Three Dimensional

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abstract

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referring to art that simplifies, emphasizes, or distorts qualities of a real-life image rather than art that tries to represent its surface details accurately.

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activated space

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the area controlled by a three dimensional piece, including not only its form but also a subtly energized but physically unfilled area in or around the work.

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additive color mixing

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mixtures of light to create colors, called "additive" since each colored light adds energy to the mixture, raising its value slightly.

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additive sculpture

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three dimensional work made by putting pieces of material(s) together to build up a form.

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analogous colors

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Hues lying next to each other on a color wheel, sometimes used together in color schemes.

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annealing

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the process of heating and cooling of metal while shaping it by techniques such as hammering, to return it to a malleable state.

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applied color

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color added to materials, concealing or changing its original color

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applied arts/applied design/functional arts

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use of the principles and elements of design to create functional pieces.

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armature

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a simple inner skeleton that provides support for modeling with more pliable materials, such as clay or wax.

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artificial lighting

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use of light from human-made sources such as incandescent or fluorescent bulbs to illuminate an area or a work of art.

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assemblage

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a work made from objects or pieces of objects originally intended for other purposes.

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asymmetrical balance

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placement of nonidentical forms to either side of a balancing point in such a way that the two sides seem to be the same visual weight.

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atmospheric perspective

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the optical illusion that areas closer to the viewer are sharper in detail, color intensity, and value contrast that areas farther away, sometimes used intentionally by artists to create illusions of spatial depth.

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balancing point

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a fulcrum at the base of a work upon which the whole piece rests.

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bezel

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a metal collar designed to hold a stone in a piece of jewelry.

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bisque

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an initial stage of ceramic ware, fired at low heat for partial hardening while remaining porous enough for applying glaze.

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box set

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in set design, the illusion of a room with one well cut away so that the audience can see in

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brazing

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soldering at high temperature with an alloy of cooper and zinc

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burl

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a rounded knotty growth on a tree

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cast

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a form made by any of various techniques of creating a mold into which a material is poured in liquid form, allowed to harden, and removed from the mold.

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ceramics

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decorative or functional pieces made from clay and fired for permanence.

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chasing

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engraving of the surface of a piece, often to help define contours or details

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clay body

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a mixture of clays compounded for specific characteristics

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color wheel

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a two-dimensional circular model of relationships among hues

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complementary colors

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hues that are opposite each other on a color wheel. when mixed they gray or neutralize each other

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conceptual art

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works or events in which ides is more important than outer form

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confined space

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a spatial field with clearly defined enclosing boundaries

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content

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the subject matter of a work of art, plus its emotional, intellectual, symbolic, spiritual, and/or narrative implications, as opposed to its physical form

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contrast

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juxtaposition of dissimilar areas

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controlled time

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referring to the movement of works of art through a predetermined sequence of events

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cool colors

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hues of green and blue range

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crafts

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disciplines in which functional pieces are made by hand or as if by hand, with the individuality associated with handmade objects.

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delineated space

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an unfilled area described by filled areas of three-dimensional work

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direct lost-wax method

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use of wax to create a cavity between a positive pattern and a negative mold; when the wax is heated, it melts and is drained off, and molten metal is poured into the cavity

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direct relief mold

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a simple casting method by which materials is poured into a mold and removed when and, creating a relief that is flat on one side

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directional line

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a line that seems to guide the viewer's eye along a particular visual path

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dominance

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emphasis placed on a particular area or characteristic of a work, with other areas or aspects given subordinate or supporting roles

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ductility

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the ability to be stretched or extended without breaking

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dynamic form

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a three-dimensional work that conveys an illusion of movement and change

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earthenware

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ceramics made from the coarsest clays, usually fired at the lowest temperatures

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earthworks

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large-scale sculptures in which the surface of the earth is the medium

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economy

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deletion of nonessential details to reveal the essence of a form

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edge

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a boundary where two planes or areas treated differently meet

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elements of design

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those qualities of design that can be seen and worked with independently of the figurative content. they include line, form, value, space, texture, color, and time.

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emphasis

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stress placed on a single area of a work or a unifying visual theme

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encaustic

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a method of painting with pigment-bearing hot wax

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ergonomics

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the study of how people relate physically to their environment, of particular interest to designers seeking to increase job efficiency and decrease workers' fatigue

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exterior form

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the surface shape of a work of art

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eye line

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the illusionary line between a figure's eyes and something at which it appears to be looking

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fabrication

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assembling of rigid materials into units by techniques such as welding, bolting, or lamination

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fiber art

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work created by manipulation of strands of varying materials by any of a variety of methods

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figurative

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representing human or animals forms

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fine art

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nonfunctional art, such as painting and sculpture.

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firing

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the baking of ceramic pieces to make the clay's form permanent

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flexible mold

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a casting process by which a positive pattern is coating with liquid rubber or silicone to pick up the surface details and then plastered to make a mold that is cut in half; the two halves are cast and reassembled

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focal point

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the area in a work to which the eye is most compellingly drawn

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folk art

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works that are created by people without aesthetic training but that may be appreciated for their vigor

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forced perspective

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exaggeration of the illusionary convergence of parallel lines toward the horizon, used in set design to make a shallow space appear deeper

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forging

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shaping of metal by hammering it over a hard surface, often after first heating the metal to a malleable state

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form

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the volume and shape of a three dimensional work, perhaps including unfilled areas that are integral to the work as a whole

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found object

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an object not originally created as art but used in or appreciated as a work of art

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free time

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referring to art that moves and changes somewhat unpredictably through time

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frontal

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seen or made to be seen only from the front, as opposed to pieces that encourage viewing in the full round

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full round

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works designed to be appreciated from all sides, in fully three-dimensional space

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gestalt

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in a successful work of art, a whole that has properties that transcend to sum of its parts

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glaze

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in ceramics, a colored or transparent liquid applied to pieces made of clay; when fired, it bonds to the clay and forms a hard, glassy coating

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golden section (golden mean)

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according to ancient greek aesthetics, an ideal proportional relationship between parts, whereby the smaller is to the greater as the greater is to the whole, this ratio is approximately 5:8 or 1:1.618

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gray scale

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the representation of gradations of value as a series of equal steps from black to white

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half-round

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three-dimensional works in which only 180 degrees of a full circle is presented as being of aesthetic interest

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high relief

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three-dimensional form raised considerably off a flat background

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highlight

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a brightly lit area that appears as a luminous spot on a work

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horizontal axis

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an imaginary central line between upper and lower parts of a piece

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hue

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the characteristic of color identified by color names, such as red and blue. it corresponds to a particular wavelength within the spectrum of visible light

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idealized

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in representational art, portrayal of objects as approaching some imagined rather than actual appearance of perfection

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implied line

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a line in a work that is subtly perceived by the viewer but that has no physical form; the overfall flow of one line into another in a work, with continuation from one to the next suggested by their common direction and/or juxtaposition

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indirect lost-wax method

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a casting process similar to the direct lost-wax method, but instead of the positive form, the negative mold lined with wax is filled with a nonmelting core of crushed materials

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industrial design

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design of the mass-produced products of our everyday environment, form sinks and furniture to comuters

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installation pieces

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designed environments installed in museums or galleries, sometimes temporarily

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intent

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the central idea or problem with which the artist is working

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interior form

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the shape of the inside of a hollow work or art; an inner form that appears to be emerging from or contained within the outer form.