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209 Cards in this Set
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Draft n/v. Army |
2a system in which people are ordered to join the army, navy etc, especially during a war SYN conscriptionb)the group of people who are ordered to do this a piece of writing or a plan that is not yet in its finished form:the rough draft of his new novela written order for money to be paid by a bank, especially from one bank to another |
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Incandescently. Incandesent adj /n |
1very angry:The prince was said to be incandescent with rage
producing a bright light when heated:the invention of the incandescent lamp
word origin1 (technical) giving out light when heatedincandescent lamps2 (formal) very brightincandescent white |
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Integrity. In'tegriti |
uncountable]1 the quality of being honest and having strong moral principlespersonal/professional/artistic integrity to behave with integrity a man of great integrity2 (formal) the state of being whole and not divided unityto respect the territorial integrity of the nation |
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Autopsy. A:tapsi. N1 |
an examination of a dead body to discover the cause of death SYN post mortem British English:an autopsy report |
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Pagoda. Pe^goda. N1 |
a Buddhist temple (=religious building) that has several levels with a decorated roof at each level |
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Napalm. Neipalm |
substance made from petrol that was used in bombs by US forces to burn fields and villages during the Vietnam war |
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Busload. |
a large group of people on a bus |
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Solidarity. Sali'daeriti |
Word familyloyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim:a gesture of solidarityan appeal for worker solidarityshow/express/demonstrate your solidarity (with somebody)I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York |
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Bumper sticker |
a small sign on the bumper of a car, with a humorous, political, or religious message |
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Mobilization Mobilize |
to work together in order to achieve a particular aim; to organize a group of people to do this rallyThe unions mobilized thousands of workers in a protest against the cuts.2 [transitive] ~ sth to find and start to use sth that is needed for a particular purpose marshalThey were unable to mobilize the resources they needed. if a country mobilizes its army, or if a country or army mobilizes, it makes itself ready to fight in a warThe troops were ordered to mobilize |
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Convention |
] a large formal meeting for people who belong to the same profession or organization or who have the same interests:a teachers’ conventionthe city’s new convention centera convention for science fiction fans ] a formal agreement, especially between countries, about particular rules or behaviour SYN pact, treaty |
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Tangle. V2. G |
) to become twisted together, or make something become twisted together, in an untidy mass:My hair tangles easily.His parachute became tangled in the wheels of the plane.2[intransitive] to argue or fight with someonetangle withIt was not an animal you’d care to tangle with
to argue or fight with someonetangle withIt was not an animal you’d care to tangle with |
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Commissar. Kami'sar |
an officer of the Communist Party, especially in the past in the Soviet Union |
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Styrofoam. Staire^foum |
a soft light plastic material that prevents heat or cold from passing through it, used especially to make containers SYN polystyrene British English:a Styrofoam cup |
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Arsonist. Arsenist |
omeone who commits the crime of arson |
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Issue. Law v5 |
to start a legal process against sb, especially by means of an official documentto issue a writ against sb A warrant has been issued for his arrest to give sth to sb, especially officially~ sthto issue passports/visas/tickets |
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Underscore v2 |
Verb form1to emphasize the fact that something is important or true SYN underline2to draw a line under a word or phrase to show that it is important SYN underline |
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Mace. Meis |
a spice made from the dried shell of a nutmeg2[countable] a heavy ball with sharp points on a short metal stick, used in the past as a weapon3[countable] a decorated stick that is carried by an official in some ceremonies as a sign of power → sceptre |
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Courtesy As a matter of courtesy |
polite behaviour that shows respect for other people politenessI was treated with the utmost courtesy by the staff. We asked them, as a matter of courtesy, if we could photograph their house. It's only common courtesy to tell the neighbours that we'll be having a party (= the sort of behaviour that people would expect).2 [countable, usually plural] (formal) a polite thing that you say or do when you meet people in formal situations |
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Spare. Adj/n/v. Spare sb the trouble/difficulty of sth |
to prevent someone from having to experience something difficult or unpleasant:I wanted to spare them the trouble of buying me a present.Thankfully, she had been spared the ordeal of surgery |
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****** up |
1very unhappy and confused, so that you cannot control your life properly → messed up:After three years with Johnny, I was completely ****** up.2(also ******) completely broken or in a very bad condition:These speakers are ****** up.3American English having drunk too much alcohol or taken illegal drugs |
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Give sb the finger |
l to show someone you are angry with them in a very offensive way by holding up your middle finger with the back of your hand facing them |
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Confirmation. Kanfer'meishen |
a statement, letter, etc. that shows that sth is true, correct or definiteI'm still waiting for confirmation of the test result a ceremony at which a person becomes a full member of the Christian Church confirmation service3 a Jewish ceremony similar to a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah but usually for young people over the age of 16 |
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Outgoing. Adj3 The outgoing president/government |
leaving the position of responsibility mentionedthe outgoing president/government liking to meet other people, enjoying their company and being friendly towards them sociablean outgoing personality She was always cheerful and outgoing |
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Lewd. Lu:d. Adj |
using rude words or movements that make you think of sex:lewd comments |
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Indictment |
a written statement accusing sb of a crime3 [uncountable] (especially NAmE) the act of officially accusing sb of a crimeThis led to his indictment on allegations of conspiracy a sign that a system, society, etc. is very bad or very wrongThe poverty in our cities is a damning indictment of modern society. This research is a terrible indictment on the medical profession |
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Cross verb |
to go or stretch from one side of something such as a road, river, room etc to the othercross toHe crossed to the window if you cross a line, track etc, you go over and beyond it:He raised his arms in triumph as he crossed the line for his 100-metres win |
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Incite. In'sait verb |
to encourage sb to do sth violent, illegal or unpleasant, especially by making them angry or excited~ sth to incite crime/racial hatred/violence~ sb (to sth) They were accused of inciting the crowd to violence.~ sb to do sth He incited the workforce to come out on strike |
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Incite v2 |
example bankto encourage sb to do sth violent, illegal or unpleasant, especially by making them angry or excited~ sth to incite crime/racial hatred/violence~ sb (to sth) They were accused of inciting the crowd to violence.~ sb to do sth He incited the workforce to come out on strike |
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Petulant. Petsulent. Adj1 |
ad-tempered and unreasonable, especially because you cannot do or have what you wantHe behaved like a petulant child and refused to cooperate. Her tone of voice became abrupt and petulant behaving in an unreasonably impatient and angry way, like a child |
