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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who wrote "Mare Liberum" in which he assumed that all marine resources were in inexhaustable supply?
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Hugo Grotus, in 1609
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Who came up with the idea of the terretorial sea being within cannon's length of land?
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Cornelius van Bynkershoek in 1702
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what did the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958 determine about exploiting resources on the continental shelf?
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the nation that was closest to the continental shelf could exploit those resources
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What 4 nations refused to vote for the Law of the Sea Trety? why?
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US, Turkey, Isreal, and Venezuela; because it made sea floor mining unprofitable
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when was the Law of the Sea ratified by the 60th nation, making it international law?
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1993
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presently, how far does the terretorial sea extend?
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12 knots
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presently, how far does the EEZ extend?
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200 knots
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if the continental shelf exceeds the 200 nautical mile EEZ, how far is the EEZ extended?
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350 knots
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what is the current law regarding private exploitation of deep sea floor resources?
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resources may be exploited under the supervision of the International Seabed Authority (ISA)
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TRUE or F: the right of free passage for all vessels on the high seas is preserved
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True
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the Law of the Sea puts what percent of the world ocean under control of coastal nations?
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42%
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how large (in square km) is the US EEZ?
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11.5 million square km
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define standing stock
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the biomass present in an ecosystem at a given time
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define Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
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the maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem
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worldwide, what percent of fish stocks are being depleted or overfished? what percent are being fished at their biological limit?
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30% and 47%, respectively
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on average, what percent of adult fish survive to become breeding adults?
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1%
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survivial of fish larvae depends primarily on what factor?
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availability of appropriate food
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how do food requirements of fish change as they go through larval and juvenille stages?
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they typically require larger plankton as they increase in size
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what nutrient limits primary productivity in most fisheries?
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nitrogen
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for a fishery to maintain (or increase) in size, what must be true about the relationship between the amount of fish removed and the influx of new nitrogen?
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the amount of fish removed must be equal to (or less than) the proportional influx of new nitrogen
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in descending order, the marine fishery comes from what five ecosystems?
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nontropical shelves (35.6%), tropical shelves (21.0%), upwellings (20.9%), coastal and coral ecosystems (18.7%), and open ocean (3.8%)
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according to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States, what is the maximum catch that might be expected from the oceans?
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120 million metric tons
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define potential world fishery
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the theoretical mass of fish that can be removed from the oceans per year
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the reported fish catch is much less than the acutal catch. Why?
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some fish deemed undesirable were dumped back into the oceans and not counted towards the total caught biomass
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define incidental catch = bycatch
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any fish species caught incidentally by fishers seeking commerical species
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each year, how much bycatch is produced by the fishing industry?
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18 to 36 million metric tons
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fishers often use a _____ _____ ___ to catch tuna by locating yellofin dolphins that hover above the school of tuna, resulting in bycatch of dolphins
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purse seine net
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what are some ways that dolphin bycatch has been reduced when catching tuna?
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1. the marine mammals protection act
2. purse seine nets have been modified to safely release dolphins 3. US public boycott put pressure on the tuna industry to stop accidental dolphin kill |
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why are driftnets = gill nets so dangerous?
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they're made of monomicrofilament fishing material that's virtually invisible to fish, resulting in large amounts of bycatch
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define fisheries management
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an organized effort directed at regulating fishing activity with the goal of maintaining a long term fishery; includes assessing ecosystem health, analyzing fishing practices, and setting and enforcing catch limits
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give 2 reasons why fisheries managmenent is so difficult
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1. fisheries are located worldwide
2. fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally |
