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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are endocrine glands?
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Ductless glands that release chemicals (hormones) into bloodstream to regulate body activities
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What do hormones do?
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Have generalized effect on metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction; affect tissues of entire body and an imbalance in their levels may contribute to pathologic changes in many different systems
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What is a negative feedback system?
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Decrease in function in response to stimuli; info is constantly being exchanged between target organ and pituitary gland via bloodstream regarding effect of hormone
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Where are the parathyroid glands located?
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Tiny bean shaped bodies embedded in the lateral posterior lobes of thyroid; there are 4
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What is the function of the parathyroid glands?
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Secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH or parathormone); PTH regulates concentration of Ca+ and Phos in the blood
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Where is most Ca+ found in the body and how much is in the blood?
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Most found in bones (large especially) and teeth; about 1% found in the blood
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Why is Ca+ necessary?
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Clotting of blood; smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle function; transmission of nerve impulses
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What is needed to absorb Ca+?
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Vitamin D found in sunlight and fortified milk
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What are normal Ca+ ranges?
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9-11 mg/dL
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What is the etiology/pathophysiology of hyperparathyroidism?
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Hypertrophy of one or more parathyroid glands; over activity w/ increased urinary excretion of phosphorus and loss of calcium from bones; bones become demineralized (may lead to osteoporosis); large amounts of Ca+ and Phos passing through kidneys may lead to stones, pyelonephritis, and uremia thus renal disease is serious outcome
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What are the 2 causes of hyperparathyroidism?
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Hypertrophied gland tissue or tumor
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What are the clinical manifestations/assessments of hyperparathyroidism?
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Hypercalcemia, skeletal pain (due to decreased Ca+ in bones), pathological fractures, kidney stones, fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, anorexia, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, bradycardia
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What are the diagnostic tests for hyperparathyroidism?
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Increased serum levels of PTH, Ca+, Cl-, Alk Phos; low levels of magnesium and Phos
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What is the medical management/nursing interventions of parathyroidism?
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Directed toward lowering serum Ca+: ensure adequate fluid intake (2.5-3L/day), diuretics, increases vit D intake, avoid Ca+ rich foods, increase mobilization, removal of hypertrophied gland tissue or individual tumor, observe s/s of hypoparathyroidism, post-op management similar to thyroidectomy
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What is the prognosis of hyperparathyroidism?
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W/ proper medical/surgical treatment can lead fairly normal life. Pts w/ parathyroid carcinoma have very grave prognosis
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