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Prosecute. V2 |
to charge someone with a crime and try to show that they are guilty of it in a court of law:Shoplifters will be prosecuted.prosecute somebody for (doing) somethingBuxton is being prosecuted for assault to be a lawyer in a court case for a person or an organization that is charging sb with a crimethe prosecuting counsel/lawyer/attorney |
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Deem v1 |
sth + noun/adj.| ~ sth to be sth| ~ (that)… (formal)(not usually used in the progressive tenses) to have a particular opinion about sth to think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality SYN considerdeem thatThey deemed that he was no longer capable of managing the business.deem something necessary/appropriate etcThey were told to take whatever action they deemed necessary.be deemed to be somethingThey were deemed to be illegal immigrants.be deemed to do somethingUK plans were deemed to infringe EU law |
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Shitty. Adj3 |
1 unpleasant; very badI'm not going to eat this shitty food. a shitty week at work2 unfair or unkindWhat a shitty way to treat a friend |
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Fairy. N2 |
1a small imaginary creature with magic powers, which looks like a very small person2 old-fashioned not polite an offensive word for a homosexual man |
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Hispanic |
person whose first language is Spanish, especially one from a Latin American country living in the US or Canada |
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Coordinate verb kou'odineit n/adk |
to organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and achieve a good result:The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety
to make the parts of your body move and work together well:Her movements were beautifully co-ordinated.I couldn’t get my brain to function or coordinate my muscles |
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Criterion. Krai,tirien Criteria. Krai terie |
a standard that you use to judge something or make a decision about something:the criteria we use to select candidatescriterion forthe criteria for measuring how good schools areAcademic ability is not the sole criterion for admission to the college.a universal set of criteria for diagnosing patientsmeet/satisfy/fulfil criteriaTo qualify for a grant, students must satisfy certain criteria |
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Obscene. Adj2 |
extremely large in size or amount in a way that most people find unacceptable and offensive outrageousHe earns an obscene amount of money. It's obscene to spend so much on food when millions are starving
example bank1 connected with sex in a way that most people find offensiveobscene gestures/language/books an obscene phone call (= in which sb says obscene things |
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Wisdom. N3. Wizdem. N3 |
the ability to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the experience and knowledge that you havea woman of great wisdom words of wisdom how sensible sth isI question the wisdom of giving a child so much money.3 the knowledge that a society or culture has gained over a long period of time |
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Prosecutor. 'pro |
a lawyer who is trying to prove in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime a public official who charges sb officially with a crime and prosecutes them in courtthe public/state prosecutor2 a lawyer who leads the case against a defendant in court |
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Establishment The establishment |
2the establishment the group of people in a society or profession who have a lot of power and influence and are often opposed to any kind of change or new ideas:Young people are supposed to rebel against the Establishment an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc:a top class training establishment |
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Pragmatic. Praegmatic |
banksolving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or theories realistica pragmatic approach to management problems |
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Dismantle dis'maentl v2 |
to take apart a machine or structure so that it is in separate piecesI had to dismantle the engine in order to repair it. The steel mill was dismantled piece by piece.2 ~ sth to end an organization or system gradually in an organized wayThe government was in the process of dismantling the state-owned industries. |
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Litigator n1 Litigate. Litigeit |
[intransitive, transitive] ~ (sth) (law)to take a claim or disagreement to court |
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Represent. Repri'zent. V in court |
to speak officially for someone in a court of lawrepresent yourselfShe decided to represent herself (=speak for herself without a lawyer) during the trial to officially speak or take action for another person or group of people:Mr Kobayashi was chosen to represent the company at the conference |
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The black panthers. |
(also the ˌBlack ˈPanther ˌParty)a group of African Americans in the 1960s and 1970s who supported the use of violence to get better treatment for black people |
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Gear up v2 |
gear up phrasal verbto prepare for somethinggear up forThe organization is gearing up for a convention in May.gear up/be geared up to do somethingFast food restaurants are geared up to serve thousands of people daily |
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Juror. D3urer. N1 |
a member of a jury |
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Contempt. Ken'tempt Contempt of court crime |
uncountable, singular]1 the feeling that sb/sth is without value and deserves no respect at allShe looked at him with contempt The report shows utter contempt for women’s judgement uncountable]the crime of refusing to obey an order made by a court; not showing respect for a court or judgeAny person who disregards this order will be in contempt of court. to be guilty of contempt of court |
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Practically. |
almost; very nearly My essay is practically finished now in a realistic or sensible way; in real situationsPractically speaking, we can't afford it. |
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Counsel n/v. V2 |
especially US -l-)1 ~ sb to listen to and give support or professional advice to sb who needs helpTherapists were brought in to counsel the bereaved to advise sb to do sth~ sthMost experts counsel caution in such cases.~ sb to do sth He counselled them to give up |
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Execute v5. Eksikju:t. |
to do a piece of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etcThey drew up and executed a plan to reduce fuel consumption. The crime was very cleverly executed. Check that the computer has executed your ) to kill sb, especially as a legal punishmentHe was executed for treason. The prisoners were executed by firing squad to successfully perform a skilful action or movementThe pilot executed a perfect landing |
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Record n11 /v. Crime For the record |
For the record used to tell someone that what you are saying should be remembered or written down:For the record, the police never charged me information kept by the police that shows someone has committed a crime:He’s only 18 and he already has a record.They won’t employ anyone with a criminal record information about something that is written down or stored on computer, film etc so that it can be looked at in the futurerecord of I try to keep a record of everything I spend |
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Be/go on the record as saying |
to say something publicly or officially, so that it may be written down and repeated:She is on record as saying that teachers are under too much pressure |
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Gall bladder Bladder |
he organ in your body in which bile is stored 1the organ in your body that holds urine (=waste liquid) until it is passed out of your body2a bag of skin, leather, or rubber, for example inside a football, that can be filled with air or liquid |
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Motion suggestion at a meeting |
] a proposal that is made formally at a meeting, and then is usually decided on by voting:The motion was defeated by 201 votes to 159 |
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Muddy adj3 |
to make sth muddyShe had muddied her white dress.muddy the ˈwaters, ˈissue, etc. (disapproving) to make a simple situation confused and more complicated than it really isShe deliberately muddied the waters by constantly referring to other irrelevant cases |
