Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the same with the Tibetans and the Burmese?
|
In both cultures, women are honored, and women are equal to men.
|
|
|
Tibetan history under King Song Tsen Gampo
|
-king from 627-650 A.D.
-married two Buddhist princesses, one from China, one from Nepal -both came from countries with a written language -King declared Buddhism to be the state religion -studied both languages, use Nepalese as written language because it is alphabetical and easy to learn |
|
|
What happened as King Song Tsen Gampo's family line died out?
|
-Mongols with emporor Genghis Khan came into control in East Asia in 1206
-they took over China in 1210 -invaded iran & iraq, and eastern Europe -Mongols bypassed Tibet |
|
|
What happened after Genghis Khan died in 1227?
|
-his son followed this father's same policies
-Tibet was voluntarily surrendered to Mongols -Tibet was a province under Mongols |
|
|
What happened by the 1300s?
|
-Mongol empire had broken up
-no one was ruling tibet, different districts started fighting eachother ==> civil war -Tibetan religious leader went to Mongol ruler Altan Khan and asked to get together -Altan Khan gave Tibetan leader title: Dalai Lama |
|
|
Dalai Lama means and is...
Where is the current one/how many have there been? |
"teacher whose teachings are as wide as the sea"
Each Dalai Lama is believed to be the reincarnation of the previous. Currently the 14th Dalai Lama is in Japan |
|
|
When did the first Dalai Lama live?
|
1391-1475
|
|
|
Why were there different Mongol states in the 1300s?
|
Because of the different grandsons
|
|
|
What happened in the 1600s?
|
Mongols lost control of E. Asia to the Manchus
Manchus from Manchuria, conquered China in 1644 |
|
|
Tibet history from 1706 to current
|
-1706: Dalai Lama switched allegiance from Mongols to Manchus, which means Tibetans recognize Manchus as emperor
-1911: Chinese revolution, overthrow of Manchus -Mongols (w/ help from Russia) & Manchus declare independence -1959 to present: Tibet taken over by China |
|
|
Tibet climate and population
|
Same latitude as GA or FL but altitude is 12,000. Warm summers but snowy & cold.
4.5-6 million population |
|
|
Where are Tibetans found?
|
in Tibet province as well as Chinghai, Szechuan, Gansu, Yunnan (4 bordering provinces to the east of Tibet)
-The areas tibetans live in these provinces are what used to be Tibetan territory |
|
|
Subsistence technology is in 3 categories:
|
a) Nomads
-Drogpa, Brogpa: further up in mountains (12,000-17,000 ft. elevation) b) Seminomads -Samabrog: mountains & plateau, barley in villages & animals in camps c) Farmers -Rongpa: villages in river valleys, grow barley, land is plateaus surrounded by mountains, river heads, river valleys |
|
|
Nomads:
-typical ground cover -land -elevation -weather -way of living |
-typical ground cover: grass
-some areas flat, or rolling hills, plateaus -12,000 to 17,000 ft above sea level -weather may change quickly, sun's rays are very powerful, hailstorms -pastoralism: animals & animal products, they live off of domesticated animals |
|
|
Tibetan origin?
|
east Asia
occasionally, they look like American Indians |
|
|
Tibetan language
|
there is 1 written language, but regional spoken dialects differ greatly
|
|
|
Tibetans live...
|
anywhere in Tibet where there is high mountain pasture
|
|
|
Yaks
-native to -appearance -adaptation -use -food |
-native to Asia
-long haired long horned cow -well adapted to cold temps & high altitudes -used primarily for their milk -great work ethic -high food requirements: cut hay or plant oats in winter camp wealth is counted in terms of yaks |
|
|
yak hair
|
-yaks shed in the summer
-pull the long hair on a yak's side -or clip the hair, but this is risky because it could turn cold -hair is braided into cord rope, and spun and woven in black yak hair cloth |
|
|
What to Tibetans use black yak hair cloth for?
|
-making tents from cloth
-anything that doesn't need to look nice |
|
|
milking yaks
|
-women milk yaks 2-3 times a day using wooden milk buckets
-milk can be drank fresh or sour, but is usually churned into butter |
|
|
butter
|
solid substance, kept in leather bags which keeps it edible for several months, much butter is sold or traded to farmers
|
|
|
tsamba
|
-National Tibetan Food
made up of: -barley flour: produced by farmers -hot tea: tea leaves from China -butter: produced by Tibetans -put barley flour into a wooden bowl, add tea leaves, add butter -like oatmeal or grits |
|
|
tea
|
comes from China in the form of bricks
is mixed with starches and compressed so it doesn't dry out |
|
|
sheep
|
-each family keeps up to 700 sheep
-kept primarily for wool -wool is cut & sold in the spring -in the fall, the weakest sheep is killed, carcass is hung & dried in the sun & air, which makes dried mutten |
|
|
dried mutten
|
in the fall, the weakest sheep is killed, carcass is hung & dried in the sun & air
|
|
|
Why are Tibetans not vegetarians?
