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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thyroid Gland
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Located under the larynx. 2 lobes; one on each side of the trachea. Maintains metabolism. |
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Thyroid Hormones
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Thyroxine (T4) (Triiodonthyronine (T3)) Increases metabolism, rate of cellular respiration ( cause cells to oxidize sugars faster ) Influences growth of tissues and organs and in children. Thyroid requires iodine in order to synthesize thyroxine. |
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How Thyroxine works
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TRH signals the pituitary to produce TSH TSH signals the thyroid to produce T3 & T4 Enough T3 & T4 in the blood stops TRH & TSH production. (ex. negative feedback) |
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Calcitonin
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Regulates calcium in the bloodstream by stimulating uptake into the bones. Can be prescribed to treat osteoporosis. Produced in the Thyroid. |
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Parathyroid Glands
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Four small glands attached to the thyroid. Involved in calcium homeostasis. |
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Parathyroid Hormones (PTH)
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Stimulates the release of calcium from the bone. Absorbs calcium from urine. This activates Vitamin D which causes calcium to be absorbed from food. Normal blood calcium levels inhibit the release of PTH |
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Goitre
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland. Caused by a lack of iodine. Thyroxine can't be made so pituitary continues to secrete TSH, causing thyroid to swell. Can be prevented by iodized salt. Thyroid Disorder |
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Endocrine disorders
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Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Grave's Disease |
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Hypothyroidism
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Too little thyroxine. Symptoms - fatigue, depression, weight gain, thin brittle, dry hair and nails, cold intolerance, decreased libido. Take thyroxine supplements. As a child leads to cretinism (slow or little growth) |
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Hyperthyroidism
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Too much thyroxine Symptoms - nervousness, heat intolerance, weight loss, warm moist skin, staring gaze Treated with medications or removal of part of the thyroid. |
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Grave's Disease
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Severe hyperthyroidismImmune system attacks thyroidCauses swelling of the muscles around the eyes and causes them to protrude
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Pancreas
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Blood sugar regulation Located behind the stomach, connected to small intestine by a duct Final stage of digestion Two glands: Endocrine, Exocrine |
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Two glands of the Pancreas
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Endocrine: secretes insulin or glucagon into the blood to control sugar levels. Exocrine: secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine through ducts. |
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Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha and Beta cells control blood sugar levels.
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Beta cells
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Produce insulin Insulin is released as a result of an increase of glucose levels. Promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen ( stored in the liver ) and cellular glucose absorbtion |
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Alpha cells
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Produce glucagon Glucagon is released as a result of a decrease in glucose levels. Promotes the conversion of glycogen into glucose |
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Common problems of the pancreas
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Sugar diabetes or diabetes mellitus Type 1 (juvenile onset) diabetes Type 2 (adult onset) diabetes Gestational diabetes Treatments- immediate: drink sugary foods or food - long term: frequent meals or snacks |
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Sugar Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus
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Inadequate production of insulin Low insulin causes too much sugar in the blood. (hyperglycaemia) Short term: high urine volume, increased thirst, fatigue Long term: eye, kidney, heart problems, trouble with ulcers and feeling in your extremities, glucose in urine. |
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Type 1 (juvenile), Type 2 (adult), Gestational
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Type 1: treated by insulin replacement Type 2: controlled by diet or oral drugs (reduce or spread out sugar) Gestational: can develop during the late stages of pregnancy (4% of women) |
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Treating Diabetes
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Diet Excersize Insulin injections Insulin pumps Islet cell transplants Pills ( type II ) |
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Hypoglycaemia
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Low blood sugar Can be caused by: too much insulin, exercise, alcohol, heat and too little food. Short term: fatigue Long term: unconsciousness, coma |
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Adrenal gland
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located above the kidney important for stress situations 2 parts: cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner layer) |
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Long term stress response
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Cortex releases: Glucocorticoids - increase blood sugar Mineralocorticoids - increase blood pressure Gonadocorticoids - sex hormones |
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Glucocorticoids
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Cortisol: most abundant increases amino acids in blood, converted to sugar for energy, or used in proteins for structural repair. Decrease swelling (anti-inflammatory) |
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Cortisol Control
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Uses negative feedback: Hypothalamus sends releasing hormone to anterior pituitary, pituitary releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), adrenal glands stimulated to release cortisol, hypothalamus detects cortisol and shuts down the process. |
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Mineralocorticoids
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Aldosterone: Increase Na+ re-absorption in the kidney, water follows Na+ back into blood, keeps blood fluid high. (blood pressure) |
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Gonadocorticoids
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Sex hormones supplement those produced in sex organs: Females- converted to testosterone, accounts for pubic hair growth and increased muscle mass Males - ??? |
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Adrenal cortex
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stimulated by the endocrine system
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Adrenal medulla
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Nervous system stimulatesShort term: flight or fightAdrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) which increases heart and breathing rates, dilates pupils, bronchi, and surface capillaries. Similar effects to sympathetic nervous system, but lasts 10x longer
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