Justice 101 Chapters 1, 2, And 3

Front 1

Three Strike Law

Back 1

A crime control strategy where an offender commits 3 or more violent offenses will be sentenced to 25+ years in prison

Front 2

Consensus Theory of Justice

Back 2

Everyone has the same idea to create laws due to common interest

Hint 2

Think the same

Front 3

Conflict theory of justice

Back 3

Explains how powerful groups create laws to protect their values and interest in diverse societies

Hint 3

Large groups

Front 4

Crime control model

Back 4

A model that emphasizes law and order and argues that every effort must be made to suppress crime, and ty to convict and incarcerate offenders

Front 5

Due process model

Back 5

A model that advocates defendants presumption of innocence, protection of suspects rights, and limitations placed on police powers to avoid convicting innocent persons

Hint 5

Innocent until proven guilty

Front 6

Wedding cake model

Back 6

A model of the criminal justice process whereby a four tiered hierarchy exists. Celebrated on top and lower tiers increasing in size as seriousness of cases

Front 7

Stare decisis

Back 7

"To stand by a decision" lower courts must follow and have the same decision of higher courts when the same legal issues and questions come to them

Front 8

Burden of proof

Back 8

The requirement that the state must meet to introduce evidence or establish facts

Front 9

Criminal Law

Back 9

The body of law that defines criminal offenses and prescribes punishment for their infractions. All of society is wrong

Front 10

Civil law

Back 10

A generic term for all noncriminal law, usually related to settling disputes between private citizens, governmental, and/or business

Front 11

Mens rea

Back 11

"Guilty mind" the purposeful intention to commit a criminal act (they are aware of the consequences but still do it)

Front 12

Actus rea

Back 12

An act that accompanies ones intent to commit a crime, such as pulling out a knife and stabbing someone (proven guilty by DNA or evidence)

Front 13

Felony murder rule

Back 13

In the course of committing a crime someone dies, you will be charged with the death

Front 14

XYY chromosome

Back 14

The so-called criminal chromosome; criminal behavior is thought to be caused, in some offenders, by the extra Y chromosomes believed to cause agitations, agression, and greater criminal tendencies

Front 15

Social disorganization theory

Back 15

A theory maintaining that neighborhood characteristics, including poverty, racial heterogeneity, and resident transiency, break down social controls and lead to criminal behavior

Front 16

Strain theory

Back 16

A theory that argues criminal behavior is caused by feelings of strain, which occur when people believe that legitimate means of achieving success are not accessible to them.

Front 17

Learning theory

Back 17

A theory asserting that criminal behaviors are learned from associating with others and from social interactions and social experiences

Hint 17

They learn and do from the people who they involve themselves with

Front 18

Labeling theory

Back 18

A theory contending that labeling a person as a deviant or criminal makes that person is more likely to engage in criminal behavior

Front 19

Social conflict theory

Back 19

A theory that explains crime as an outcome of conflicting interests between groups in society and the dominate groups attempts to control and exploit groups with less power. High status people commit as many crimes but it's the latter groups that get punished

Front 20

Feminist theory

Back 20

A theory that explains how gender inequality affects female offending and justice system responses to crimes committed by females.

Explain why women commit fewer and different crimes than men, and why they might be subject to criminal justice sanctions for different reasons than men

Front 21

The classical school of criminology

Back 21

Criminal behavior is rational; people have free will to choose whether or not they will commit crime; that punishments should fit the crime; and that justice must be predictable

Front 22

Biological and trait theory

Back 22

Criminals are born and not made by their home or social environment. People are most likely to engage in crime if they possess criminogenic traits and are raised in environments that promote criminal behaviors

Front 23

National incident-based reporting system

Back 23

It was developed to collect information of crimes on a granular level to include detailed circumstances surrounding the crimes to gove law enforcement a better idea to what to look for in the future

Front 24

U.C.R: Uniform Crime Rate

Back 24

Published annually by the FBI, each report describes the nature of crime as reported by law enforcement agencies: includes analysis of Part 1

Front 25

Hierarchy rule

Back 25

In the FBI uniform crime reports reporting scheme, the practice whereby only the most serious offense of several that are committed during a criminal act is reported by the police

Front 26

Duress

Back 26

threats, violence, constraints, or other action brought to bear on someone to do something against their will or better judgment.

Front 27

McNaughten Rule

Back 27

A test applied to determine whether a person accused of a crime was sane at the time of its commission and, therefore, criminally responsible for the wrongdoing. The M'Naghten rule is a test for criminal insanity.

Front 28

National crime victimization survey

Back 28

A random survey U.S. households that measures crimes committed against victims; includes crimes not reported to police

Front 29

"Heat of passion"

Back 29

Charge is considered as Voluntary manslaughter