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Be foreign to sb |
to seem strange to someone as the result of not being known or understood SYN be alien to somebody:The language of finance is quite foreign to me.b)to be not typical of someone’s usual character:Aggression is completely foreign to his nature |
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Tether v1/n2. V. Tether |
to tie an animal to a post so that it can only move around within a limited area |
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Civil. Civil rights civil liberty |
] relating to the laws about the private affairs of citizens, such as laws about business or property, rather than laws about crime → civil law, criminal:Many civil cases can be settled out of court |
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Administrative. Ed'ministrativ |
Word familyrelating to the work of managing a company or organization:The job is mainly administrative.administrative staff/duties/job etcthe administrative costs of health care systemsan administrative assistantstaff who provide technical and administrative support to the college |
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Call (sb's) attention to |
(sb’s) attention toa)to ask people to pay attention to a particular subject or problem:May I call your attention to item seven on the agenda?b)to make someone notice someone or something:I wanted to shout out to Ken, but I didn’t want to call attention to myself |
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Festival |
a day or period of the year when people stop working to celebrate a special event, often a religious one a series of performances of music, plays, films/movies, etc, usually organized in the same place once a year; a series of public events connected with a particular activity or ideathe Edinburgh festival the Cannes film festival a beer festival a rock festival (= where bands perform, often |
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Festival of life |
A celebration/festival of life, a funeral event focusing on one's accomplishments in lifeThe 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity, a historical event |
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Delegate deliget. N1/v2 |
NAmE ˈdelɪɡət/a person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote and make decisions for themThe conference was attended by delegates from 56 countries
to give part of your work, power or authority to sb in a lower position than youSome managers find it difficult to delegate |
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Psychedelic. Saike'delik |
(of drugs) causing the user to see and hear things that are not there or that do not exist (= to hallucinate )2 (of art, music, clothes, etc.) having bright colours, strange sounds, etc. like those that are experienced when taking psychedelic drugs |
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Leftist |
nouna person who supports left-wing political parties and their ideas . the part of a political party whose members are most in favour of social changeon the left wing of the party2 [countable, uncountable] an attacking player or position on the left side of the field in a sports game |
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Consort n1/v1. Kenso:t. Consort with sb |
to spend time with someone that other people do not approve of:a man who regularly consorted with prostitutes 1the wife or husband of a ruler → prince consort2a group of people who play very old music, or the group of old-fashioned instruments they use3in consort (with somebody) formal doing something together with someone |
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Delegate deliget |
someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for a group → representative:Around 350 delegates attended the conference |
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Frivolous |
1not serious or sensible, especially in a way that is not suitable for a particular occasion:The court discourages frivolous law suits.2a frivolous person likes having fun rather than doing serious or sensible things – used to show disapproval OPP serious—frivolously adverb |
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Grand n2 |
a thousand pounds or dollars:The car cost him 15 grand.2a grand piano |
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Call off v3 |
1to decide that a planned event will not take place SYN cancel:The trip to Italy might be called off.2to officially decide that something should be stopped after it has already started:Rescuers had to call off the search because of worsening weather conditions.3to order an animal or person to stop attacking or threatening someone:Call your dog off. |
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Reckless |
not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous results of your actions:He was accused of causing death by reckless driving.a reckless disregard for safetyHe ran into the burning house with reckless abandon (=without caring about the danger |
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Contingency n1. Ken'tin |
(pl. con•tin•gencies)an event that may or may not happen possibilityWe must consider all possible contingencies. to make contingency plans (= plans for what to do if a particular event happens or does not happen) a contingency fund (= to pay for sth that might happen in the future) |
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Cross examination |
to question sb carefully and in a lot of detail about answers that they have already given, especially in courtThe witness was cross-examined for over two hours. ˌcross-eˌxamiˈn•ation/BrE ; NAmE / noun [uncountable, countable]He broke down under cross-examination (= while he was being cross-examined) and admitted his part in the assault |
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Extort Exortion |
~ sth (from sb)to make sb give you sth by threatening themThe gang extorted money from over 30 local businesses. ex•tor•tion/BrE ɪkˈstɔːʃn; NAmE ɪkˈstɔːrʃn/ noun [uncountable, countable]He was arrested and charged with extortion |
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Felony |
the act of committing a serious crime such as murder or rape; a crime of this typea charge of felony compare misdemeanour |
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Perjury. N1 |
[uncountable] (law)the crime of telling a lie in courtThe defence witnesses were found guilty of perjury. to commit perjury |
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Reinstate. V2. Ri:in'steit |
to give back a job or position that had been taken away from sbHe was reinstated in his post.2 ~ sth (in/as sth) to return sth to its previous position or status restoreThere have been repeated calls to reinstate the death penalty. Tennis has now been reinstated as an Olympic |
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Overrule. V1 |
Verb formto change an order or decision that you think is wrong, using your official power:The House of Lords overruled the decision of the Court of Appeal.They have the power to overrule the local council |
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Pose Pose a question |
to ask a question, especially one that needs to be carefully thought about:In her book she poses the question ‘How much do we need to be happy |
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Irony. Aireni |
the amusing or strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect; a situation like thisThe irony is that when he finally got the job, he discovered he didn't like it. It was one of life's little ironies.2 [uncountable] the use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean, often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this‘England is famous for its food,’ she said with heavy irony. There was a note of irony in his voice. She said it without a hint/trace of irony |
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Weed n/v n |
] a wild plant growing where it is not wanted, especially among crops or garden plantsThe yard was overgrown with weeds.2 [uncountable] any wild plant without flowers that grows in water and forms a green floating mass3 the weed [singular] (humorous) tobacco or cigarettesI wish I could give up the weed (= stop smoking).4 [uncountable] (informal) the drug cannabis5 [countable] (BrE, informal, disapproving) a person with a weak character or bodyDon't be such a weed |
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Nod. |
1to move your head up and down, especially in order to show agreement or understanding → shake:I asked her if she was ready to go, and she nodded.Mom nodded her head sympathetically.nod your approval/agreement etc (=show your approval etc by nodding)Corbett nodded his acceptance.2to move your head down and up again once in order to greet someone or give someone a sign to do something |
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Chamber. N6 |
a room used for a special purpose, especially an unpleasant one a large room in a public building used for important meetings:the council chamber |