|
Tibetans should be vegetarians because of Buddhism but they believe their lifestyle makes it acceptable to eat meat.
|
|
|
Tibetan nomad dogs (& other animals)
|
-huge Mastiff breed
-good guard dog -will take on a wolf -some nomads keep cats to control the mice horses -transportation -used in warfare |
|
|
Tibetan villagers dogs
|
-small apso breed
-villagers can carry them around |
|
|
atmosphere of the platea; u
|
-sense of openness
-very quiet -very blue sky |
|
|
yak dung
|
women bring back dried cow pies to use as fuel in fires
|
|
|
tents
-material -shape -families -layout |
-made of black yak hair cloth
-rectangular -1 tent per family -in back: fire, and dung pile behind that; wall of clay around fireplace -left: women's side; each woman has a sleeping bag; where milk production takes place -right: men's side -each man has a sleeping bad -where horse tack & weapons are kept -towards back on right: family Buddhist alter |
|
|
family Buddhist alter
|
-in back right of a tent
-wooden chest or table -1 or 2 statues (small & metal) of Buddha or meditational deity -also has a butter lamp (illumination) and water bowls (purification) |
|
|
Hayagriva
|
a favorite meditational deity of horses
|
|
|
women's chuba
|
-robe-like garment
-ankle-length & long sleeve, goes around the body 1 1/2 times, belted at the waist -made of sheep skin (indestructible) -nothing worn underneath -milk hook attached to belt |
|
|
women's attire
|
-sun hats
-barefoot in summer, boots in winter |
|
|
women's hair
|
-108 tiny braids (sacred Buddhist number)
-silver jewelry worked into it -each Nomadic tribe of each district had their own hairstyle |
|
|
earrings
|
men: 1 earring
women: 2 earrings |
|
|
men's attire
-chuba -hair -accessory |
-hair: long ponytail or a top knot
-chuba: knee length, worn with trousers and boots -knife or sword through belt |
|
|
prayer beads
|
-worn by men & women
-108 wooden beads |
|
|
gau
|
-a locket of different forms, usually silver, different sizes, worn with outfit by men & women, may include Buddhist scriptures or the blessing cord or blessing pills
|
|
|
blessing cord
|
red/orange cord, said to bear the blessing of a ceremony, may also wear around neck
|
|
|
blessing pills
|
given by Buddhist teachers, may be made of grinded incents, plants, or bones of dead teachers; not commonly ingested
|
|
|
patrilineal clans
|
-originate from different parts of the country but are now scattered
In nomadic tribes, one clan dominates |
|
|
exogamous or endogamous?
|
exogamous - must marry outside the clan
|
|
|
what do a person's parents do if they want their sons/daughters married?
|
-look for potential spouses
-find one -speak with parents of spouse to see if they are interested -if both are interested, go see an astrologer to make sure it'll work out -groom's parents call upon bride's parents and ask for engagement -they take khata (white scarves) as an offering -if they agree the couple is now engaged |
|
|
An engagement means...
|
a trial marraige, couple is expected to sleep together
man lets himself in woman's house (where she lives with her parents) each night & leaves in the morning |
|
|
wedding
|
-held at groom's parent's home
-bride arrives on horseback accompanied by close family members -groom's family invites all relatives; each guest gives white scarf and money to bride & groom each -people eat & drink barley beer |
|
|
Arrow Blessing
|
religious wedding ceremony (pre-Buddhism)
person holds arrow, waves it over the heads of the bride & groom, wishes them prosperity, long life, happiness derived from pre-buddhist Tibetan religion called Bon |
|
|
Who conducts an Arrow Blessing?
|
married Buddhist teacher from Nyingmapa, or a teacher of the Bon religion
|
|
|
after wedding festivities:
|
-bride goes home and lives with her parents until groom's parents ask for her to live with them by giving white scarves, food, and money
-nomads: build new tent for bride & groom beside groom's parent's house -villagers: bride & groom live with groom's parents until the village can build them a new house |
|
|
Dowry
|
-bride's share of wealth, usually in horses and yaks
-means she has no further call on her family |
|
|
What does the bride bring with her after getting married?
