

muscle tissue function

Back 11

enables movement; found in most organs, but especially the heart

Front 12

nerve tissue function

Back 12

controls work; found in most organs; specifically thru-out the heart where it governs contractions

Front 13

histology

Back 13

the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs

Front 14

glandular epithelia

Back 14

epithelia that manufactures or releases substances; globet cells in the intestines; organized cells in pancreas

Front 15

excretion and secretion

Back 15

secretion:substances produced by glandular epithelia

excretion:substances that leave the body; ie sweat, urine, feces

Front 16

characteristics of epithelial tissue

Back 16

1. cells are polar
2. has apical/base surface
3. junctional complexes aka cellular attachments
4. no blood vessels-avascular
5. some tissue lacks nerves, however most are innervated

Front 17

junctional complexes

Back 17

epithelial cells in plasma membrane are joined to form special attachments

Front 18

3 types of special attachments

Back 18

tight junction
desmosomes
gap junction

Front 19

tight junction

Back 19

formed by a fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membrane to adjoining cells
impenetrable barrier ie bladder

Front 20

desmosome

Back 20

welded plaque or thickening that connects the plasma membrane to adjacent cells (like velcro)
tonofilaments aka intermediate filaments extend into cytoplasm stablizing the membrane junction; undergo lots of tension and stretching found in skin, heart, uterus

Front 21

hemidesmosomes

Back 21

half of desmosome that link epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Front 22

gap junction

Back 22

linked from one cell's cytoplasm to another by tubular channel proteins called connexons; aka transmembrane proteins; allow exchange and passage of AAs, sugars, nucleotides from one cell to another; they quickly transport electrical signals from one cell to another meaning they coordinate smooth and cardiac muscle contractions

Front 23

basement membrane

Back 23

foundation of epithelial cells; nonliving meshwork of fibers that 'cement' the epithelial cells to the CT underneath; strength and elasticity prevent tearing; membrane in skin is thin but thick in the trachea; O2 and nutrients diffuse thru the membrane from capillaries in the CT; nutrients absorbed and waste excreted diffuse thru membrane to the CT blood supply; at as partial barriers

Front 24

microvilli

Back 24

microvilli:fingerlike projections on the surface of cell; involved in absorption/secretion in urinary or intestinal tracts
cilia:aka brush border tiny hairs, found in respiratory tract

Front 25

keratin

Back 25

a protective, H2O-proof substance in the skin's epithelial cells

Front 26

classifications of epithelia

Back 26

1. number of layers of cells
2. shape of the cells
3. presence of surface specializations

Front 27

simple epithelia tissue

Back 27

one layer of cells; provides little protection to CT; found in internal compartments, ducts and vessels

Front 28

stratified epithelia tissue

Back 28

more than one layer of cells; thicker & stronger than simple; found in areas of mechanical and chemical stress

Front 29

shape of cells

Back 29

1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
classification is based on shape of cell on the luminal surface of tissue

Front 30

classifications of epithelia

Back 30

1. number of layers of cells
2. shape of the cells
3. presence of surface specializations

Front 31

simple epithelia tissue

Back 31

one layer of cells; provides little protection to CT; found in internal compartments, ducts and vessels

Front 32

stratified epithelia tissue

Back 32

more than one layer of cells; thicker & stronger than simple; found in areas of mechanical and chemical stress

Front 33

shape of cells

Back 33

1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
classification is based on shape of cell on the luminal surface of tissue

Front 34

classifications of epithelia

Back 34

1. number of layers of cells
2. shape of the cells
3. presence of surface specializations

Front 35

simple epithelia tissue

Back 35

one layer of cells; provides little protection to CT; found in internal compartments, ducts and vessels

Front 36

stratified epithelia tissue

Back 36

more than one layer of cells; thicker & stronger than simple; found in areas of mechanical and chemical stress

Front 37

shape of cells

Back 37

1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
classification is based on shape of cell on the luminal surface of tissue

Front 38

presence of surface specializations

Back 38

includes terms cilia, keratinized
ex:keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (skin)
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (mouth)

Front 39

types of epithelia

Back 39

1. simple squamous
2. simple cuboidal
3. simple columnar
4. stratified squamous
5. stratified cuboidal
6. stratified columnar
7. pseudostratified columnar
8. transitional

Front 40

simple squamous

Back 40

flat & smooth; delicate & thin; found in passage involved w/gas or liquid; occures only in protected regions of body; important in reducing friction
ex:lungs, kidneys, blood & lymphatic vessels

Front 41

2 names for special simple squamous epithelia tissue; where are they found

Back 41

1. mesothelium-pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities
2. endothelium-blood & lymphatic vessels

Front 42

simple cubiodal epithelium

Back 42

single layer of cubical cells; provides little protection from abrasion; occur in sheltered regions where absorption and secretion take place such as surface of ovaries; thyroid (secretes thyroxine); some cells covered w/microvilli for absorption while other are smooth working w/secretory glands; plays important role in endocrine & exocrine tissue

Front 43

simple columnar epithelium

Back 43

elongated, closely packed together; thick & more protective compared to simple/cuboidal; nuclei aren't centrally located but align at base of cell; line the GI tract (stomach-rectum); assoc w/absorption & secretion; a few cells are covered w/cilia

Front 44

2 types of cells that makeup the gut lining

Back 44

1. absorptive cell
2. goblet cell

Front 45

excretory ducts

Back 45

ducts that transport waste products or secretions out of an organ or gland

Front 46

simple ciliated columnar epithelia

Back 46

less common simple columnar epithelia cells covered w/cilia on their apical surface; line the uterine tubes & respiratory tracts

Front 47

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 47

consists of various layers; are in regions w/mechanical & chemical stresses; ex:lining of mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum; continually sheared away but are continually replaced by cells from underneath; cuboidal cells attached to the basement membrane form the base and continually replace the worn off cells; they turn from cuboidal to squamous turning to paperlike sheets

Front 48

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 48

generally occurs in 2 layers of cuboidal cells; found in large excretory ducts such as sweat, mammary and salivary glands; important in protecting delicate tissue in deeper layers

Front 49

stratified columnar epithelium

Back 49

rare, found only in selective parts of the respiratory, digestive and reproduction systems

Front 50

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 50

an epithelial layer that is not 'truly' stratified; nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue, but not all cells reach the luminal surface-so cells 'appear' to be at differnt levels as though stratified; forms a distinct attachment to basement membrane hence there's a single layer-therefore considered simple epithelium; ciliated found in respiratory tract

Front 51

immunoglobulins

Back 51

disease fighting molecules

Front 52

transitional epithelium

Back 52

has ability to change shape by expanding and contracting; ie:urinary tract-empty bladder epithelium layer thick, thins out as bladder fills; can go from 6 to 3 layers; forms leak-proof membrane to prevent diffusion