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Council. Kaunsel. N3 |
1a group of people that are chosen to make rules, laws, or decisions, or to give advice:the council for civil libertiesthe UN Security Council2the organization that is responsible for local government in a particular area in Britain:local council electionsHe sent a letter to the council to complain about the noise.County/District/City etc CouncilNorthampton Borough Councilcouncil leader/officer/worker etccouncil chamber/offices3a group of people elected to the government of a city in the US:the Los Angeles city council |
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Impartial adj1. |
not supporting one person or group more than another neutral, unbiasedan impartial inquiry/observer to give impartial advice As chairman, I must remain impartial |
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Render. Present. V6 |
to present sth, especially when it is done officially furnishThe committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation to cause sb/sth to be in a particular state or condition maketo render sth harmless/useless/ineffective Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake |
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Mob The Mob |
The Mob 3the Mob the mafia (=a powerful organization of criminals 1a large noisy crowd, especially one that is angry and violentmob ofa mob of a few hundred demonstratorsThey were immediately surrounded by the mob |
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Premptory. Pe'^rempteri adj1 Behaviour |
especially of sb's manner or behaviour) expecting to be obeyed immediately and without question or refusala peremptory summons The letter was peremptory in tone. with a peremptory wave of his hand
peremptory behaviour, speech etc is not polite or friendly and shows that the person speaking expects to be obeyed immediately:a peremptory demand for silence
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Hygienist. Haid3i:nest |
a person who works with a dentist and whose job is to clean people's teeth and give them advice about keeping them clean |
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Peremptory. Pe^'rempteri. |
peremptory behaviour, speech etc is not polite or friendly and shows that the person speaking expects to be obeyed immediately:a peremptory demand for silence formal, disapproving)(especially of sb's manner or behaviour) expecting to be obeyed immediately and without question or refusala peremptory summons The letter was peremptory in tone. with a peremptory wave of his hand |
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Pool. Group of people Jury pool |
a group of people who are available to work or to do an activity when they are neededpool ofa pool of talented applicants to choose fromThe region has a large and talented labour pool |
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Sequester v1. Sikwest |
= sequestrate2 ~ sb to keep a jury together in a place, in order to prevent them from talking to other people about a court case, or learning about it in the newspapers, on television, etc |
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Geriatric. D3eriaetrik. Adj |
relating to the medical care and treatment of old people:a specialist in geriatric medicine2informal too old to work well:a geriatric rock star |
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Sequester. 1 verb si'kwe Jury |
sb to keep a jury together in a place, in order to prevent them from talking to other people about a court case, or learning about it in the newspapers, on television, etc |
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Auditorium. O:dito:riem n2 |
the part of a theatre where people sit when watching a play, concert etc2American English a large building used for concerts or public meetings |
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Homage. Ha:mid3 n1 |
something that is said or done to show respect for sbThe kings of France paid homage to no one. He describes his book as ‘a homage to my father’. They stood in silent homage around the grave |
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Perl n1/,v5. Noun |
] the thick skin of some fruits and vegetables 1 [transitive] ~ sth to take the skin off fruit, vegetables, etcto peel an orange/a banana Have you peeled the potatoes |
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Overkill n1 |
More of something than is necessary or desirable:More television coverage of the election would be overkill |
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Literal lite^re^ l. Adj |
being the basic or usual meaning of a word or phraseI am not referring to ‘small’ people in the literal sense of the word. The literal meaning of ‘petrify’ is ‘turn to stone’. compare figurative, metaphorical2 [usually before noun] that follows the original words exactlya literal translation compare free3 (disapproving) lacking imaginationHer interpretation of the music was too literal |
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Tail v2 |
to follow someone and watch what they do, where they go etc:The police have been tailing him for several months phrasal verb1to become gradually less, smaller etc, and often stop or disappear completely:Profits tailed off towards the end of the year |
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Phony Phoney |
someone who is phoney is insincere and pretends to be something they are not -/ adjective informal1false or not real, and intended to deceive someone SYN fake:a phoney American accent |
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Hassle v2/n3 |
to annoy someone, especially by asking them many times to do something:Stop hassling me! I said I’ll call them tomorrow something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is difficult to do:I don’t feel like cooking tonight, it’s too much hassle.It’s such a hassle not having a washing machine.2[countable] American English informal an argument between two people or groups:hassles with the management |
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Defuse. Difju:. V2 |
to stop a possibly dangerous or difficult situation from developing, especially by making people less angry or nervousLocal police are trying to defuse racial tension in the community.2 ~ sth to remove the fuse from a bomb so that it cannot explodePolice closed the road while they defused the bomb |
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Egg sb on |
to encourage someone to do something, especially something that they do not want to do or should not do:Bob didn’t want to jump, but his friends kept egging him on |
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Pro se. Legal. Latin |
For one's own behalf |
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Precedant. President. N3 |
an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation laterThe ruling set a precedent for future libel cases.2 [countable, uncountable] a similar action or event that happened earlierhistorical precedents There is no precedent for a disaster of this scale. Such protests are without precedent in recent history.3 [uncountable] the way that things have always been done traditionto break with precedent (= to do sth in a different |
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Invoke v3 |
to mention or use a law, rule, etc. as a reason for doing sthIt is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for sthShe invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument |
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Representation. Reprizen'teishn n3 |
the fact of having representatives who will speak or vote for you or on your behalfThe green movement lacks effective representation in Parliament. The accused was not allowed legal representation
the act of presenting sb/sth in a particular way; something that shows or describes sth portrayalthe negative representation of single mothers in the media The snake |
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Cite Cite for contempt of court |
3 ~ sb (for sth) (law) to order sb to appear in court; to name sb officially in a legal caseHe was cited for contempt of court. She was cited in the divorce proceedings to mention sth as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are sayingHe cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown |
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Lawsuit |
[countable]a problem or complaint that a person or organization brings to a court of law to be settled SYN suitlawsuit againstHis lawyer filed a lawsuit against the city |
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Counterintelligence |
ction that a country takes in order to stop other countries discovering its secrets |
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Infiltrate. V4 |