|
new clothing that she & her mother have made for her
women in groom's family examine clothing to judge needlework skills |
|
|
monogamy/polyandry/polygyny?
|
monogamy: most common, but other forms are allowed
polyandry: more common, woman has multiple husbands polygyny: man needs a house for each wife, usually a wealthy man |
|
|
polyandry
|
-common for a woman to marry brothers from a same family
-marriage with youngest brother -oldest is like the manager -sleeps with each brother in turn -first child goes to first brother, etc. -strong family economically |
|
|
family with only daughters
|
-youngest is delegated to care for her parents in old age
-husband must move in with her -she gets all her parent's animals when they die |
|
|
Who makes economic decisions in a family?
|
male head of household
|
|
|
camp
|
aka Rukor = "tent circle"
-about 10 related families -look out for eachother & help eachother -male heads of households choose a Headman |
|
|
Headman
|
a representative to the outside world
|
|
|
subtribe
|
"Tshowa"
-a number of camps -several hundred families -has a definite territory -a particular clan will dominate -headed by its Ponpo |
|
|
Ponpo
|
"chief"
-is hereditary, passes to most able son -representative of subtribe to the outside world -allocates grazing land amongst camps -settles disputes -supposed to be literate (only in modern monasteries). Parents send him to monastery to study as a monk, then return to subtribe |
|
|
tribe
|
-a number of subtribes
-headed by Ponchen -each tribe associated with a monastery |
|
|
Ponchen
|
"tribal chief"
-represents tribe to Tibetan & Chinese governments -gets people ready for war -person was a tribal chief because one of his ancestors was granted one by Dalai Lama or a chinese emperor or both -sign of authority: official seal to use to place your mark on documents |
|
|
monastery & details
|
where people go to become a monk or nun
-family is expected to send food in support such as barley flour, tea bricks, & butter -novice monks & nuns are to cook -some monks/nuns from poor families can cook for others to earn their food -monasteries collect taxes for the monasteries and Tibetan government; paid in anything the nomads produce -head of monastery: Abbot |
|
|
Abbot
|
head of monastery
-a reincarnation -appointed by Dalai Lama |
|
|
Lhasa
|
capital city; the closer to the capital, the stronger the government
-extreme case: the government can force a monastery to close |
|
|
masked dances
|
monks perform these for several days acting out Buddhist history
|
|
|
When someone dies, what happens to the body?
|
-kept in the house for 3 days
-Buddhist monks come and read from the Bardo book |
|
|
Bardo book
|
aka Tibetan Book of the Dead
-describes the journey of the person's consciousness from death to rebirth -monks are paid with food |
|
|
Ways of disposal of dead bodies (Buddhist & nomads & NE Tibet)
|
Buddhist preferred way: cremation
nomads: sky burial northeastern Tibet: buried in the earth |
|
|
sky burial
|
common way for the nomads to dispose of a body
-body is left outside to feed to the birds -because nomads have little wood to cremate with |
|
|
How are religious teacher's dead bodies taken care of?
|
-may be cremated & ashes placed in a stupa
-if a major religious teacher, may be mummified |
|
|
consciousness of the dead person & their family
|
-takes 3 weeks until reincarnation
-during this time: family of the person is relieved of work, many not wear jewelry or new clothes -at the end of this period, family is to give a memorial gift of food to the monastery |
|
|
6 realms of rebirth
|
descending order of desire
-human: you know you can exercise choices; the best -god: person who did good things but with selfish motives -titan: always fighting, full of anger & aggression -animal: person who didn't pay attention to consequences of their actions -hungry ghost: greedy/stingy person; always miserable -hell being: person did extremely bad deeds |
|
|
Bon
|
-has only evolved since Buddhism came into Tibet culture
-polytheistic culture -beings who may act as guardians; ex: Gyalpo - |
|
|
Gyalpo
|
-guard the mountains
-each guardians have their rules, they can protect or punish you |
|
|
How to honor Bon guardians
|
Obo festival
-held in summertime -held by chief -people make offerings (barley flour, milk, barley beer, scarves) -each man sticks an arrow in the ground -may hang prayer flags -may sacrifice animals |
|
|
what is an obo?
|
outdoor alter made of a pile of stones
-when facing the obo, you are facing the mountains -mountain deities are depicted as writing on horseback, dressed in armor |
|
|
prayer flags
|
colorful rectangular cloths with prayers printed on them
|