always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to secretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about it or harm it:Police attempts to infiltrate neo-Nazi groups were largely unsuccessful to secretly put people into an organization or place in order to find out information or to harm itinfiltrate somebody into somethingThey repeatedly tried to infiltrate assassins into the palace. |
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Tamper v1. Tae |
to touch something or make changes to it without permission, especially in order to deliberately damage it:He noticed that the instruments had been tampered with.I don’t see the point in tampering with a system that’s worked fine so far |
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Rack. N/v Rack your brains |
2rack your brains to try very hard to remember or think of something:I racked my brains, trying to remember his name o make sb suffer great physical or mental painto be racked with/by guilt Her face was racked with pain. Violent sobs racked her whole body. (BrE) a racking cough Nounoften in compounds) a piece of equipment, usually made of metal or wooden bars, that is used for holding things or for hanging things ona vegetable/wine/plate/toast rack |
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Defence. Law In the defence |
the defence all the lawyers who try to prove in a court of law that someone is not guilty of a crime:The defense called only one witness the things that are said in a court of law to prove that someone is not guilty of a crime:Major has a good defence and believes he will win the case.a defence lawyer |
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Diorama. Daie^ra:me |
a model representing a scene with figures, especially in a museum |
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Cherokee tsereki. N1 |
(pl. Chero•kee or Chero•kees)a member of a Native American people, many of whom now live in the US states of Oklahoma and North Carolina |
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Credible. Kredebel |
that can be believed or trusted convincinga credible explanation/witness It is just not credible that she would cheat.2 that can be accepted, because it seems possible that it could be successful viableCommunity service is seen as the only credible alternative to imprisonment. cred•ibly/BrE ˈkredəbli; NAmE ˈkredəbli/ adverbWe can credibly describe the band's latest album as their best yet |
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Ensorcell |
"he was a child when the power of a mythic image first ensorcelled him a dense, dark forest that is the scene for many a tale in which some unsuspecting traveler is ensorcelled by a witch or wizard |
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Shoot_out. |
a fight that is fought with guns until one side is killed or defeatedHe was killed in a shoot-out in a Chicago hotel room. The three-day siege began in a bloody shoot-out on Sunday morning |
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Reprobate. Reprebeit |
formal or humorous)a person who behaves in a way that society thinks is immoral rep•ro•bate adjective [only before noun]reprobate behaviour |
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Funky |
(of pop music) with a strong rhythm that is easy to dance toa funky disco beat2 (approving) fashionable and unusualShe wears really funky clothes.3 (NAmE) having a strong unpleasant smell |
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Couldn't care less |
To not care at all I couldn't care less if he doesn't want to talk to me |
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Premeditated. Pri:mediteited adj1 |
a premeditated crime or attack is planned in advance and done deliberately:premeditated murder |
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Coroner kore^ne^r. |
CROWN1an official whose job is to discover the cause of someone’s death, especially if they died in a sudden or unusual way:The coroner recorded a verdict of death by natural causes.the coroner’s court |
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Gag n/v. Verb5 gaeg |
2.to put a piece of cloth over someone’s mouth to stop them making a noise:Thugs gagged her and tied her to a chair.He left his victim bound and gagged (=tied up and with something over their mouth that stops them speaking) to be unable to swallow and feel as if you are about to bring up food from your stomach:The foul smell made her gag.gag onHe almost gagged on his first mouthful of food to stop people saying what they want to say and expressing their opinions:an attempt to gag political activists a joke or funny story:He told a few gags.It was a bit of a running gag (=a joke which is repeated) in the show.2a piece of cloth put over someone’s mouth to stop them making a noise |
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Bound baund adj n adj10 |
forced to do sth by law, duty or a particular situation~ by sthWe are not bound by the decision. You are bound by the contract to pay before the end of the month ]1 ~ to do/be sth certain or likely to happen, or to do or be sthThere are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced |
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Mistrial mis'traiel |
law)1 a trial that is not considered valid because of a mistake in the way it has been conducted2 (NAmE) a trial in which the jury cannot reach a decision |
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Sympathetic (of a person). 3 Sympathetic character |
president.3 (of a person) easy to likea sympathetic character in a novel I don't find her a very sympathetic person. This meaning is not very common and you should use likeable or pleasant instead kind to sb who is hurt or sad; showing that you understand and care about their problemsa sympathetic listener I did not feel at all sympathetic towards Kate. I'm here if you need a sympathetic ear (= sb to talk to about your problems). a sympathetic response |
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Discriminate. Di'skrimineit v2 |
to treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair waydiscriminate againstUnder federal law, it is illegal to discriminate against minorities and women ] to recognize a difference between things SYN differentiatediscriminate betweenNewborn babies can discriminate |
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Homicide hamisaid. |
uncountable and countable] especially American English the crime of murder → manslaughter2[uncountable] American English the police department that deals with murders |
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Be home free |
to be certain to succeed at something because you have done the most difficult part of it:Once you leave the main road and cross the bridge, you're home free - we live just three houses further on |
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Parting. Adj2/n. Adj Paring,/gift/kiss |
1a parting kiss/gift/glance etc a kiss etc that you give someone as you leave2parting shot an unpleasant remark that you make just as you are leaving, especially at the end of an argument:As her parting shot, she told me never to phone her again
1[uncountable and countable] an occasion when two people leave each other:an emotional parting at the airportthe moment of parting |
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Reflex. |
an action or a movement of your body that happens naturally in response to sth and that you cannot control; sth that you do without thinkingThe doctor tested her reflexes. to have quick/slow reflexes a reflex response/reaction Only the goalkeeper's reflexes (= his ability to react quickly) stopped the ball from going in. Almost as a reflex action, I grab my pen as the phone rings )the natural ability to react quickly and well to sudden situationshave good/quick/slow reflexesA tennis player needs to have very quick reflexes |
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Respect. V. Of law |
h to agree not to break a law, principle, etcThe new leader has promised to respect the constitution to be careful about sth; to make sure you do not do sth that sb would consider to be wrongto respect other people's property |
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Peanut Peanuts |
a pale brown nut in a thin shell which grows under the ground SYN groundnut:a packet of roasted peanuts2peanuts informal a very small amount of money:The hotel workers get paid peanuts.I’m tired of working for peanuts |
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Give back |
a situation in which workers agree to accept lower wages or fewer benefits at a particular time, in return for more money or benefits later |
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Acquit. E^'kwit. V1 |
) to decide and state officially in court that sb is not guilty of a crimeThe jury acquitted him of murder. Both defendants were acquitted. She was acquitted on all charges. He was acquitted on the grounds of insufficient evidence. convict2 ~ yourself well, badly, etc. (formal) to perform or behave well, badly, etcHe acquitted himself brilliantly in the exams |
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Stant. Court. Noun |
witness boxHe took the stand as the first witness.
a strong effort to defend yourself or your opinion about sthWe must make a stand against further job losses. the rebels' desperate last stand
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Ironic |
1an ironic situation is one that is unusual or amusing because something strange happens, or the opposite of what is expected happens or is true:Your car was stolen at the police station! How ironic!It’s ironic that her husband smoked for thirty years, and yet she’s the one who died of lung cancer.In an ironic twist, the most trustworthy character in the film turned out to be the thief.2using words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in a joking way:ironic commentsWhen I told Lucy I loved her book, she thought I was being ironic |
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Get back at sb 1 |
get back at somebody phrasal verbto do something to hurt or harm someone who has hurt or harmed you:He’ll probably go out with her just to get back at me. |
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Impropriety impre'praieti |
behaviour or actions that are dishonest, morally wrong or not appropriate for a person in a position of responsibilityThere was no evidence of impropriety. accusations of financial impropriety He said that he would resign his post if the public felt he had engaged in improprieties |
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Wiretapping |
the action of secretly listening to other people’s telephone conversations, by connecting something to the wires of their telephone |
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Ruling. N1/adj2. Noun |
an official decision made by sb in a position of authority, especially a judgeThe court will make its ruling on the case next week. The company intends to appeal against the ruling that it was negligent |
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Subpoena. Se^pina n/v |
Nlaw a written order to come to a court of law and be a witness to order someone to come to a court of law and be a witness:James was subpoenaed as a witness |
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Private practice |
(of a profession) the fact of working on your own or in a small independent company rather than as an employee of the government or a large companyMost solicitors in England and Wales are in private practice.2 [uncountable, countable] (in Britain) the fact of providing medical care outside the National Health Service, which people must pay for; a place providing this careA large number of dentists have left the National Health Service to go into private practice. They set up a private practice |
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Have the courage of your own conviction |
courage (=needed courage).2have the courage of your (own) convictions to continue to say or do what you think is right even when other people may not agree or approve |
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Disallow. Dis'e^lou |
Verb formto officially refuse to accept something, because a rule has been broken OPP allow:Manchester United had a goal disallowed |
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Code n5/v. Noun law |
a set of rules, laws, or principles that tell people how to behave:The Torah is the basis for all the Jewish laws and their moral code.Each state in the US has a different criminal and civil code.The judge ruled that there had been no breach of the code.There were plans to introduce a dress code (=rules about what to wear) for civil servants |
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Mandate. V. Maendeit |
1 ~ that…| ~ sb (to do sth) (especially NAmE) to order sb to behave, do sth or vote in a particular wayThe law mandates that imported goods be identified as such.2 ~ sb/sth to do sth to give sb, especially a government or a committee, the authority to do sthThe assembly was mandated to draft a constitution |
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Disclosure n1 kloid3e^r |
the act of making sth known or public that was previously secret or private revelationthe newspaper's disclosure of defence secrets The bank will need full disclosure of your financial situation and assets. The court ruled to prevent public disclosure of the contents of the documents information or a fact that is made known or public that was previously secret or private revelationstartling disclosures about his private life |
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Prior. Praie^r. Adj 5/noun adj Example prior knowladge |
1existing or arranged before something else or before the present situation SYN previous:You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject.Changes may not be made without the prior approval of the council.Vegetarian meals are provided by prior agreement.Some prior experience with the software is needed. 2prior warning/notice a warning or announcement made before something happens:The society must give customers prior notice before changing the cost.The bomb exploded without any prior warning |
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Prior. Noun |
Origin: Latin (adjective); → PRIOR11the man in charge of a priory2the priest next in rank to the person in charge of an abbey3informal a previous occasion when someone was found guilty of a crime:two priors for homicide |
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Justified. Adj2 |
having a good reason for doing sthShe felt fully justified in asking for her money back.2 existing or done for a good reasonHis fears proved justified In the Chief Constable’s view, the use of force was fully justified.justified in doing somethingUnder the circumstances, the principal was justified in expelling this student |
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Voir dire. Voir dier |
a preliminary examination to determine the competency of a witness or juror Competency. [uncountable, countable] ~ (in sth)| ~ (in doing sth) the ability to do sth wellto gain a high level of competence in English professional/technical competence incompetence2 [uncountable] (law) the power that a court, an organization or a person has to deal with sthThe judge has to act within the competence of the court. outside sb's area of competence3 [countable](also less frequentcom•pe•ten•cy(technical) a skill that you need in a particular job or for a particular task |
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Sustain v6. Idea se^'stein. Lae Objection sustained |
6. to decide that a claim, etc. is valid upholdThe court sustained his claim that the contract was illegal. Objection sustained! (= said by a judge when a lawyer makes an objection in court to provide enough of what sb/sth needs in order to live or existWhich planets can sustain life? I only had a little chocolate to sustain me on my walk. The love and support of his family sustained him during his time in prison ) to experience sth bad sufferto sustain damage/an injury/a defeat The company sustained losses of millions of dollars |
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No love lost. Idiom |
used to say that people dislike each otherThey were polite with each other, but it was clear that there was no love lost between them |
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Wage n/v1. Verb |
to begin and continue a war, a battle, etc~ sthThe rebels have waged a guerrilla war since 2007.~ sth against/on sb/sth He alleged that a press campaign was being waged against him |
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Determination. N3. Formal |
2) the process of deciding sth officiallyfactors influencing the determination of future policy ] the quality that makes you continue trying to do sth even when this is difficultfierce/grim/dogged determination He fought the illness with courage and determination the act of finding out or calculating sthBoth methods rely on the accurate determination of the pressure of the gas |
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Inherit. In'herit inherit a situation v4 |
if you inherit a situation, especially one in which problems have been caused by other people, you have to deal with it:The present government inherited a closed, state-dominated economy ] to have the same character or appearance as your parentsinherit something from somebodyMr. Grass inherited his work ethic from his father.I inherited my mother’s curly hair |
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SDS |
Students for a Democratic Society an extreme US student political organization in the 1960s which opposed the Vietnam War. It was begun in 1960 and spread to many colleges and universities. Its members organized street protests which led to arrests outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968. A year later, it divided into smaller groups |
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Find v15. In court of law |
to make an official decision in a court of lawfind somebody guilty/not guilty (of something)Both men were found guilty of illegally entering the country.find in sb’s favourThe tribunal found in favour of the defendant |
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Get to work |
To start working |
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Appeal. Court |
change decision [uncountable and countable] a formal request to a court or to someone in authority asking for a decision to be changedappeal toan appeal to the European Court of Human Rightson appealThe sentence was reduced to three years on appeal |
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Thug |
violent man:He was beaten up by a gang of young thugs early 19th cent. (originally referring to a member of an organization of robbers and assassins in India): from Hindi ṭhag ‘swindler, thief’, based on Sanskrit sthagati ‘he covers or conceals’. The current sense arose in the mid 19th cent |
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Progressive. Pre^'gresiv adj n |
in favour of new ideas, modern methods and changeprogressive schools retrogressive2 happening or developing steadilya progressive reduction in the size of the workforce a progressive muscular disease3 (also con•tinu•ous) (grammar) connected with the form of a verb (for example I am waiting or It is raining) that is made from a part of be and the present participle. Progressive forms are used to express an action that continues for a period of time. pro•gres•siv•ism/BrE ; NAmE / noun [uncountable]political progressivismnoun word origin[usually plural]a person who is in favour of new ideas, modern methods and changepolitical battles between progressives and conservatives |
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Daisy. Deizi Daisies |
(pl. daisies)a small wild flower with white petals around a yellow centre; a taller plant with similar but larger flowers |
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Levitate. V1 |
[intransitive, transitive] ~ (sth)to rise and float in the air with no physical support, especially by means of magic or by using special mental powers; to make sth rise in this way |
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Foul mouthed. Faul |
adjective using rude, offensive language A foul-mouthed racist |
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Astonishing. E^'sta: |
as‧ton‧ish‧ing /əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋ $ əˈstɑː-/ adjectiveso surprising that it is difficult to believe SYN amazing:an astonishing decisiontheir astonishing success—astonishingly adverb:an astonishingly good voice |
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Stunt n/v. |
example bank1 a dangerous and difficult action that sb does to entertain people, especially as part of a film/movieHe did all his own stunts. a stunt pilot a stunt flying team something that is done in order to attract people's attentiona publicity stunt3 (informal) a stupid or dangerous act Verb~ sb/sthto prevent sb/sth from growing or developing as much as they/it shouldThe constant winds had stunted the growth of plants and bushes. His illness had not stunted his creativity |
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Trad a cow with magic bean Trade. Exchange |
to exchange something you have for something someone else has SYN swap British English:We traded necklaces.trade something with somebodyI wouldn’t mind trading jobs with her |
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Pallbearer Coffin |
countable]someone who helps to carry a coffin at a funeral Coffin xample banka box in which a dead body is buried or crematedA procession of mourners slowly followed the |
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Shrug n/v Shrug off |
o raise and then lower your shoulders in order to show that you do not know something or do not care about something:I just shrugged my shoulders and ignored him.Melanie shrugged and walked away.shrug something ↔ off phrasal verbto treat something as unimportant and not worry about it:We can’t just shrug these objections off a movement of your shoulders upwards and then downwards again that you make to show that you do not know something or do not care about somethingwith a shrug‘Suit yourself,’ he said with a shrug |
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Affidavit |
a written statement that you swear is true, and that can be used as evidence in courtto make/swear/sign an affidavit |
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Club verb |
hit someone hard with a heavy object:baby seals being clubbed to deathclub together phrasal verbif people club together, they share the cost of something:We clubbed together to buy her a present |
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Evade i'veid |
to avoid talking about something, especially because you are trying to hide something → evasion:I could tell that he was trying to evade the issue.The minister evaded the question to not do or deal with something that you should do → evasion:You can’t go on evading your responsibilities in this way.You’re simply trying to evade the problem to avoid paying money that you ought to pay, for example tax → evasion:Employers will always try to find ways to evade |
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Flood light n/v |
; NAmE ˈflʌdlɪt/) [usually passive] ~ sthto light a place or a building using floodlightsThe swimming pool is floodlit in the evenings. floodlit tennis courts They floodlight the aqueduct each night a large powerful lamp, used for lighting sports grounds, theatre stages and the outside of buildings |
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Ignominious. Minie^s. Adj1 |
formal)that makes, or should make, you feel ashamed disgraceful, humiliatingan ignominious defeat He made one mistake and his career came to an ignominious end |
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Mouth v2 |
2to say things that you do not really believe or that you do not understand:The players mouthed clichés about what they hoped to do at the World Cup.They mouthed the usual platitudes 1to move your lips in the same way you do when you are saying words, but without making any sound:She silently mouthed the words ‘Good luck’.Philip mouthed something through the glass which she did not hear |
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Footbridge. N1 |
nouna narrow bridge used only by people who are walkingSee picture |
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Maime. Meim. V |
to wound or injure someone very seriously and often permanently:Landmines still kill or maim about 300 people every month. |
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Concertina n1 v. Noun kanserti:ne |
a musical instrument like a small accordion, that you hold in both hands and play by pressing in from each side a musical instrument like a small accordion, that you hold in both hands and play by pressing in from each side |
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Elude |
to manage to avoid or escape from sb/sth, especially in a clever wayThe two men managed to elude the police for six weeks.2 ~ sb if sth eludes you, you are not able to achieve it, or not able to remember or understand itHe was extremely tired but sleep eluded him. They're a popular band but chart success has eluded them so far. Finally he remembered the tiny detail that had eluded him the night before |
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Flee n/v. |
sitive, no passive]to leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are afraid of possible dangerShe burst into tears and fled.~ from sb/sth a camp for refugees fleeing from the war~ to…/into… He fled to London after an argument with his family.~ sth He was caught trying to flee the country. The driver had already fled the scene of the |
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Watering hole |
a bar or other place where people drink alcohol:What’s your favorite watering hole? |
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Hooker. |
informala woman who has sex with men for money SYN prostitute |
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Nomination. N1 |
] the act of officially suggesting someone or something for a position, duty, or prize, or the fact of being suggested for itnomination forWho will get the Republican nomination for president?All the committee’s nominations were approved.2[countable] the name of a book, film, actor etc that has been suggested to receive an honour or prize:The nominations for the Academy Awards were announced Tuesday.3[uncountable and countable] the act of giving someone a particular job, or the fact of being given that jobnomination asO'Neil’s nomination as chief executive |
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Buckeye. Ba,^kai |
a N American tree that has bright red or white flowers and produces nuts2 an orange and brown butterfly with large spots on its wings that look like eyes3 Buckeye (US, informal) a person from the US state of Ohio |
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Metaphor. |
countable, uncountable]a word or phrase used to describe sb/sth else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example She has a heart of stone; the use of such words and phrasesa game of football used as a metaphor for the competitive struggle of life the writer's striking use of metaphor |
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Bayonet. Beiene^t |
a long knife that is fixed to the end of a rifle (=long gun) |
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Portion |
a part of something larger, especially a part that is different from the other partsportion ofThe front portion of the rocket breaks off.The rent on his portion of the apartment was $500 a month.significant/substantial/major/good portionThe main character’s childhood takes up a good portion of the film. [usually singular] a share of something, such as responsibility, blame, or a duty, that is divided between a small number of peopleportion ofThe other driver must bear a portion of the blame for the accident |
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Possessive. Pe^zesiv. Adj3/n |
demanding total attention or love; not wanting sb to be independentSome parents are too possessive of their children.2 ~ (of/about sth) not liking to lend things or share things with othersJimmy's very possessive about his toys.3 [usually before noun] (grammar) showing that sth belongs to sb/sthpossessive pronouns (= yours, theirs, etc.) pos•ses•sive•ly/BrE pəˈzesɪvli; NAmE pəˈzesɪvli/ adverb‘That's mine!’ she said possessively.pos•ses•sive•ness/BrE pəˈzesɪvnəs; NAmE pəˈzesɪvnəs/ noun [uncountable]I couldn't stand his jealousy and possessiveness |
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Possesive. |
an adjective, a pronoun or a form of a word that expresses the fact that sth belongs to sb/sth‘Ours’ and ‘their’ are possessives.2 the possessive noun [singular] the special form of a word that expresses belonging |
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Vague. Veig adj4 |
vaguer, vaguest)1 not clear in a person's mindto have a vague impression/memory/recollection of sth They had only a vague idea where the place was.2 ~ (about sth) not having or giving enough information or details about sthShe's a little vague about her plans for next year. The politicians made vague promises about tax cuts. He was accused of being deliberately vague. We had only a vague description of the attacker. He outlined the policy in vague terms |
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Amend v1 |
to change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to correct a mistake or to improve itHe asked to see the amended version. The law has been amended to read as follows |
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Exert. Ig'zert. |
to use power or influence to affect sb/sthHe exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan. The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.2 ~ yourself to make a big physical or mental effortIn order to be successful he would have to exert himself |
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Dismember |
to cut or tear the dead body of a person or an animal into piecesPolice say the body had been dismembered.2 ~ sth (formal) to divide a country, an organization, etc. into smaller partsThe British railway network has gradually been dismembered. dis•mem•ber•ment |
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Drive n7. Effort |
an effort to achieve something, especially an effort by an organization for a particular purpose:a recruitment drive for new membersan economy drive (=effort to reduce spending)drive to do somethinga nationwide drive to crack down on crime |
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Variance Be at variance with sb/sth |
if two people or things are at variance with each other, they do not agree or are very different:Tradition and culture are often at variance with the needs of modern living the amount by which two or more things are different or by which they change → differential:a price variance of 5% the official permission to do something different from what is normally allowed:The developer requested a variance to build a shopping center on the east side of town |
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Nightstick |
a short thick stick carried as a weapon by police officers SYN truncheon British English |
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Contempt Contempt for sth |
a lack of worry or fear about rules, danger, etcThe firefighters showed a contempt for their own safety. His remarks betray a staggering contempt for the truth (= are completely false |
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Remorse. Ri:morse n1 |
a strong feeling of being sorry that you have done something very bad → regret:Throughout the trial, he had shown no remorse.remorse forShe felt a pang of remorse for what she had done.be full of remorse/be filled with remorseFilled with remorse, Dillon decided to resign Remorse for that action |
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Administer. E^d'minister. Justic/law |
sth to make sure that sth is done fairly and in the correct wayto administer justice/the law The questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc. manageto administer a charity/fund/school the high cost of administering medical services The pension funds are administered by commercial banks |
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Decline n/v di'klain verb 3 n1 |
to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etcSupport for the party continues to decline. The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year. Her health was declining rapidly ) to refuse politely to accept or to do sth refuseI offered to give them a lift but they declined.~ sth to decline an offer/invitation She declined a second glass of wine and called for a taxi.~ to do sth Their spokesman declined to comment on the allegations ) if a noun, an adjective or a pronoun declines, it has different forms according to whether it is the subject or the object of a verb, whether it is in the singular or plural, etc. When you decline a noun, etc, you list these forms |
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Bi annual. Bai. Aenjue^l Bi_ |
bi‧an‧nu‧al /baɪˈænjuəl/ adjectivehappening twice each year:a biannual report word origin(in nouns and adjectives) two; twice; doublebilingual bicentenary Bi- with a period of time can mean either ‘happening twice’ in that period of time, or ‘happening once in every two’ periods |
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Unqualified. |
adjective1 not having the right knowledge, experience or qualifications to do sthan unqualified instructor~ to do sth I feel unqualified to comment on the subject.~ for sth He was totally unqualified for his job as a senior manager.2 /BrE ʌnˈkwɒlɪfaɪd; NAmE ʌnˈkwɑːlɪfaɪd/ [usually before noun] complete; not limited by any negative qualitiesThe event was not an unqualified success. I gave her my unqualified support |
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